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Compost teas (CTs) are organic solutions that constitute an interesting option for sustainable agriculture. Those that come from garden waste have been applied in vitro and in vivo on pepper plants to determine its suppressive effect against both Phytophthora capsici and Rhizoctonia solani. The studied CT showed relevant content in NO3 −, K2O, humic acids, and microorganisms such as aerobic bacteria, N-fixing bacteria, and actinobacteria, which play a role in plant growth and resistance. This rich abundance of microbiota in the CT induced a reduction in the relative growth rate of both P. capsici and R. solani (31.7% and 38.0%, respectively) in in vitro assays compared to control. In addition, CT-irrigated plants displayed increased growth parameters and showed the first open flower one week before those treatments without CTs, which suggests that its application advanced the crop cycle. Concerning pathogen infection, damage caused by both pathogens became more apparent with a one-week inoculation compared to a four-week inoculation, which may indicate that a microbiological and chemical balance had been reached to cope with biotic stresses. Based on these results, we conclude that CT application induces plant growth and defense in pepper plants against P. capsici and R. solani because of its relevant soluble nutrient content and microbiota richness, which provides a novel point for plant nutrition and protection in horticultural crops.
Ana González-Hernández; M. Suárez-Fernández; Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez; María Gómez-Sánchez; María Morales-Corts. Compost Tea Induces Growth and Resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici in Pepper. Agronomy 2021, 11, 781 .
AMA StyleAna González-Hernández, M. Suárez-Fernández, Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez, María Gómez-Sánchez, María Morales-Corts. Compost Tea Induces Growth and Resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici in Pepper. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (4):781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna González-Hernández; M. Suárez-Fernández; Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez; María Gómez-Sánchez; María Morales-Corts. 2021. "Compost Tea Induces Growth and Resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici in Pepper." Agronomy 11, no. 4: 781.
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and plant responses to various stress conditions. In the apoplast, like in the intracellular cell compartments, a specific set of antioxidants can be found that can detoxify the different types of ROS produced in it. These scavenging ROS components confer stress tolerance and avoid cellular damage. Moreover, the production and accumulation of proteins and peptides in the apoplast take place in response to various stresses. Hormones are also present in the apoplast where they perform important functions. In addition, the apoplast is also the space where microbe-associated molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are secreted by pathogens. In summary, the diversity of molecules found in the apoplast highlights its importance in the survival of plant cells.
Atefeh Farvardin; Ana Isabel González-Hernández; Eugenio Llorens; Pilar García-Agustín; Loredana Scalschi; Begonya Vicedo. The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 604 .
AMA StyleAtefeh Farvardin, Ana Isabel González-Hernández, Eugenio Llorens, Pilar García-Agustín, Loredana Scalschi, Begonya Vicedo. The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival. Antioxidants. 2020; 9 (7):604.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtefeh Farvardin; Ana Isabel González-Hernández; Eugenio Llorens; Pilar García-Agustín; Loredana Scalschi; Begonya Vicedo. 2020. "The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival." Antioxidants 9, no. 7: 604.
NO3− is not only a nutrient, but also a signaling compound that plays an important role in several plant processes, like root development. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of three different exogenous C compounds (sucrose, glucose, 2-oxoglutarate) added to NO3− nutrition on C/N, auxin and antioxidant metabolisms in 10-day-old tomato seedlings. Sucrose and glucose supplementation enhanced primary root (PR) length, lateral root number and root density, while 2-oxoglutarate negatively affected them. This phenomenon was accompanied by a slight increase in NRT2.1 and GS1 gene expression, together with an increase in LAX2 and LAX3 and a decrease in LAX4 in the roots growing under sucrose and glucose sources. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate enhanced the expression of NiR, GDH, PEPC1, LAX1, LAX3 and the antioxidant gene SOD Cl. Taken together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of how these C sources can modulate N uptake and C/N, auxin and antioxidant gene expression, which could be useful for improving nitrogen use efficiency.
Ana Isabel González-Hernández; Loredana Scalschi; Pilar García-Agustín; Gemma Camañes. Exogenous Carbon Compounds Modulate Tomato Root Development. Plants 2020, 9, 837 .
AMA StyleAna Isabel González-Hernández, Loredana Scalschi, Pilar García-Agustín, Gemma Camañes. Exogenous Carbon Compounds Modulate Tomato Root Development. Plants. 2020; 9 (7):837.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Isabel González-Hernández; Loredana Scalschi; Pilar García-Agustín; Gemma Camañes. 2020. "Exogenous Carbon Compounds Modulate Tomato Root Development." Plants 9, no. 7: 837.
