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Purpose: To evaluate if sedentary time (ST) is associated with heart rate (HR) and variability (HRV) in adults. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and Google Scholar through June 2020. Inclusion criteria were observational design, humans, adults, English language, ST as the exposure, resting HR/HRV as the outcome, and (meta-analysis only) availability of the quantitative association with variability. After qualitative synthesis, meta-analysis used inverse variance heterogeneity models to estimate pooled associations. Results: Thirteen and eight articles met the criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. All studies were cross-sectional and few used gold standard ST or HRV assessment methodology. The qualitative synthesis suggested no associations between ST and HR/HRV. The meta-analysis found a significant association between ST and HR (β = 0.24 bpm per hour ST; CI: 0.10, 0.37) that was stronger in males (β = 0.36 bpm per hour ST; CI: 0.19, 0.53). Pooled associations between ST and HRV indices were non-significant (p > 0.05). Substantial heterogeneity was detected. Conclusions: The limited available evidence suggests an unfavorable but not clinically meaningful association between ST and HR, but no association with HRV. Future longitudinal studies assessing ST with thigh-based monitoring and HRV with electrocardiogram are needed.
Abdullah Bandar Alansare; Lauren C. Bates; Lee Stoner; Christopher E. Kline; Elizabeth Nagle; J. Richard Jennings; Erik D. Hanson; Mark A. Faghy; Bethany Barone Gibbs. Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8508 .
AMA StyleAbdullah Bandar Alansare, Lauren C. Bates, Lee Stoner, Christopher E. Kline, Elizabeth Nagle, J. Richard Jennings, Erik D. Hanson, Mark A. Faghy, Bethany Barone Gibbs. Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (16):8508.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdullah Bandar Alansare; Lauren C. Bates; Lee Stoner; Christopher E. Kline; Elizabeth Nagle; J. Richard Jennings; Erik D. Hanson; Mark A. Faghy; Bethany Barone Gibbs. 2021. "Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8508.
Preventative measures taken worldwide to decrease the transmission of COVID-19 have had a tremendous impact on youth. Following social restrictions, youth with and without physical disabilities are engaging in less physical activity, more increased sedentary behavior, and poor sleep habits. Specifically, youth wheelchair users (YWU) are likely disproportionately affected by COVID- 19 and have a higher risk of contraction due to underlying comorbidities. While we cannot control all of the negative long-term implications of COVID-19 for YWU, participation in positive 24-h activity behaviors can decrease chronic disease risk and the likelihood of long-term complications resulting from infection. This commentary is to extend the discourse on the importance of 24-h activity behaviors by focusing on YWU. Specifically, we discuss the importance of chronic disease prevention, provide a brief overview of 24-h activity behaviors, and outline some of the lessons that can be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ryan T. Conners; Lauren C. Bates; Patricia Pagan Lassalle; Gabriel Zieff; Paul N. Whitehead; Sandra Stevens; Lauren Killen; Robert Cochrum; Kathryn L. Rodebaugh; Mark Faghy; Lee Stoner. Current and Future Implications of COVID-19 among Youth Wheelchair Users: 24-Hour Activity Behavior. Children 2021, 8, 690 .
AMA StyleRyan T. Conners, Lauren C. Bates, Patricia Pagan Lassalle, Gabriel Zieff, Paul N. Whitehead, Sandra Stevens, Lauren Killen, Robert Cochrum, Kathryn L. Rodebaugh, Mark Faghy, Lee Stoner. Current and Future Implications of COVID-19 among Youth Wheelchair Users: 24-Hour Activity Behavior. Children. 2021; 8 (8):690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyan T. Conners; Lauren C. Bates; Patricia Pagan Lassalle; Gabriel Zieff; Paul N. Whitehead; Sandra Stevens; Lauren Killen; Robert Cochrum; Kathryn L. Rodebaugh; Mark Faghy; Lee Stoner. 2021. "Current and Future Implications of COVID-19 among Youth Wheelchair Users: 24-Hour Activity Behavior." Children 8, no. 8: 690.
Public health guidelines for physical activity now include recommendations to break up prolonged sitting with light-intensity activities. Concurrently, interventions to increase standing have emerged, especially within the workplace in the form of sit–stand or standing workstations. Moreover, in short-duration studies, breaking up prolonged sitting with standing has been associated improved cardiometabolic outcomes. Publicly available estimates of the intensity of standing range from 1.5 to 2.3 metabolic equivalents (METs), neatly classifying standing as a light-intensity activity (>1.5 to 2.0 METs and ≤2.0 METs, respectively. However, this study reviews data suggesting that some standing (e.g., while performing deskwork) is substantially below the minimum light intensity activity threshold of 1.5 METs. These data bring into question whether standing should be universally classified as a light-intensity behavior. The objectives of this study are to (i) highlight discrepancies in classifying standing behavior in the human movement spectrum continuum, and (ii) to propose a realignment of the ‘active’ vs. ‘passive’ standing threshold to match the light intensity threshold to help provide a clearer research framework and subsequent public health messaging for the expected health benefits from standing.
Robert J. Kowalsky; Lee Stoner; Mark A. Faghy; Bethany Barone Gibbs. A Call to Clarify the Intensity and Classification of Standing Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8460 .
AMA StyleRobert J. Kowalsky, Lee Stoner, Mark A. Faghy, Bethany Barone Gibbs. A Call to Clarify the Intensity and Classification of Standing Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (16):8460.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert J. Kowalsky; Lee Stoner; Mark A. Faghy; Bethany Barone Gibbs. 2021. "A Call to Clarify the Intensity and Classification of Standing Behavior." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8460.
