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Mr. Carlo Schmitt
IAEW, RWTH Aachen University

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Electricity Markets
0 Energy Economics
0 Flexibility
0 Power System Operation
0 Power system analysis

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Flexibility
Electricity Markets

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Journal article
Published: 22 May 2021 in Energies
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Local flexibility markets (LFMs) are a market-based concept to integrate distributed energy resources into congestion management. However, the activation of flexibility for storage-based flexibility changes the respective state of charge. Compensation in later points of time is needed to regain the original flexibility potential. Therefore, we propose a LFM bid formulation including both flexibility and compensation. Furthermore, flexibility market participation might lead to inc-dec-gaming, i.e., congestion-increasing behavior to maximize profits. However, this inc-dec-gaming might lead to electricity market schedule deviations if LFM offers are not activated. We propose a risk-averse modeling formulation considering the potential non-activation of LFM bids to provide a framework for the assessment of LFM participation comparing different approaches. Our exemplary case studies demonstrate the proposed LFM bid formulation and show the impact of LFM participation modeling on inc-dec-gaming and congestion management costs.

ACS Style

Carlo Schmitt; Felix Gaumnitz; Andreas Blank; Olivier Rebenaque; Théo Dronne; Arnault Martin; Philippe Vassilopoulos; Albert Moser; Fabien Roques. Framework for Deterministic Assessment of Risk-Averse Participation in Local Flexibility Markets . Energies 2021, 14, 3012 .

AMA Style

Carlo Schmitt, Felix Gaumnitz, Andreas Blank, Olivier Rebenaque, Théo Dronne, Arnault Martin, Philippe Vassilopoulos, Albert Moser, Fabien Roques. Framework for Deterministic Assessment of Risk-Averse Participation in Local Flexibility Markets . Energies. 2021; 14 (11):3012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlo Schmitt; Felix Gaumnitz; Andreas Blank; Olivier Rebenaque; Théo Dronne; Arnault Martin; Philippe Vassilopoulos; Albert Moser; Fabien Roques. 2021. "Framework for Deterministic Assessment of Risk-Averse Participation in Local Flexibility Markets ." Energies 14, no. 11: 3012.

Conference paper
Published: 28 September 2020 in 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon)
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The energy system decarbonization and decentralization require coordination schemes for distributed generators and flexibilities. One coordination approach is local energy markets for trading energy among local producers and consumers. The resulting local coordination leads to the questions of how the interaction between local and wholesale markets will be designed and of how the introduction of local energy markets influences the wholesale market system. Therefore, this paper proposes a bottom-up modeling method for local markets within a panEuropean wholesale market model. Furthermore, an aggregation-disaggregation method for local markets is developed to reduce computational effort. A case study for local markets in Germany shows the computational advantages of the aggregation-disaggregation method. Preliminary results indicate the impact of different interaction designs between local and wholesale markets on the wholesale market and show the need for further research.

ACS Style

Carlo Schmitt; Kenneth Samaan; Henrik Schwaeppe; Albert Moser. Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model. 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon) 2020, 631 -636.

AMA Style

Carlo Schmitt, Kenneth Samaan, Henrik Schwaeppe, Albert Moser. Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model. 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon). 2020; ():631-636.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlo Schmitt; Kenneth Samaan; Henrik Schwaeppe; Albert Moser. 2020. "Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model." 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon) , no. : 631-636.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2020 in 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)
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Local flexibility markets are a concept to integrate distributed flexibilities such as power-to-gas, power-toheat systems, electric vehicles, and battery storage systems into congestion management of distribution and transmission grids. However, the activation of the flexibility of storage systems changes their state-of-charge and thus reduces their available flexibility. Counter-trading or compensation of activated flexibility in later points of time lets storage operators regain flexibility. However, this compensation might create or amplify congestions when not supervised by system operators. Therefore, we propose the inclusion of compensation within the flexibility market clearing process by system operators. We further develop a linear formulation of flexibility market bids by storage systems that takes the need for compensation into account. For this, first, the operational planning formulation of a storage system is expanded by flexibility market participation. Subsequently, the linear formulation of bids is derived and demonstrated.