Root plasticity is controlled by hormonal homeostasis and nutrient availability. In this work, we have determined the influence of different N regimens on growth parameters and on the expression of genes involved in auxin transport and N-assimilation in tomato seedlings. NH4+ nutrition led to an inhibitory effect on root fresh weight (FW), lateral root (LR) number and root density, while an increase in the primary root (PR) length was observed. The expression of N assimilation genes GS2 and ASN1, is affected by NH4+ nutrition. Moreover, in order to relieve the toxic effect of NH4+ on root development, glucose or 2-oxoglutarate was supplied as a C source during NH4+ treatment. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate improved root parameters compared to the NH4+ regimen. N-assimilation gene analysis showed that NH4+-fed tomato plants try to alleviate the toxic effect by concurrently upregulating ASN1 and anaplerotic PEPC2 expression, whereas when 2-oxoglutarate is supplied, ASN1 induction was not observed. The addition of both C skeletons induced the expression of the ROS-scavenging genes GSH and SOD. In addition, since ABA plays a role in root development, the ABA-synthesis-defective mutant flacca was studied under NO3− and NH4+ regimens. It displayed a decrease in LR number under NO3− conditions, whereas, the NH4+-fed seedlings showed a decrease solely in PR length that was reverted when ABA was exogenously supplied. Moreover, flacca seedlings displayed a reprogramming of the N/C assimilation genes. Altogether, these results reflect the importance of N and C sources and ABA homeostasis in root development of tomato seedlings.
Ana Isabel González-Hernández; Loredana Scalschi; Pilar García-Agustín; Gemma Camañes. Tomato root development and N assimilation depend on C and ABA content under different N sources. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2020, 148, 368 -378.
AMA StyleAna Isabel González-Hernández, Loredana Scalschi, Pilar García-Agustín, Gemma Camañes. Tomato root development and N assimilation depend on C and ABA content under different N sources. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020; 148 ():368-378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Isabel González-Hernández; Loredana Scalschi; Pilar García-Agustín; Gemma Camañes. 2020. "Tomato root development and N assimilation depend on C and ABA content under different N sources." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 148, no. : 368-378.
Predominant NH4+ nutrition causes an "ammonium syndrome" that induces metabolic changes and thereby provides resistance against Pseudomonas syringae infection through the activation of systemic acquired acclimation (SAA). Hence, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying NH4+-mediated SAA, the changes in nutrient balance and C and N skeletons were studied in NH4+-treated plants upon infection by P. syringae. A general decrease in cation and an increase in anion levels was observed in roots and leaves of NH4+-treated plants. Upon NH4+-based nutrition and infection, tomato leaves showed an accumulation of S, P, Zn, and of Mn. Mn accumulation might be required for ROS detoxification since it acts as a cofactor of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Primary metabolism was modified in both tissues of NH4+-fed plants to counteract NH4+ toxicity by decreasing TCA intermediates. A significant increase in Arg, Gln, Asn, Lys, Tyr, His and Leu was observed in leaves of NH4+-treated plants. The high level of the putrescine precursor Arg hints towards the importance of the Glu pathway as a key metabolic check-point in NH4+-treated and infected plants. Taken together, NH4+-fed plants displayed a high level of basal responses allowing them to activate SAA and to trigger defense responses against P. syringae through nutrient imbalances and changes in primary metabolism.
Ana Isabel González-Hernández; Emma Fernández-Crespo; Loredana Scalschi; Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei; Nicolaus von Wirén; Pilar García-Agustín; Gemma Camañes. Ammonium mediated changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolisms induce resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 2019, 239, 28 -37.
AMA StyleAna Isabel González-Hernández, Emma Fernández-Crespo, Loredana Scalschi, Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei, Nicolaus von Wirén, Pilar García-Agustín, Gemma Camañes. Ammonium mediated changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolisms induce resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2019; 239 ():28-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Isabel González-Hernández; Emma Fernández-Crespo; Loredana Scalschi; Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei; Nicolaus von Wirén; Pilar García-Agustín; Gemma Camañes. 2019. "Ammonium mediated changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolisms induce resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato plants." Journal of Plant Physiology 239, no. : 28-37.