Skeletal muscle microvascular dysfunction and mitochondrial rarefaction feature in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) linked to low tissue glucose disposal rate (GDR). Exercise training and milk protein supplementation independently promote microvascular and metabolic plasticity in muscle associated with improved nutrient delivery, but combined effects are unknown. In a randomised-controlled trial, 24 men (55.6 y, SD 5.7) with T2DM ingested whey protein drinks (protein/carbohydrate/fat: 20/10/3 g; WHEY) or placebo (carbohydrate/fat: 30/3 g; CON) before/after 45 mixed-mode intense exercise sessions over 10 weeks, to study effects on insulin-stimulated (hyperinsulinemic clamp) skeletal-muscle microvascular blood flow (mBF) and perfusion (near-infrared spectroscopy), and histological, genetic, and biochemical markers (biopsy) of microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity. WHEY enhanced insulin-stimulated perfusion (WHEY-CON 5.6%; 90% CI −0.1, 11.3), while mBF was not altered (3.5%; −17.5, 24.5); perfusion, but not mBF, associated (regression) with increased GDR. Exercise training increased mitochondrial (range of means: 40%–90%) and lipid density (20%–30%), enzyme activity (20%–70%), capillary:fibre ratio (∼25%), and lowered systolic (∼4%) and diastolic (4%–5%) blood pressure, but without WHEY effects. WHEY dampened PGC1α −2.9% (90% compatibility interval: −5.7, −0.2) and NOS3 −6.4% (−1.4, −0.2) expression, but other messenger RNA (mRNA) were unclear. Skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial exercise adaptations were not accentuated by whey protein ingestion in men with T2DM. ANZCTR Registration Number: ACTRN12614001197628. Novelty: Chronic whey ingestion in T2DM with exercise altered expression of several mitochondrial and angiogenic mRNA. Whey added no additional benefit to muscle microvascular or mitochondrial adaptations to exercise. Insulin-stimulated perfusion increased with whey but was without impact on glucose disposal.
Kim Gaffney; Adam Lucero; Donia Macartney-Coxson; Jane Clapham; Patricia Whitfield; Barry R. Palmer; StJohn Wakefield; James Faulkner; Lee Stoner; David S. Rowlands. Effects of whey protein on skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity following 10 weeks of exercise training in men with type 2 diabetes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2021, 46, 915 -924.
AMA StyleKim Gaffney, Adam Lucero, Donia Macartney-Coxson, Jane Clapham, Patricia Whitfield, Barry R. Palmer, StJohn Wakefield, James Faulkner, Lee Stoner, David S. Rowlands. Effects of whey protein on skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity following 10 weeks of exercise training in men with type 2 diabetes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2021; 46 (8):915-924.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim Gaffney; Adam Lucero; Donia Macartney-Coxson; Jane Clapham; Patricia Whitfield; Barry R. Palmer; StJohn Wakefield; James Faulkner; Lee Stoner; David S. Rowlands. 2021. "Effects of whey protein on skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity following 10 weeks of exercise training in men with type 2 diabetes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 46, no. 8: 915-924.
People with spinal cord injury (SCI) face unique challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, including greater risk of poor COVID-19-related outcomes, increased social isolation, and restricted access to important services. Furthermore, COVID-19 related restrictions have decreased already low levels of physical activity (PA) in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this commentary is to: 1) address the impact of COVID-19 on PA and sedentary behavior (SB) in people with SCI; 2) provide potential SB reduction strategies to guide future research; and 3) provide recommendations to increase PA and reduce SB on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine Exercise is Medicine (ACSM-EIM) and Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) using a social-ecological model targeting the individual-, social environment-, physical environment-, and policy-level determinants of behavior in people with SCI.
Lauren C. Bates; Ryan Conners; Gabriel Zieff; Nathan T. Adams; Kyle M. Edgar; Sandra Stevens; Mark A. Faghy; Ross Arena; Amber Vermeesch; Rodney P. Joseph; Nicole Keith; Lee Stoner. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with spinal cord injury: Mitigation strategies during COVID-19 on behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT. Disability and Health Journal 2021, 101177 .
AMA StyleLauren C. Bates, Ryan Conners, Gabriel Zieff, Nathan T. Adams, Kyle M. Edgar, Sandra Stevens, Mark A. Faghy, Ross Arena, Amber Vermeesch, Rodney P. Joseph, Nicole Keith, Lee Stoner. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with spinal cord injury: Mitigation strategies during COVID-19 on behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT. Disability and Health Journal. 2021; ():101177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauren C. Bates; Ryan Conners; Gabriel Zieff; Nathan T. Adams; Kyle M. Edgar; Sandra Stevens; Mark A. Faghy; Ross Arena; Amber Vermeesch; Rodney P. Joseph; Nicole Keith; Lee Stoner. 2021. "Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with spinal cord injury: Mitigation strategies during COVID-19 on behalf of ACSM-EIM and HL-PIVOT." Disability and Health Journal , no. : 101177.
We used novel statistical techniques and study design characteristics to examine how the cardiovascular disruptions due to prolonged sitting are changed after the consumption of low- and high-glycemic-index meals. The current study indicates that changes in arterial stiffness due to prolonged sitting are not worsened in young, healthy adults after the consumption of a high-glycemic-index meal.
Elizabeth Kelsch; Jake C. Diana; Kathryn Burnet; Erik D. Hanson; Simon F. Fryer; Daniel P. Credeur; Keeron James Stone; Lee Stoner. Arterial stiffness responses to prolonged sitting combined with a high-glycemic-index meal: a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Journal of Applied Physiology 2021, 131, 229 -237.