ACS Style

Carlo Schmitt; Tobias Sous; Andreas Blank; Felix Gaumnitz; Albert Moser. A Linear Programing Formulation of Time-Coupled Flexibility Market Bids by Storage Systems. 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2020, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Carlo Schmitt, Tobias Sous, Andreas Blank, Felix Gaumnitz, Albert Moser. A Linear Programing Formulation of Time-Coupled Flexibility Market Bids by Storage Systems. 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). 2020; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlo Schmitt; Tobias Sous; Andreas Blank; Felix Gaumnitz; Albert Moser. 2020. "A Linear Programing Formulation of Time-Coupled Flexibility Market Bids by Storage Systems." 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2020 in 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)
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The utilization of distributed storage and sector coupling technologies to enable energy systems with a dominant share of renewable energies is a widely discussed issue. This paper deals with the aspect of market integration of these technologies, which are currently hampered in their use in the electricity market by the burden of high regulatory taxes. This barrier, which is substantial in Germany, is further reinforced by the widespread concept of a completely price-insensitive per-unit tax. In view of this barrier, an alternative, price-sensitive ad-valorem taxation regime is examined with regard to consumer costs, tax income and market behaviour. For this purpose, both taxation regimes are implemented in a pan-European market simulation model, which incorporates aggregators operating the distributed technologies in the German market area. The aggregators’ market deployment considers regulatory costs in the objective function, thus enabling the analysis of different tax designs.

ACS Style

Tom Kulms; Moritz Nobis; Carlo Schmitt. Impact of Electricity Taxation in Germany on the Electricity Wholesale Market. 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2020, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Tom Kulms, Moritz Nobis, Carlo Schmitt. Impact of Electricity Taxation in Germany on the Electricity Wholesale Market. 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). 2020; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom Kulms; Moritz Nobis; Carlo Schmitt. 2020. "Impact of Electricity Taxation in Germany on the Electricity Wholesale Market." 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) , no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2020 in Energies
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The fundamental modeling of energy systems through individual unit commitment decisions is crucial for energy system planning. However, current large-scale models are not capable of including uncertainties or even risk-averse behavior arising from forecasting errors of variable renewable energies. However, risks associated with uncertain forecasting errors have become increasingly relevant within the process of decarbonization. The intraday market serves to compensate for these forecasting errors. Thus, the uncertainty of forecasting errors results in uncertain intraday prices and quantities. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-stage risk-constrained stochastic optimization approach to fundamentally model unit commitment decisions facing an uncertain intraday market. By the nesting of Lagrangian relaxation and an extended Benders decomposition, this model can be applied to large-scale, e.g., pan-European, power systems. The approach is applied to scenarios for 2023—considering a full nuclear phase-out in Germany—and 2035—considering a full coal phase-out in Germany. First, the influence of the risk factors is evaluated. Furthermore, an evaluation of the market prices shows an increase in price levels as well as an increasing day-ahead-intraday spread in 2023 and in 2035. Finally, it is shown that intraday cross-border trading has a significant influence on trading volumes and prices and ensures a more efficient allocation of resources.

ACS Style

Moritz Nobis; Carlo Schmitt; Ralf Schemm; Armin Schnettler; Carlo Schmitt. Pan-European CVaR-Constrained Stochastic Unit Commitment in Day-Ahead and Intraday Electricity Markets. Energies 2020, 13, 2339 .

AMA Style

Moritz Nobis, Carlo Schmitt, Ralf Schemm, Armin Schnettler, Carlo Schmitt. Pan-European CVaR-Constrained Stochastic Unit Commitment in Day-Ahead and Intraday Electricity Markets. Energies. 2020; 13 (9):2339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moritz Nobis; Carlo Schmitt; Ralf Schemm; Armin Schnettler; Carlo Schmitt. 2020. "Pan-European CVaR-Constrained Stochastic Unit Commitment in Day-Ahead and Intraday Electricity Markets." Energies 13, no. 9: 2339.

Preprint content
Published: 14 March 2020
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The energy system decarbonization and decentralizationrequire coordination schemes for distributed generatorsand flexibilities. One coordination approach is local energy markets for trading energy among local producers and consumers. The resulting local coordination leads to the questions of how the interaction between local and wholesale markets will be designed and of how the introduction of local energy markets influences the wholesale market system. Therefore, this paper proposes a bottom-up modeling method for local markets within a pan- European wholesale market model. Furthermore, an aggregation-disaggregation method for local markets is developed to reduce computational effort. A case study for local markets in Germany shows the computational advantages of the aggregation-disaggregation method. Preliminary results indicate the impact of different interaction designs between local and wholesale markets on the wholesale market and show the need for further research.

