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Asian countries are major contributors to global air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, with transportation demand and emissions expected to increase. However, few studies have been performed to evaluate policies that could reduce transport-related emissions in the region. This study explores transport-related CO2 and air pollutant emissions in major Asian nations along with the impacts of transport, climate, and emission control policies using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM)/Transport model. Our results show that by 2050, CO2 emissions in developing countries will be 1.4–4.7-fold greater than the levels in 2005, while most air pollutant emissions will show large reductions (mean annual reduction rates of 0.2% to 6.1%). Notably, implementation of transport, emission control, and carbon pricing policies would reduce CO2 emissions by up to 33% and other air pollutants by 43% to 72%, depending on the emission species. An emission control policy represents the strongest approach for short-term and mid-term reduction of air pollutants. A carbon pricing policy would lead to a direct reduction in CO2 emissions; more importantly, air pollutant emissions would also be effectively reduced. Shifting to public transportation in developing countries can also greatly influence emissions reductions. An increase in traffic speed shows relatively small effects, but can be meaningful in Japan.
Shuanghui Bao; Osamu Nishiura; Shinichiro Fujimori; Ken Oshiro; Runsen Zhang. Identification of Key Factors to Reduce Transport-Related Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Asia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7621 .
AMA StyleShuanghui Bao, Osamu Nishiura, Shinichiro Fujimori, Ken Oshiro, Runsen Zhang. Identification of Key Factors to Reduce Transport-Related Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Asia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7621.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShuanghui Bao; Osamu Nishiura; Shinichiro Fujimori; Ken Oshiro; Runsen Zhang. 2020. "Identification of Key Factors to Reduce Transport-Related Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Asia." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7621.
Coastal areas provide important services and functions for social and economic activities. Damage due to sea level rise (SLR) is one of the serious problems anticipated and caused by climate change. In this study, we assess the global economic impact of inundation due to SLR by using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that incorporates detailed coastal damage information. The scenario analysis considers multiple general circulation models, socioeconomic assumptions, and stringency of climate change mitigation measures. We found that the global household consumption loss proportion will be 0.045%, with a range of 0.027−0.066%, in 2100. Socioeconomic assumptions cause a difference in the loss proportion of up to 0.035% without greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation, the so-called baseline scenarios. The range of the loss proportion among GHG emission scenarios is smaller than the differences among the socioeconomic assumptions. We also observed large regional variations and, in particular, the consumption losses in low-income countries are, relatively speaking, larger than those in high-income countries. These results indicate that, even if we succeed in stabilizing the global mean temperature increase below 2 °C, economic losses caused by SLR will inevitably happen to some extent, which may imply that keeping the global mean temperature increase below 1.5 °C would be worthwhile to consider.
Osamu Nishiura; Makoto Tamura; Shinichiro Fujimori; Kiyoshi Takahashi; Junya Takakura; Yasuaki Hijioka. An Assessment of Global Macroeconomic Impacts Caused by Sea Level Rise Using the Framework of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3737 .
AMA StyleOsamu Nishiura, Makoto Tamura, Shinichiro Fujimori, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Junya Takakura, Yasuaki Hijioka. An Assessment of Global Macroeconomic Impacts Caused by Sea Level Rise Using the Framework of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3737.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsamu Nishiura; Makoto Tamura; Shinichiro Fujimori; Kiyoshi Takahashi; Junya Takakura; Yasuaki Hijioka. 2020. "An Assessment of Global Macroeconomic Impacts Caused by Sea Level Rise Using the Framework of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3737.