AMA StyleElizabeth Kelsch, Jake C. Diana, Kathryn Burnet, Erik D. Hanson, Simon F. Fryer, Daniel P. Credeur, Keeron James Stone, Lee Stoner. Arterial stiffness responses to prolonged sitting combined with a high-glycemic-index meal: a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2021; 131 (1):229-237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Kelsch; Jake C. Diana; Kathryn Burnet; Erik D. Hanson; Simon F. Fryer; Daniel P. Credeur; Keeron James Stone; Lee Stoner. 2021. "Arterial stiffness responses to prolonged sitting combined with a high-glycemic-index meal: a double-blind, randomized crossover trial." Journal of Applied Physiology 131, no. 1: 229-237.
Acute prolonged sitting leads to cerebrovascular disruptions. However, it is unclear how prolonged sitting interacts with other common behaviors, including high‐ (HGI) and low‐glycemic index (LGI) meals. Using a double‐blind randomized cross‐over design, this study evaluated the effects of prolonged (3 hr) sitting, with a high‐ (HGI; GI: 100) or low‐glycemic index (LGI; GI: 19) meal on total brain blood flow (QBrain) and executive function. Eighteen young, healthy, active participants (22.6 [3.1] y, 33% F, 24.3 [3.7] kg/m2) sat for 3 hr after consuming an HGI or LGI meal. Using Doppler ultrasound to measure internal carotid (ICA) and vertebral (VA) artery blood flow, QBrain was calculated: (ICA blood flow + VA blood flow) × 2. Executive function was assessed using the Stroop Test and Trail Making Test—Part B. Brain fog was measured using a modified Borg Category Scale with Ratio properties (CR10). Following 3 hr of sitting, there was a significant decrease in QBrain with time (p = .001, ES = −0.26), though there were nonsignificant interaction (p = .216) and condition effects (p = .174). Brain fog increased (p = .024, ES = 0.27) and Stroop reaction time worsened with time (p = .001, ES: −0.40), though there were nonsignificant condition effects for brain fog (p = .612) and the Stroop test (p = .445). There was a nonsignificant condition effect (p = .729) for the Trail Making Test—Part B, but completion time improved with time (p = .001, ES = −0.40). In conclusion, 3 hr of prolonged sitting decreases QBrain and executive function independent of glycemic index in young, healthy adults.
Kathryn Burnet; Jade Blackwell; Elizabeth Kelsch; Erik D. Hanson; Keeron Stone; Simon Fryer; Daniel Credeur; Priya Palta; Lee Stoner. Cerebrovascular function response to prolonged sitting combined with a high‐glycemic index meal: A double‐blind, randomized cross‐over trial. Psychophysiology 2021, e13830 .
AMA StyleKathryn Burnet, Jade Blackwell, Elizabeth Kelsch, Erik D. Hanson, Keeron Stone, Simon Fryer, Daniel Credeur, Priya Palta, Lee Stoner. Cerebrovascular function response to prolonged sitting combined with a high‐glycemic index meal: A double‐blind, randomized cross‐over trial. Psychophysiology. 2021; ():e13830.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKathryn Burnet; Jade Blackwell; Elizabeth Kelsch; Erik D. Hanson; Keeron Stone; Simon Fryer; Daniel Credeur; Priya Palta; Lee Stoner. 2021. "Cerebrovascular function response to prolonged sitting combined with a high‐glycemic index meal: A double‐blind, randomized cross‐over trial." Psychophysiology , no. : e13830.
Lee Stoner; Mark Faghy; Ryan Conners. COVID-19 infection and cardiometabolic complications: short- and long-term treatment and management considerations. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 2021, 22, 263 -265.
AMA StyleLee Stoner, Mark Faghy, Ryan Conners. COVID-19 infection and cardiometabolic complications: short- and long-term treatment and management considerations. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2021; 22 (2):263-265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee Stoner; Mark Faghy; Ryan Conners. 2021. "COVID-19 infection and cardiometabolic complications: short- and long-term treatment and management considerations." Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 22, no. 2: 263-265.
Objectives: To assess the effect of a home-based over-ground robotic-assisted gait training program using the AlterG Bionic Leg orthosis on clinical functional outcomes in people with chronic stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Home. Participants: Thirty-four ambulatory chronic stroke patients who recieve usual physiotherapy. Intervention: Usual physiotherapy plus either (1)10-week over-ground robotic-assisted gait training program ( n = 16), using the device for ⩾30 minutes per day, or (2) control group ( n = 18), 30 minutes of physical activity per day. Measurements: The primary outcome was the Six-Minute Walk Test. Secondary outcomes included: Timed-Up-and-Go, Functional Ambulation Categories, Dynamic Gait Index and Berg Balance Scale. Physical activity and sedentary time were assessed using accelerometry. All measurements were completed at baseline, 10 and 22 weeks after baseline. Results: Significant increases in walking distance were observed for the Six-Minute Walk Test between baseline and 10 weeks for over-ground robotic-assisted gait training (135 ± 81 m vs 158 ± 93 m, respectively; P ⩽ 0.001) but not for control (122 ± 92 m vs 119 ± 84 m, respectively). Findings were similar for Functional Ambulation Categories, Dynamic Gait Index and Berg Balance Scale (all P ⩽ 0.01). For over-ground robotic-assisted gait training, there were increases in time spent stepping, number of steps taken, number of sit-to-stand transitions, and reductions in time spent sitting/supine between baseline and 10 weeks (all P < 0.05). The differences observed in all of the aforementioned outcome measures were maintained at 22 weeks, 12 weeks after completing the intervention (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: Over-ground robotic-assisted gait training combined with physiotherapy in chronic stroke patients led to significant improvements in clinical functional outcomes and physical activity compared to the control group. Improvements were maintained at 22 weeks.