In a scenario of global climate change, water scarcity is a major threat for agriculture, severely limiting crop yields. Therefore, alternatives are urgently needed for improving plant adaptation to drought stress. Among them, gene expression reprogramming by microRNAs (miRNAs) might offer a biotechnologically sound strategy. Drought-responsive miRNAs have been reported in many plant species, and some of them are known to participate in complex regulatory networks via their regulation of transcription factors involved in water stress signaling. We explored the role of miR159 in the response of Solanum lycopersicum Mill. plants to drought stress by analyzing the expression of sly-miR159 and its target SlMYB transcription factor genes in tomato plants of cv. Ailsa Craig grown in deprived water conditions or in response to mechanical damage caused by the Colorado potato beetle, a devastating insect pest of Solanaceae plants. Results showed that sly-miR159 regulatory function in the tomato plants response to distinct stresses might be mediated by differential stress-specific MYB transcription factor targeting. sly-miR159 targeting of SlMYB33 transcription factor transcript correlated with accumulation of the osmoprotective compounds proline and putrescine, which promote drought tolerance. This highlights the potential role of sly-miR159 in tomato plants' adaptation to water deficit conditions.
María José López-Galiano; Inmaculada García-Robles; Ana I. González-Hernández; Gemma Camañes; Begonya Vicedo; M. Dolores Real; Carolina Rausell. Expression of miR159 Is Altered in Tomato Plants Undergoing Drought Stress. Plants 2019, 8, 201 .
AMA StyleMaría José López-Galiano, Inmaculada García-Robles, Ana I. González-Hernández, Gemma Camañes, Begonya Vicedo, M. Dolores Real, Carolina Rausell. Expression of miR159 Is Altered in Tomato Plants Undergoing Drought Stress. Plants. 2019; 8 (7):201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría José López-Galiano; Inmaculada García-Robles; Ana I. González-Hernández; Gemma Camañes; Begonya Vicedo; M. Dolores Real; Carolina Rausell. 2019. "Expression of miR159 Is Altered in Tomato Plants Undergoing Drought Stress." Plants 8, no. 7: 201.
The effectiveness of some plant extracts to protect crops against pests enhancing the natural defensive responses of the plant has been previously reported. Plant extract of Mimosa tenuiflora and Quercus robur has promising potential to reduce the incidence of a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi due to its antimicrobial compounds. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effectiveness and the mode of action of this mix extract in Lactuca sativa against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. To achieve this objective, 4 weeks old lettuce plants of cv. Romana were treated with 2 cc l−1 of the plant extract either by soil drench or foliar applications 72 h before the inoculation. The treatments were able to significantly reduce the progression of the pathogen, decreasing the diameter of the infection by 32% and 17% in foliar and soil drench application, respectively. Moreover, the results showed significantly higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as callose deposition in plants treated and inoculated, compared with non-treated plants. However, no direct effect on the fungus growth was observed in vitro suggesting that foliar and soil drench treatments with M. tenuiflora and Q. robur extract significantly reduce the infection of S. sclerotiorum in leaves of lettuce, through the strengthening of the wall mediated by the deposition of callose and the release of H2O2. The fact that the treatment enhances different processes involved in plant innate defense may indicate that this treatment is acting as a resistant inducer, and could be effective against different microorganisms.
Eugenio Llorens; María Mateu; Ana I González-Hernández; Carlos Agustí-Brisach; Pilar García Agustín; Leonor Lapeña; Begonya Vicedo. Extract of Mimosa tenuiflora and Quercus robur as potential eco-friendly management tool against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Lactuca sativa enhancing the natural plant defences. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2018, 153, 1105 -1118.
AMA StyleEugenio Llorens, María Mateu, Ana I González-Hernández, Carlos Agustí-Brisach, Pilar García Agustín, Leonor Lapeña, Begonya Vicedo. Extract of Mimosa tenuiflora and Quercus robur as potential eco-friendly management tool against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Lactuca sativa enhancing the natural plant defences. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2018; 153 (4):1105-1118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEugenio Llorens; María Mateu; Ana I González-Hernández; Carlos Agustí-Brisach; Pilar García Agustín; Leonor Lapeña; Begonya Vicedo. 2018. "Extract of Mimosa tenuiflora and Quercus robur as potential eco-friendly management tool against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Lactuca sativa enhancing the natural plant defences." European Journal of Plant Pathology 153, no. 4: 1105-1118.
Plants can produce numerous natural products, many of which have been shown to confer protection against microbial attack. In this way, we identified 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), a natural compound produced by tomato plants in response to Pseudomonas syringae attack, whose application by soil drench provided protection against this pathogen. In the present work, we have studied the mechanisms underlying this protection. The results demonstrated that 1-MT can be considered a new activator of plant defense responses that acts by inhibiting the stomatal opening produced by coronatine (COR) and could thereby, prevent bacteria entering the mesophyll. Besides, 1-MT acts by blocking the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway that, could avoid manipulation of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway by the bacterium, and thus hinder its growth. Although the concentration of 1-MT reached in the plant did not show antimicrobial effects, we cannot rule out a role for 1-MT acting alone because it affects the expression of the fliC gene that is involved in synthesis of the flagellum. These changes would result in reduced bacterium motility and, therefore, infective capacity. The results highlight the effect of a tryptophan derivative on induced resistance in plants.