ACS Style

Carlo Schmitt; Kenneth Samaan; Henrik Schwaeppe; Albert Moser; Carlo Schmitt. Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Carlo Schmitt, Kenneth Samaan, Henrik Schwaeppe, Albert Moser, Carlo Schmitt. Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlo Schmitt; Kenneth Samaan; Henrik Schwaeppe; Albert Moser; Carlo Schmitt. 2020. "Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 14 March 2020
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The energy system decarbonization and decentralizationrequire coordination schemes for distributed generatorsand flexibilities. One coordination approach is local energy markets for trading energy among local producers and consumers. The resulting local coordination leads to the questions of how the interaction between local and wholesale markets will be designed and of how the introduction of local energy markets influences the wholesale market system. Therefore, this paper proposes a bottom-up modeling method for local markets within a pan- European wholesale market model. Furthermore, an aggregation-disaggregation method for local markets is developed to reduce computational effort. A case study for local markets in Germany shows the computational advantages of the aggregation-disaggregation method. Preliminary results indicate the impact of different interaction designs between local and wholesale markets on the wholesale market and show the need for further research.

ACS Style

Carlo Schmitt; Kenneth Samaan; Henrik Schwaeppe; Albert Moser; Carlo Schmitt. Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Carlo Schmitt, Kenneth Samaan, Henrik Schwaeppe, Albert Moser, Carlo Schmitt. Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlo Schmitt; Kenneth Samaan; Henrik Schwaeppe; Albert Moser; Carlo Schmitt. 2020. "Bottom-up Modeling of Local Energy Markets within a Pan-European Wholesale Electricity Market Model." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2019 in Electric Power Systems Research
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The phase-out of conventional power plants reduces the reactive power reserve from synchronous generators in transmission grids. Operational concepts need to be adapted to integrate reactive power compensators such as STATCOMs into voltage control schemes. This paper presents a novel two-stage optimization method for determining reactive power schedules, distinguishing manual and automatized control variables. The first stage optimizes the reactive power dispatch iteratively for the considered period using successive linear programming based on continuous variables due to relaxed integrality conditions. Afterwards, an embedded genetic algorithm re-discretizes integer variables. The second stage determines pareto-optimal reactive power schedules based on grid losses and switching frequency. Therefore, points of time are modeled as nodes and loss energies between two time-coupled points of time are modeled as arcs in a directed acyclic graph. The investigated scenario indicates that a high number of switching actions for passive compensators, such as shunt capacitors or reactors, is not necessary. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the automated control of flexible devices like STATCOMs enables a reduction of active power losses.

ACS Style

Markus Knittel; Janek Massmann; Carlo Schmitt; Dmitrij Kamenschikow. Dispatch of reactive power compensators in transmission grids. Electric Power Systems Research 2019, 180, 106126 .

AMA Style

Markus Knittel, Janek Massmann, Carlo Schmitt, Dmitrij Kamenschikow. Dispatch of reactive power compensators in transmission grids. Electric Power Systems Research. 2019; 180 ():106126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markus Knittel; Janek Massmann; Carlo Schmitt; Dmitrij Kamenschikow. 2019. "Dispatch of reactive power compensators in transmission grids." Electric Power Systems Research 180, no. : 106126.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2019 in 2019 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)
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ACS Style

Carlo Schmitt; Wilhelm Cramer; Maria Vasconcelos; Nicolas Thie. Impact of Spot Market Interfaces on Local Energy Market Trading. 2019 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Carlo Schmitt, Wilhelm Cramer, Maria Vasconcelos, Nicolas Thie. Impact of Spot Market Interfaces on Local Energy Market Trading. 2019 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlo Schmitt; Wilhelm Cramer; Maria Vasconcelos; Nicolas Thie. 2019. "Impact of Spot Market Interfaces on Local Energy Market Trading." 2019 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2019 in Applied Energy
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In order to reach the goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, a stepwise reduction of energy related greenhouse gas emissions as well as an increase in the share of renewable energies is necessary. For a successful realization of these changes in energy supply, an integrated view of multiple energy sectors is necessary. The coupling of different energy sectors is seen as an option to achieve the climate goals in a cost-effective way. In this paper, a methodical approach for multi-modal energy system planning and technology impact evaluation is presented. A key feature of the model is a coupled consideration of the sectors electricity, heat, fuel and mobility. The modeling framework enables system planners to optimally plan future investments in a detailed transition pathway of the energy system of a country, considering politically defined climate goals. Based on these calculations, in-depth analyses of energy markets as well as electrical transmission and distribution grids can be performed using the presented optimization models. Energy demands, conversion and storage technologies in households, the Commerce, Trade and Services (CTS) area and the industry are modeled employing a bottom-up modeling approach. The results for the optimal planning of the German energy system until 2050 show that the combination of an increased share of renewable energies and the direct electrification of heat and mobility sectors together with the use of synthetic fuels are the main drivers to achieve the climate goals in a cost-efficient way.