Amy Wright; Keeron Stone; Louis Martinelli; Simon Fryer; Grace Smith; Danielle Lambrick; Lee Stoner; Simon Jobson; James Faulkner. Effect of combined home-based, overground robotic-assisted gait training and usual physiotherapy on clinical functional outcomes in people with chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2020, 35, 882 -893.
AMA StyleAmy Wright, Keeron Stone, Louis Martinelli, Simon Fryer, Grace Smith, Danielle Lambrick, Lee Stoner, Simon Jobson, James Faulkner. Effect of combined home-based, overground robotic-assisted gait training and usual physiotherapy on clinical functional outcomes in people with chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2020; 35 (6):882-893.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmy Wright; Keeron Stone; Louis Martinelli; Simon Fryer; Grace Smith; Danielle Lambrick; Lee Stoner; Simon Jobson; James Faulkner. 2020. "Effect of combined home-based, overground robotic-assisted gait training and usual physiotherapy on clinical functional outcomes in people with chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 35, no. 6: 882-893.
To assess physical activity (PA), mental health and well-being of adults in the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland, New Zealand and Australia during the initial stages of National governments’ Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) containment responses. Observational, cross-sectional. An online survey was disseminated to adults (n = 8,425; 44.5 ± 14.8y) residing in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia within the first 2-6 weeks of government-mandated COVID-19 restrictions. Main outcome measures included: Stages of Change scale for exercise behaviour change; International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short-form); World Health Organisation-5 Well-being Index; and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-9. Participants who reported a negative change in exercise behaviour from before initial COVID-19 restrictions to during the initial COVID-19 restrictions demonstrated poorer mental health and well-being compared to those demonstrating either a positive-or no change in their exercise behaviour (p < 0.001). Whilst women reported more positive changes in exercise behaviour, young people (18-29y) reported more negative changes (both p < 0.001). Individuals who had more positive exercise behaviours reported better mental health and well-being (p < 0.001). Although there were no differences in PA between countries, individuals in New Zealand reported better mental health and well-being (p < 0.001). The initial COVID-19 restrictions have differentially impacted upon PA habits of individuals based upon their age and sex, and therefore have important implications for international policy and guideline recommendations. Public health interventions that encourage PA should target specific groups (e.g., men, young adults) who are most vulnerable to the negative effects of physical distancing and/or self-isolation.
James Faulkner; Wendy J. O’Brien; Bronagh McGrane; Daniel Wadsworth; John Batten; Christopher D. Askew; Claire Badenhorst; Erin Byrd; Maura Coulter; Nick Draper; Catherine Elliot; Simon Fryer; Michael J. Hamlin; John Jakeman; Kelly A. Mackintosh; Melitta A. McNarry; Andrew Mitchelmore; John Murphy; Helen Ryan-Stewart; Zoe Saynor; Mia Schaumberg; Keeron Stone; Lee Stoner; Beth Stuart; Danielle Lambrick. Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during initial COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2020, 24, 320 -326.
AMA StyleJames Faulkner, Wendy J. O’Brien, Bronagh McGrane, Daniel Wadsworth, John Batten, Christopher D. Askew, Claire Badenhorst, Erin Byrd, Maura Coulter, Nick Draper, Catherine Elliot, Simon Fryer, Michael J. Hamlin, John Jakeman, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Melitta A. McNarry, Andrew Mitchelmore, John Murphy, Helen Ryan-Stewart, Zoe Saynor, Mia Schaumberg, Keeron Stone, Lee Stoner, Beth Stuart, Danielle Lambrick. Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during initial COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2020; 24 (4):320-326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Faulkner; Wendy J. O’Brien; Bronagh McGrane; Daniel Wadsworth; John Batten; Christopher D. Askew; Claire Badenhorst; Erin Byrd; Maura Coulter; Nick Draper; Catherine Elliot; Simon Fryer; Michael J. Hamlin; John Jakeman; Kelly A. Mackintosh; Melitta A. McNarry; Andrew Mitchelmore; John Murphy; Helen Ryan-Stewart; Zoe Saynor; Mia Schaumberg; Keeron Stone; Lee Stoner; Beth Stuart; Danielle Lambrick. 2020. "Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during initial COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 24, no. 4: 320-326.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine how subconcussive head impact exposure in high school collision sport student-athletes influenced cerebrovascular function. Methods: Transcranial Doppler was used to assess pre- to post-season changes in: 1) resting middle (MCA) and posterior cerebral arteries (PCA), 2) cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) via breath-holding index (BHI), vasomotor reactivity response (VMRr) and overall MCA response curve, and 3) neurovascular coupling (NVC) via NVC response magnitude and overall PCA response curve. Fifty-three high school-aged athletes (age=15.8±1.2yrs, height=175.8±8.1cm, mass=69.4±13.5kg) were recruited into two groups (collision vs. non-collision sport). All participants completed a pre-season cerebrovascular function assessment. Following a 4- to 5-month window (118.6 ± 12.2 days), 48 athletes from the original sample (age=16.0±1.2yrs, height=175.5±8.1cm, mass=68.6± 4.0kg) repeated the cerebrovascular assessment. Results: There were no group differences in any cerebrovascular measures at pre-season testing (P>0.05). At post-season testing, collision sport athletes demonstrated greater positive change in BHI (t44=-2.21, p=0.03) while non-collision sport athletes demonstrated greater, negative change in the NVC response magnitude to the reading task (t44=1.98, p=0.048), and lower overall PCA response curve to the reading task (F1,2710=101.54, p0.05). Conclusion: Our data indicate that single-season changes in cerebrovascular outcomes may differ between collision and non-collision sport athletes. While the clinical interpretation is still unclear, our study demonstrates that CVR and NVC assessments may be sensitive to the dynamic cerebrovascular changes occurring in adolescent athletes. Future research should continue to assess these outcomes following both subconcussive head impact exposure and throughout the recovery trajectory following concussion.