Loredana Scalschi; Eugenio Llorens; Ana I. González-Hernández; Mercedes Valcárcel; Jordi Gamir; Pilar García Agustín; Begonya Vicedo; Gemma Camañes. 1-Methyltryptophan Modifies Apoplast Content in Tomato Plants Improving Resistance Against Pseudomonas syringae. Frontiers in Microbiology 2018, 9, 2056 .
AMA StyleLoredana Scalschi, Eugenio Llorens, Ana I. González-Hernández, Mercedes Valcárcel, Jordi Gamir, Pilar García Agustín, Begonya Vicedo, Gemma Camañes. 1-Methyltryptophan Modifies Apoplast Content in Tomato Plants Improving Resistance Against Pseudomonas syringae. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9 ():2056.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoredana Scalschi; Eugenio Llorens; Ana I. González-Hernández; Mercedes Valcárcel; Jordi Gamir; Pilar García Agustín; Begonya Vicedo; Gemma Camañes. 2018. "1-Methyltryptophan Modifies Apoplast Content in Tomato Plants Improving Resistance Against Pseudomonas syringae." Frontiers in Microbiology 9, no. : 2056.
BACKGROUND Phytopathogenic problems caused by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in tomato have been becoming more serious by the emergence of resistant strains to classical pesticides. This situation has propelled the research for new formulations with lower environmental problems. One of the most promising alternatives to the use of classical pesticides is the induction of natural plant defences. New formulations based on Cu complexed with heptagluconic acid are able to induce plant innate defences which could be an alternative to the classical treatments based on inorganic Cu against bacterial speck. In order to study the efficacy of this compound in tomato against P. syringae, we tested its systemic effect applied the treatments via radicular and infected tomato leaves. RESULTS Treated plants showed lower infection development and lower number of viable bacteria in leaves. We also observed better performance in parameters involved in plant resistance such as antioxidant response and accumulation of phenolic compounds. CONCLUSION Results showed that soil drench applications can be highly effective for the prevention and control of bacterial speck in tomato plants, showing a reduction of symptoms around 50%. Moreover, the application of Cu heptagluconate induced accumulation of plant polyphenols caffeic and chlorogenic acids and reduced the amount of ROS in infected plants.
Ana I. González-Hernández; Eugenio Llorens; Carlos Agustí-Brisach; Begonya Vicedo; Teresa Yuste; Antonio Cerveró; Carlos Ledó; Pilar García-Agustín; Leonor Lapeña. Elucidating the mechanism of action of copper heptagluconate on the plant immune system againstPseudomonas syringaein tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL). Pest Management Science 2018, 74, 2601 -2607.
AMA StyleAna I. González-Hernández, Eugenio Llorens, Carlos Agustí-Brisach, Begonya Vicedo, Teresa Yuste, Antonio Cerveró, Carlos Ledó, Pilar García-Agustín, Leonor Lapeña. Elucidating the mechanism of action of copper heptagluconate on the plant immune system againstPseudomonas syringaein tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL). Pest Management Science. 2018; 74 (11):2601-2607.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna I. González-Hernández; Eugenio Llorens; Carlos Agustí-Brisach; Begonya Vicedo; Teresa Yuste; Antonio Cerveró; Carlos Ledó; Pilar García-Agustín; Leonor Lapeña. 2018. "Elucidating the mechanism of action of copper heptagluconate on the plant immune system againstPseudomonas syringaein tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL)." Pest Management Science 74, no. 11: 2601-2607.