ACS Style

C. Müller; A. Hoffrichter; L. Wyrwoll; C. Schmitt; M. Trageser; T. Kulms; Daniel Beulertz; M. Metzger; M. Duckheim; M. Huber; M. Küppers; D. Most; S. Paulus; H.J. Heger; A. Schnettler. Modeling framework for planning and operation of multi-modal energy systems in the case of Germany. Applied Energy 2019, 250, 1132 -1146.

AMA Style

C. Müller, A. Hoffrichter, L. Wyrwoll, C. Schmitt, M. Trageser, T. Kulms, Daniel Beulertz, M. Metzger, M. Duckheim, M. Huber, M. Küppers, D. Most, S. Paulus, H.J. Heger, A. Schnettler. Modeling framework for planning and operation of multi-modal energy systems in the case of Germany. Applied Energy. 2019; 250 ():1132-1146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Müller; A. Hoffrichter; L. Wyrwoll; C. Schmitt; M. Trageser; T. Kulms; Daniel Beulertz; M. Metzger; M. Duckheim; M. Huber; M. Küppers; D. Most; S. Paulus; H.J. Heger; A. Schnettler. 2019. "Modeling framework for planning and operation of multi-modal energy systems in the case of Germany." Applied Energy 250, no. : 1132-1146.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Energy Procedia
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For a successful realization of the energy transition and a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, an integrated view of multiple energy sectors (electricity, heat and mobility) is necessary. The coupling of different energy sectors is seen as an option to achieve the climate goals in a cost-effective way. In this paper, a methodical approach for multi-modal energy system planning and technology impact evaluation is presented. A key feature of the model is a coupled consideration of sectors electricity, heat and mobility. Energy demands, conversion and storage technologies in households, the Commerce, Trade and Services (CTS) area and the industry are modelled employing a bottom-up modelling approach. The model can be used for the calculation of a detailed transition pathway of energy systems taking into account politically defined climate goals. Based on these calculations, in-depth analyses of energy markets as well as transmission and distribution grids can be performed.

ACS Style

C. Müller; T. Falke; A. Hoffrichter; L. Wyrwoll; C. Schmitt; M. Trageser; A. Schnettler; M. Metzger; M. Huber; M. Küppers; D. Most; S. Paulus; H.J. Heger. Integrated Planning and Evaluation of Multi-Modal Energy Systems for Decarbonization of Germany. Energy Procedia 2019, 158, 3482 -3487.

AMA Style

C. Müller, T. Falke, A. Hoffrichter, L. Wyrwoll, C. Schmitt, M. Trageser, A. Schnettler, M. Metzger, M. Huber, M. Küppers, D. Most, S. Paulus, H.J. Heger. Integrated Planning and Evaluation of Multi-Modal Energy Systems for Decarbonization of Germany. Energy Procedia. 2019; 158 ():3482-3487.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Müller; T. Falke; A. Hoffrichter; L. Wyrwoll; C. Schmitt; M. Trageser; A. Schnettler; M. Metzger; M. Huber; M. Küppers; D. Most; S. Paulus; H.J. Heger. 2019. "Integrated Planning and Evaluation of Multi-Modal Energy Systems for Decarbonization of Germany." Energy Procedia 158, no. : 3482-3487.

Conference paper
Published: 12 June 2018 in Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction
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ACS Style

Wilhelm Cramer; Carlo Schmitt; Moritz Nobis. Design Premises for Local Energy Markets. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction 2018, 471 -473.

AMA Style

Wilhelm Cramer, Carlo Schmitt, Moritz Nobis. Design Premises for Local Energy Markets. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. 2018; ():471-473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wilhelm Cramer; Carlo Schmitt; Moritz Nobis. 2018. "Design Premises for Local Energy Markets." Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction , no. : 471-473.