Patricia R. Roby; Peter J Duquette; Zachary Y. Kerr; JohnA Register-Mihalik; Lee Stoner; Jason P. Mihalik. Repetitive Head Impact Exposure and Cerebrovascular Function in Adolescent Athletes. Journal of Neurotrauma 2020, 1 .
AMA StylePatricia R. Roby, Peter J Duquette, Zachary Y. Kerr, JohnA Register-Mihalik, Lee Stoner, Jason P. Mihalik. Repetitive Head Impact Exposure and Cerebrovascular Function in Adolescent Athletes. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricia R. Roby; Peter J Duquette; Zachary Y. Kerr; JohnA Register-Mihalik; Lee Stoner; Jason P. Mihalik. 2020. "Repetitive Head Impact Exposure and Cerebrovascular Function in Adolescent Athletes." Journal of Neurotrauma , no. : 1.
This commentary offers discussion on the pros and cons of universal healthcare in the United States. Disadvantages of universal healthcare include significant upfront costs and logistical challenges. On the other hand, universal healthcare may lead to a healthier populace, and thus, in the long-term, help to mitigate the economic costs of an unhealthy nation. In particular, substantial health disparities exist in the United States, with low socio–economic status segments of the population subject to decreased access to quality healthcare and increased risk of non-communicable chronic conditions such as obesity and type II diabetes, among other determinants of poor health. While the implementation of universal healthcare would be complicated and challenging, we argue that shifting from a market-based system to a universal healthcare system is necessary. Universal healthcare will better facilitate and encourage sustainable, preventive health practices and be more advantageous for the long-term public health and economy of the United States.
Gabriel Zieff; Zachary Kerr; Justin Moore; Lee Stoner. Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate. Medicina 2020, 56, 580 .
AMA StyleGabriel Zieff, Zachary Kerr, Justin Moore, Lee Stoner. Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate. Medicina. 2020; 56 (11):580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriel Zieff; Zachary Kerr; Justin Moore; Lee Stoner. 2020. "Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate." Medicina 56, no. 11: 580.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, social restrictions to contain the spread of the virus have disrupted behaviors across the 24-h day including physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep among children (5–12 years old) and adolescents (13–17 years old). Preliminary evidence reports significant decreases in physical activity, increases in sedentary behavior, and disrupted sleep schedules/sleep quality in children and adolescents. This commentary discusses the impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on behaviors across the 24-h day in children and adolescents. Furthermore, we suggest recommendations through the lens of a socio-ecological model to provide strategies for lasting behavior change to insure the health and well-being of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lauren Bates; Gabriel Zieff; Kathleen Stanford; Justin Moore; Zachary Kerr; Erik Hanson; Bethany Barone Gibbs; Christopher Kline; Lee Stoner. COVID-19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24-Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep. Children 2020, 7, 138 .
AMA StyleLauren Bates, Gabriel Zieff, Kathleen Stanford, Justin Moore, Zachary Kerr, Erik Hanson, Bethany Barone Gibbs, Christopher Kline, Lee Stoner. COVID-19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24-Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep. Children. 2020; 7 (9):138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauren Bates; Gabriel Zieff; Kathleen Stanford; Justin Moore; Zachary Kerr; Erik Hanson; Bethany Barone Gibbs; Christopher Kline; Lee Stoner. 2020. "COVID-19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24-Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep." Children 7, no. 9: 138.
Exposure to acute prolonged sitting can result in vascular dysfunction, particularly within the legs. This vascular dysfunction, assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD), is likely the consequence of decreased blood flow-induced shear stress. With mixed success, several sitting interruption strategies have been trialled to preserve vascular function. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to (1) assess the effects of acute prolonged sitting exposure on vascular function in the upper- and lower-limb arteries, and (2) evaluate the effectiveness of sitting interruption strategies in preserving vascular function. Sub-group analyses were conducted to determine whether artery location or interruption modality explain heterogeneity. Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to January 2020. Reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were also checked. Inclusion criteria for objective (1) were: (i) FMD% was assessed pre- and post-sitting; (ii) studies were either randomised-controlled, randomised-crossover, or quasi-experimental trials; (iii) the sitting period was ≥ 1 h; and (iv) participants were healthy non-smoking adults (≥ 18 years), and free of vascular-acting medication and disease at the time of testing. Additional inclusion criteria for objective (2) were: (i) the interruption strategy must have been during the sitting period; (ii) there was a control (uninterrupted sitting) group/arm; and (iii) the interruption strategy must have involved the participants actively moving their lower- or upper-limbs. One thousand eight hundred and two articles were identified, of which 17 (22 trials, n = 269) met inclusion criteria for objective (1). Of those 17 articles, 6 studies (9 trials, n = 127) met the inclusion criteria for objective (2). Weighted mean differences (WMD), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and standardised mean difference (SMD) were calculated for all trials using random-effects meta-analysis modelling. SMD was used to determine the magnitude of effect, where < 0.2, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 was defined as trivial, small, moderate, and large respectively. (1) Random-effects modelling showed uninterrupted bouts of prolonged sitting resulted in a significant decrease in FMD% (WMD = − 2.12%, 95% CI − 2.66 to − 1.59, SMD = 0.84). Subgroup analysis revealed reductions in lower- but not upper-limb FMD%. (2) Random-effects modelling showed that interrupting bouts of sitting resulted in a significantly higher FMD% compared to uninterrupted sitting (WMD = 1.91%, 95% CI 0.40 to 3.42, SMD = 0.57). Subgroup analyses failed to identify an optimum interruption strategy but revealed moderate non-significant effects for aerobic interventions (WMD = 2.17%, 95% CI − 0.34 to 4.67, SMD = 0.69) and simple resistance activities (WMD = 2.40%, 95% CI − 0.08 to 4.88, SMD = 0.55) and a trivial effect for standing interruptions (WMD = 0.24%, 95% CI − 0.90 to 1.38, SMD = 0.16). Exposure to acute prolonged sitting leads to significant vascular dysfunction in arteries of the lower, but not upper, limbs. The limited available data indicate that vascular dysfunction can be prevented by regularly interrupting sitting, particularly with aerobic or simple resistance activities.
