Psychosocial stress modulates social cognition and behavior in humans. One potentially mediating factor is cortisol as part of the human endocrine stress response. With a double-blind, placebo-controlled between-subject study design, we tested possible dose-dependent effects of hydrocortisone (0 mg, 5 mg and 20 mg) in 85 healthy males. During a socio-economic decision-making task we measured trust, trustworthiness, sharing, punishment, and non-social risk behavior. Social value orientation (SVO) was also assessed. We observed significantly lower levels of punishment after hydrocortisone, especially in the 20 mg group. Drug-induced salivary cortisol correlated negatively with punishment behavior. None of the other facets of social behavior or the SVO were affected by hydrocortisone. Our results suggest that hydrocortisone reduces the propensity to punish unfair behavior. Future studies are needed to further disentangle the role played by various psychobiological mechanisms within the stress response as well as their complex interplay on social behavior and cognition.

Julia Strojny; Bernadette von Dawans; Hartmut Schächinger; Gregor Domes. Hydrocortisone reduces altruistic punishment in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024, 165, 107027 .

Julia Strojny, Bernadette von Dawans, Hartmut Schächinger, Gregor Domes. Hydrocortisone reduces altruistic punishment in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2024; 165 ():107027.

Julia Strojny; Bernadette von Dawans; Hartmut Schächinger; Gregor Domes. 2024. "Hydrocortisone reduces altruistic punishment in healthy men." Psychoneuroendocrinology 165, no. : 107027.

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a central role for both the C cycle and soil functions. Plants provide the input and heterotrophic (micro)organisms are essential for the turnover. Microbial metabolism links matter and energy fluxes and generates the highest energy turnover dynamics in SOM because the organisms need both energy and matter for maintenance and growth. In this perspectives paper, we evaluate the knowledge on thermodynamic approaches potentially applicable to study the turnover of organic matter in the soil system. Thermodynamics is essential for understanding organic matter turnover in soil as turnover and storage are controlled by the energy supply to, and consumption by, microbes. Instead of just comparing the heat of combustion of compounds without considering microbial anabolism, we need to apply conventional thermodynamic state variables that can be either estimated using established thermodynamic equations, or measured empirically in soil. In particular, we can follow and quantify overall changes of enthalpies by calorimetry. Here, we suggest to apply a thermodynamic concept with the related experimental approaches of calo(respiro)metry and turnover mass balances including biomass formation. This enables us to better interpret and understand the highly variable carbon use efficiency (CUE) in a multi-substrate system such as soil and to relate this to energy use efficiency (EUE). Combining the experimental measurements of the thermodynamic state variables with mass turnover data allow prediction of whether compounds can be metabolized with energy delivery to microorganisms, or be thermodynamically stabilized under the respective redox and electron acceptor conditions. Energy balancing shows how much energy is actually used and retained in the soil, how much is emitted as heat, and how much may be stabilized due to endergonic turnover reactions. Thermodynamic stabilization should therefore be considered as basic stabilization process for organic compounds in soil.

Matthias Kästner; Thomas Maskow; Anja Miltner; Marcel Lorenz; Sören Thiele-Bruhn. Assessing energy fluxes and carbon use in soil as controlled by microbial activity - A thermodynamic perspective A perspective paper. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2024, 193 .

Matthias Kästner, Thomas Maskow, Anja Miltner, Marcel Lorenz, Sören Thiele-Bruhn. Assessing energy fluxes and carbon use in soil as controlled by microbial activity - A thermodynamic perspective A perspective paper. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2024; 193 ():.

Matthias Kästner; Thomas Maskow; Anja Miltner; Marcel Lorenz; Sören Thiele-Bruhn. 2024. "Assessing energy fluxes and carbon use in soil as controlled by microbial activity - A thermodynamic perspective A perspective paper." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 193, no. : .

Dynamic microsimulations are tools to stochastically project (synthetic) microdata into the future. In spatial microsimulations, regional discrepancies are of particular interest and must be considered accordingly. In practice, the probabilities for state changes are unknown and must be estimated, usually from survey data. However, estimating such models on the regional level is often not feasible due to limited sample size and lack of geographic information. Simply applying the model estimated at the national level to all geographies leads to biased state transitions due to regional differences in level and distribution. In this paper, we introduce a model-based alignment method to adapt predicted probabilities obtained from a nationally estimated model to subregions by integrating known marginal distributions to re-introduce regional heterogeneity and create more realistic trajectories, particularly in small areas. We show that the model-adjusted transition probabilities can capture region-specific patterns and lead to improved projections. Our findings are useful to researchers who want to harmonise model outputs with external information, in particular for the field of microsimulation.

Jan Weymeirsch; Julian Ernst; Ralf Münnich. Model Recalibration for Regional Bias Reduction in Dynamic Microsimulations. Mathematics 2024, 12, 1550 .

Jan Weymeirsch, Julian Ernst, Ralf Münnich. Model Recalibration for Regional Bias Reduction in Dynamic Microsimulations. Mathematics. 2024; 12 (10):1550.

Jan Weymeirsch; Julian Ernst; Ralf Münnich. 2024. "Model Recalibration for Regional Bias Reduction in Dynamic Microsimulations." Mathematics 12, no. 10: 1550.