SlyWRKY75: gene expression was induced in response to biotic stresses, especially in Botrytis cinerea-infected tomato plants, in which Sly-miR1127-3p is a putative SlyWRKY75 regulator and epigenetic marks were detected. WRKY75 transcription factor involved in Pi homeostasis was recently found also induced in defense against necrotrophic pathogens. In this study, we analyzed by RT-qPCR the expression of SlyWRKY75 gene in tomato plants in response to abiotic stresses (drought or heat) and biotic stresses (Colorado potato beetle larvae infestation, Pseudomonas syringae or Botrytis cinerea infection) being only differentially expressed following biotic stresses, especially upon B. cinerea infection (55-fold induction). JA and JA-Ile levels were significantly increased in tomato plants under biotic stresses compared with control plants, indicating that SlyWRKY75 might be a transcriptional regulator of the JA pathway. The contribution of miRNAs and epigenetic molecular mechanisms to the regulation of this gene in B. cinerea-infected tomato plants was explored. We identified a putative Sly-miR1127-3p miRNA predicted to bind the intronic region of the SlyWRKY75 genomic sequence. Sly-miR1127-3p miRNA was repressed in infected plants (0.4-fold) supporting that it might act as an epigenetic regulation factor of SlyWRKY75 gene expression rather than via the post-transcriptional mechanisms of canonical miRNAs. It has been proposed that certain miRNAs can mediate DNA methylation in the plant nucleus broadening miRNA functions with transcriptional gene silencing by targeting intron-containing pre-mRNAs. Histone modifications analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated the presence of the activator histone modification H3K4me3 on SlyWRKY75 transcription start site and gene body. The induction of this gene in response to B. cinerea correlates with the presence of an activator mark. Thus, miRNAs and chromatin modifications might cooperate as epigenetic factors to modulate SlyWRKY75 gene expression.
María José López-Galiano; Ana I. González-Hernández; Oscar Crespo-Salvador; Carolina Rausell; M. Dolores Real; Mónica Escamilla; Gemma Camañes; Pilar García Agustín; Carmen González-Bosch; Inmaculada García-Robles. Epigenetic regulation of the expression of WRKY75 transcription factor in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in Solanaceae plants. Plant Cell Reports 2017, 37, 167 -176.
AMA StyleMaría José López-Galiano, Ana I. González-Hernández, Oscar Crespo-Salvador, Carolina Rausell, M. Dolores Real, Mónica Escamilla, Gemma Camañes, Pilar García Agustín, Carmen González-Bosch, Inmaculada García-Robles. Epigenetic regulation of the expression of WRKY75 transcription factor in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in Solanaceae plants. Plant Cell Reports. 2017; 37 (1):167-176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría José López-Galiano; Ana I. González-Hernández; Oscar Crespo-Salvador; Carolina Rausell; M. Dolores Real; Mónica Escamilla; Gemma Camañes; Pilar García Agustín; Carmen González-Bosch; Inmaculada García-Robles. 2017. "Epigenetic regulation of the expression of WRKY75 transcription factor in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in Solanaceae plants." Plant Cell Reports 37, no. 1: 167-176.
BACKGROUNDDevelopments of alternatives to the use of chemical pesticides to control pests are focused on the induction of natural plant defences. The study of new compounds based on liquid bioassimilable sulphur and its effect as an inductor of the immune system of plants would provide an alternative option to farmers to enhance plant resistance against pathogen attacks such as powdery mildew. In order to elucidate the efficacy of this compound in tomato against powdery mildew, we tested several treatments: curative foliar, preventive foliar, preventive in soil drench and combining preventive in soil drench and curative foliar.RESULTSIn all cases, treated plants showed lower infection development, better physiological parameters and a higher level of chlorophyll. We also observed better performance in parameters involved in plant resistance such as antioxidant response, callose deposition and hormonal levels.CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that preventive and curative treatments can be highly effective for the prevention and control of powdery mildew in tomato plants. Foliar treatments are able to stop the pathogen development when they are applied as curative. Soil drench treatments induce immune response mechanisms of plants, increasing significantly callose deposition and promoting plant development. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Eugenio Llorens; Carlos Agustí-Brisach; Ana I González-Hernández; Pilar Troncho; Begonya Vicedo; Teresa Yuste; Mayte Orero; Carlos Ledó; Pilar García-Agustín; Leonor Lapeña. Bioassimilable sulphur provides effective control ofOidium neolycopersiciin tomato, enhancing the plant immune system. Pest Management Science 2016, 73, 1017 -1023.
AMA StyleEugenio Llorens, Carlos Agustí-Brisach, Ana I González-Hernández, Pilar Troncho, Begonya Vicedo, Teresa Yuste, Mayte Orero, Carlos Ledó, Pilar García-Agustín, Leonor Lapeña. Bioassimilable sulphur provides effective control ofOidium neolycopersiciin tomato, enhancing the plant immune system. Pest Management Science. 2016; 73 (5):1017-1023.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEugenio Llorens; Carlos Agustí-Brisach; Ana I González-Hernández; Pilar Troncho; Begonya Vicedo; Teresa Yuste; Mayte Orero; Carlos Ledó; Pilar García-Agustín; Leonor Lapeña. 2016. "Bioassimilable sulphur provides effective control ofOidium neolycopersiciin tomato, enhancing the plant immune system." Pest Management Science 73, no. 5: 1017-1023.