Craig Paterson; Simon Fryer; Gabriel Zieff; Keeron Stone; Daniel P. Credeur; Bethany Barone Gibbs; Jaume Padilla; John K. Parker; Lee Stoner. The Effects of Acute Exposure to Prolonged Sitting, With and Without Interruption, on Vascular Function Among Adults: A Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 2020, 50, 1929 -1942.
AMA StyleCraig Paterson, Simon Fryer, Gabriel Zieff, Keeron Stone, Daniel P. Credeur, Bethany Barone Gibbs, Jaume Padilla, John K. Parker, Lee Stoner. The Effects of Acute Exposure to Prolonged Sitting, With and Without Interruption, on Vascular Function Among Adults: A Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 2020; 50 (11):1929-1942.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Paterson; Simon Fryer; Gabriel Zieff; Keeron Stone; Daniel P. Credeur; Bethany Barone Gibbs; Jaume Padilla; John K. Parker; Lee Stoner. 2020. "The Effects of Acute Exposure to Prolonged Sitting, With and Without Interruption, on Vascular Function Among Adults: A Meta-analysis." Sports Medicine 50, no. 11: 1929-1942.
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a vital sign that can improve risk classification for adverse health outcomes. While lifestyle-related factors are associated with CRF, few have examined the influence of sleep characteristics, especially in youths. Social jetlag, a mismatch between one's biological clock and sleep schedule, is prevalent in adolescents and associated with increased adiposity, though its relationship with CRF is unclear. To quantify the relationship between social jetlag and CRF, independent of other sleep characteristics. This cross-sectional sample includes 276 New Zealand adolescents (14–18 years, 52.5% female). CRF (VO2max) was estimated from a 20-m multi-stage shuttle run. Average sleep duration, sleep disturbances, social jetlag, physical activity, and the number of bedroom screens were estimated from validated self-report surveys. Social jetlag is the difference in hours between the midpoint of sleep during weekdays (school) and weekend days (free). Combined and sex-stratified linear regression assessed the association between sleep outcomes and CRF, controlling for relevant covariates. Males slept 17.6 min less, had less sleep disturbances, and a 25.1-min greater social jetlag than their female peers (all p < 0.05). A 1-h increase in social jetlag was associated with a 0.72 ml/kg/min decrease in VO2max (95% CI: −1.31, −0.14), independent of other sleep variables, which were not associated with CRF. Sex-specific models indicated an association in males (B −0.93, 95% CI: −1.76, −0.09), but not females (B −0.32, 95% CI: −1.18, 0.55). Social jetlag is negatively associated with CRF in adolescent males and may be a simple, measurable target for public health interventions.
Simon Higgins; Lee Stoner; Alex Lubransky; Anna S. Howe; Jyh Eiin Wong; Katherine Black; Paula Skidmore. Social jetlag is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in male but not female adolescents. Sleep Medicine 2020, 75, 163 -170.
AMA StyleSimon Higgins, Lee Stoner, Alex Lubransky, Anna S. Howe, Jyh Eiin Wong, Katherine Black, Paula Skidmore. Social jetlag is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in male but not female adolescents. Sleep Medicine. 2020; 75 ():163-170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimon Higgins; Lee Stoner; Alex Lubransky; Anna S. Howe; Jyh Eiin Wong; Katherine Black; Paula Skidmore. 2020. "Social jetlag is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in male but not female adolescents." Sleep Medicine 75, no. : 163-170.
Objectives To assess how the early stages of National governments Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) containment strategies impacted upon the physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia Design Observational, cross-sectional Setting Online survey disseminated in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia within the first 2-6 weeks of government mandated COVID-19 restrictions Participants Adults (n = 8,425; 44.5 ± 14.8 y), ≥ 18 y who were residing in the surveyed countries Main outcome measures Stages of Change scale for exercise behaviour change, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short-form), World Health Organisation-5 Well-being Index and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-9 Results Participants who reported a negative change in exercise behaviour between pre- and during the early COVID-19 restrictions demonstrated poorer mental health and well-being compared to those who had either a positive change- or no change in their exercise behaviour (pppp Conclusion The COVID-19 restrictions have differentially impacted upon the physical activity habits of individuals based upon their age and sex, and therefore have important implications for international policy and guideline recommendations. Public health interventions that encourage physical activity should target specific groups (e.g., men, young adults) who are most vulnerable to the negative effects of physical distancing and/or self-isolation.
James Faulkner; Wendy J. O’Brien; Bronagh McGrane; Daniel Wadsworth; John Batten; Christopher D. Askew; Claire Badenhorst; Erin Byrd; Maura Coulter; Nick Draper; Catherine Elliot; Simon Fryer; Michael J. Hamlin; John Jakeman; Kelly A. Mackintosh; Melitta A. McNarry; Andrew Mitchelmore; John Murphy; Helen Ryan-Stewart; Zoe Saynor; Mia Schaumberg; Keeron Stone; Lee Stoner; Beth Stuart; Danielle Lambrick. Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during early COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleJames Faulkner, Wendy J. O’Brien, Bronagh McGrane, Daniel Wadsworth, John Batten, Christopher D. Askew, Claire Badenhorst, Erin Byrd, Maura Coulter, Nick Draper, Catherine Elliot, Simon Fryer, Michael J. Hamlin, John Jakeman, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Melitta A. McNarry, Andrew Mitchelmore, John Murphy, Helen Ryan-Stewart, Zoe Saynor, Mia Schaumberg, Keeron Stone, Lee Stoner, Beth Stuart, Danielle Lambrick. Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during early COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Faulkner; Wendy J. O’Brien; Bronagh McGrane; Daniel Wadsworth; John Batten; Christopher D. Askew; Claire Badenhorst; Erin Byrd; Maura Coulter; Nick Draper; Catherine Elliot; Simon Fryer; Michael J. Hamlin; John Jakeman; Kelly A. Mackintosh; Melitta A. McNarry; Andrew Mitchelmore; John Murphy; Helen Ryan-Stewart; Zoe Saynor; Mia Schaumberg; Keeron Stone; Lee Stoner; Beth Stuart; Danielle Lambrick. 2020. "Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during early COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis." , no. : 1.
Arterial stiffness is an important marker of vascular damage and a strong predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Given that pathophysiological processes leading to an increased arterial stiffness begin during childhood, the aim of this clustered observational study was to determine the relationship between modifiable factors including dietary patterns and indices of aortic arterial stiffness and wave reflection in 9–11-year-old children. Data collection was conducted between April and December 2015 in 17 primary schools in Dunedin, New Zealand. Dietary data were collected using a previously validated food frequency questionnaire and identified using principal component analysis method. Arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, PWV) and central arterial wave reflection (augmentation index, AIx) were measured using the SphygmoCor XCEL system (Atcor Medical, Sydney, Australia). Complete data for PWV and AIx analyses were available for 389 and 337 children, respectively. The mean age of children was 9.7 ± 0.7 years, 49.0% were girls and 76.0% were classified as “normal weight”. The two identified dietary patterns were “Snacks” and “Fruit and Vegetables”. Mean PWV and AIx were 5.8 ± 0.8 m/s and −2.1 ± 14.1%, respectively. There were no clinically meaningful relationships between the identified dietary pattern scores and either PWV or AIx in 9–11-year-old children.
Pouya Saeedi; Jillian Haszard; Lee Stoner; Sheila Skeaff; Katherine E. Black; Brittany Davison; Harriet Harrex; Kim Meredith-Jones; Robin Quigg; Jyh Eiin Wong; Paula M. L. Skidmore. Relationships between Dietary Patterns and Indices of Arterial Stiffness and Central Arterial Wave Reflection in 9–11-Year-Old Children. Children 2020, 7, 66 .
AMA StylePouya Saeedi, Jillian Haszard, Lee Stoner, Sheila Skeaff, Katherine E. Black, Brittany Davison, Harriet Harrex, Kim Meredith-Jones, Robin Quigg, Jyh Eiin Wong, Paula M. L. Skidmore. Relationships between Dietary Patterns and Indices of Arterial Stiffness and Central Arterial Wave Reflection in 9–11-Year-Old Children. Children. 2020; 7 (6):66.
Chicago/Turabian StylePouya Saeedi; Jillian Haszard; Lee Stoner; Sheila Skeaff; Katherine E. Black; Brittany Davison; Harriet Harrex; Kim Meredith-Jones; Robin Quigg; Jyh Eiin Wong; Paula M. L. Skidmore. 2020. "Relationships between Dietary Patterns and Indices of Arterial Stiffness and Central Arterial Wave Reflection in 9–11-Year-Old Children." Children 7, no. 6: 66.
Flow-mediated slowing (FMS), defined as the minimum pulse wave velocity (PWVmin) during reactive hyperemia, is potentially a simple, user-objective test for examining endothelial function. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of a known endothelial dysfunction protocol on arm PWV and PWVmin. Complete data were successfully collected in 22 out of 23 healthy adults (23.8 years [SD 4.1], 16 F, 22.8 kg/m2 [SD 2.8]). Local endothelial dysfunction was induced by increasing retrograde shear stress in the upper arm, through inflation of a distal (forearm) tourniquet to 75 mmHg, for 30 min. Pre- and post-endothelial dysfunction, PWV was measured followed by simultaneous assessment of PWVmin and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). PWV was measured between the upper arm and wrist using an oscillometric device, and brachial FMD using ultrasound. FMD (%) and PWVmin (m/s) were calculated as the maximum increase in diameter and minimum PWV during reactive hyperemia, respectively. Endothelial dysfunction resulted in a large effect size (ES) decrease in FMD (∆ = −3.10%; 95% CI: –4.15, –2.05; ES = −1.3), and a moderate increase in PWV (∆ = 0.38 m/s; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.69; ES = 0.5) and PWVmin (∆ = 0.16 m/s; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.28; ES = 0.6). There was a large intra-individual (pre- vs post-endothelial dysfunction) association between FMD and PWVmin ( r = −0.61; 95% CI: –0.82, –0.24). In conclusion, acute change in PWV and PWVmin are at least partially driven by changes in endothelial function.
Lee Stoner; Keeron Stone; Gabriel Zieff; Jade Blackwell; Jake Diana; Daniel P Credeur; Craig Paterson; Simon Fryer. Endothelium function dependence of acute changes in pulse wave velocity and flow-mediated slowing. Vascular Medicine 2020, 25, 419 -426.
AMA StyleLee Stoner, Keeron Stone, Gabriel Zieff, Jade Blackwell, Jake Diana, Daniel P Credeur, Craig Paterson, Simon Fryer. Endothelium function dependence of acute changes in pulse wave velocity and flow-mediated slowing. Vascular Medicine. 2020; 25 (5):419-426.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee Stoner; Keeron Stone; Gabriel Zieff; Jade Blackwell; Jake Diana; Daniel P Credeur; Craig Paterson; Simon Fryer. 2020. "Endothelium function dependence of acute changes in pulse wave velocity and flow-mediated slowing." Vascular Medicine 25, no. 5: 419-426.
Children require 9–11 h sleep to ensure adequate growth and development by optimizing the efficiency of a number of biological systems, including the cardiovascular system. The study aim was to determine whether short sleep duration (< 9 h) is associated with elevated aortic arterial stiffness in children aged 9–11 years, independent of other lifestyle behaviors, including physical activity, sedentary behaviour and dietary patterns. This cross-sectional study included 421 children (51% female) aged 9–11 years. Aortic arterial stiffness was measured using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), sleep duration, time spent sedentary, and moderate-vigorous physical activity were measured using wrist actigraphy, and dietary patterns using a food frequency questionnaire. Associations between short sleep duration and cfPWV were examined using mixed effects regression. There was a positive [unadjusted] association between short sleep duration and cfPWV (β = 0.245, 95% CI 0.093–0.396). This association persisted following adjustment for demographic factors and was strengthened following adjustment for lifestyle behaviors (β = 0.331, 95% CI 0.109–0.553). Short sleepers (< 9 h) had a clinically meaningful elevated aortic arterial stiffness in comparison to those sleeping the recommended daily 9–11 h. Sleep duration may be important for cardiovascular health independent of other lifestyle behaviors.
Lee Stoner; Simon Higgins; Katherine Black; Kim Boggess; Michelle L. Meyer; Andrea Chou; Barbara Galland; Jillian J. Haszard; Kim Meredith-Jones; Pouya Saeedi; Sheila Skeaff; Paula M. L. Skidmore. Short Sleep Duration is Associated with Central Arterial Stiffness in Children Independent of Other Lifestyle Behaviors. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2020, 2, 236 -245.
AMA StyleLee Stoner, Simon Higgins, Katherine Black, Kim Boggess, Michelle L. Meyer, Andrea Chou, Barbara Galland, Jillian J. Haszard, Kim Meredith-Jones, Pouya Saeedi, Sheila Skeaff, Paula M. L. Skidmore. Short Sleep Duration is Associated with Central Arterial Stiffness in Children Independent of Other Lifestyle Behaviors. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. 2020; 2 (3):236-245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee Stoner; Simon Higgins; Katherine Black; Kim Boggess; Michelle L. Meyer; Andrea Chou; Barbara Galland; Jillian J. Haszard; Kim Meredith-Jones; Pouya Saeedi; Sheila Skeaff; Paula M. L. Skidmore. 2020. "Short Sleep Duration is Associated with Central Arterial Stiffness in Children Independent of Other Lifestyle Behaviors." Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2, no. 3: 236-245.
To identify, in children the normal rate of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) progression, and whether presence of cardiometabolic risk factors is associated with cfPWV. Electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) were searched from inception to May 2018, for all studies which reported cfPWV in children (<19 years of age). Random effects meta-regression quantified the association between time (years) and cfPWV, and a systematic review was performed to determine whether cardiometabolic risk factors are associated with cfPWV. Data from 28 articles were eligible for inclusion, including 9 reference value (n = 13 100), 5 cardiovascular risk (n = 5257), 10 metabolic risk (n = 2999), and 8 obesity-focused (n = 8760) studies. Meta-regression findings (9 studies) showed that the increase in cfPWV per year (age) was 0.12 m/second (95% CI, 0.07-0.16 m/second) per year, and when stratified by sex the CIs overlapped. Systematic review findings showed that cardiometabolic risk factors were positively associated with cfPWV, including positive associations with blood pressure, impaired glucose metabolism, and metabolic syndrome. However, obesity was not consistently associated with cfPWV. Arterial stiffness in children progresses with age and is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Although further longitudinal studies are warranted, the presented reference data will be valuable to epidemiologists tracking children, and to scientists and clinicians prescribing therapies to mitigate risk in a population that is increasingly more vulnerable to cardiovascular disease.
Lee Stoner; Anna Kucharska-Newton; Michelle L. Meyer. Cardiometabolic Health and Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. The Journal of Pediatrics 2020, 218, 98 -105.e3.
AMA StyleLee Stoner, Anna Kucharska-Newton, Michelle L. Meyer. Cardiometabolic Health and Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 218 ():98-105.e3.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee Stoner; Anna Kucharska-Newton; Michelle L. Meyer. 2020. "Cardiometabolic Health and Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression." The Journal of Pediatrics 218, no. : 98-105.e3.