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Consumption of cereals and cereal-based products represents 47% of the total food energy intake in Cape Verde. However, cereals also contribute to dietary exposure to metals that may pose a risk. Strengthening food security and providing nutritional information is a high-priority challenge for the Cape Verde government. In this study, toxic metal content (Cr, Ni, Sr, Al, Cd, and Pb) is determined in 126 samples of cereals and derivatives (rice, corn, wheat, corn flour, wheat flour, corn gofio) consumed in Cape Verde. Wheat flour samples stand out, with the highest Sr (1.60 mg/kg), Ni (0.25 mg/kg) and Cr (0.13 mg/kg) levels. While the consumption of 100 g/day of wheat would contribute to 13.2% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of Ni, a consumption of 100 g/day of wheat flour would contribute to 8.18% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of Cd. Results show relevant Al levels (1.17–13.4 mg/kg), with the highest level observed in corn gofio. The mean Pb average content in cereals is 0.03–0.08 mg/kg, with the highest level observed in corn gofio. Al and Pb levels are lower in cereals without husks. Without being a health risk, the consumption of 100 g/day of wheat contributes to 17.5% of the European benchmark doses lower confidence limit (BMDL) of Pb for nephrotoxic effects; the consumption of 100 g/day of corn gofio provides an intake of 1.34 mg Al/day (13.7% of the TWI) and 8 µg Pb/day (20% of the BMDL for nephrotoxic effects). A strategy to minimize the dietary exposure of the Cape Verdean population to toxic metals from cereals should consider the continuous monitoring of imported cereals on arrival in Cape Verde, the assessment of the population’s total diet exposure to toxic metals and educational campaigns.
Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz; Soraya Paz; Ángel Gutiérrez; Verena Gomes Furtado; Dailos González-Weller; Consuelo Revert; Arturo Hardisson. Toxic Metals in Cereals in Cape Verde: Risk Assessment Evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3833 .
AMA StyleCarmen Rubio-Armendáriz, Soraya Paz, Ángel Gutiérrez, Verena Gomes Furtado, Dailos González-Weller, Consuelo Revert, Arturo Hardisson. Toxic Metals in Cereals in Cape Verde: Risk Assessment Evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (7):3833.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen Rubio-Armendáriz; Soraya Paz; Ángel Gutiérrez; Verena Gomes Furtado; Dailos González-Weller; Consuelo Revert; Arturo Hardisson. 2021. "Toxic Metals in Cereals in Cape Verde: Risk Assessment Evaluation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3833.
Mate is an infusion made from the dried leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Yerba mate may be an important source of essential elements but could contain toxicologically relevant metals. Macroelements (Ca, Mg, Na, K), trace elements (B, Ba, Sr, V, Li, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Mn, Mo), and toxic metals (Al, Cd, Pb) content have been determined in 32 samples of yerba mate by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) with the aim of determining the element content of yerba mate leaves and the influence of temperature in the extraction of these elements from the plant to the infusion, and estimating the dietary intake for each element studied. The highest element contents have been found in infusions prepared with hot distilled water (70-75 °C); the most noteworthy are K (303 mg/L), Mn (4.85 mg/L), and Al (4.52 mg/L). The consumption recommended by the producers (500 mL infusion/day) contributes significantly to the daily intake of essential elements such as Mn, Mg, and Cu. This consumption does not pose a health risk, although it is necessary to assess the risk/benefit of Ni intake from mate consumption for people with impaired renal function (500 mL/day accounts for 52.2% of the TDI).
Ilaria Olivari; Soraya Paz; Angel J. Gutiérrez; Dailos González-Weller; Arturo Hardisson; Gianni Sagratini; Carmen Rubio. Macroelement, trace element, and toxic metal levels in leaves and infusions of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 21341 -21352.
AMA StyleIlaria Olivari, Soraya Paz, Angel J. Gutiérrez, Dailos González-Weller, Arturo Hardisson, Gianni Sagratini, Carmen Rubio. Macroelement, trace element, and toxic metal levels in leaves and infusions of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (17):21341-21352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Olivari; Soraya Paz; Angel J. Gutiérrez; Dailos González-Weller; Arturo Hardisson; Gianni Sagratini; Carmen Rubio. 2020. "Macroelement, trace element, and toxic metal levels in leaves and infusions of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 17: 21341-21352.
To evaluate the daily dietary intake of essential metals in the Canary Islands, the iron, copper, zinc and manganese contents in 420 food and drink samples collected in local markets were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The estimated daily dietary intakes of iron, copper, zinc and manganese are 13.161 mg/day, 2.098 mg/day, 8.954 mg/day and 2.372 mg/day, respectively. The iron dietary intake was found to be below the recommendations fixed for adult women, while the copper and manganese dietary intakes fulfilled the Recommended Dietary Allowances. The mean daily intake of zinc was below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Cereals were found to be the food group that contributed most to the intake of these metals. While the island of El-Hierro presented iron, copper, zinc and manganese mean intakes over the estimated intakes for the whole archipelago, Fuerteventura island showed the lowest intakes. Tenerife and Fuerteventura showed the lowest iron intakes, being below the recommendations.
Carmen Rubio; Ángel José Gutiérrez; Consuelo Revert; Juan Ignacio Reguera; Antonio Burgos; Arturo Hardisson. Daily dietary intake of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in a Spanish population. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2009, 60, 590 -600.
AMA StyleCarmen Rubio, Ángel José Gutiérrez, Consuelo Revert, Juan Ignacio Reguera, Antonio Burgos, Arturo Hardisson. Daily dietary intake of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in a Spanish population. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2009; 60 (7):590-600.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen Rubio; Ángel José Gutiérrez; Consuelo Revert; Juan Ignacio Reguera; Antonio Burgos; Arturo Hardisson. 2009. "Daily dietary intake of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in a Spanish population." International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60, no. 7: 590-600.
C Rubio; D González Weller; R E Martín-Izquierdo; C Revert; I Rodríguez; A Hardisson. [Zinc: an essential oligoelement]. Nutrición Hospitalaria 2007, 22, 1 .
AMA StyleC Rubio, D González Weller, R E Martín-Izquierdo, C Revert, I Rodríguez, A Hardisson. [Zinc: an essential oligoelement]. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2007; 22 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC Rubio; D González Weller; R E Martín-Izquierdo; C Revert; I Rodríguez; A Hardisson. 2007. "[Zinc: an essential oligoelement]." Nutrición Hospitalaria 22, no. 1: 1.
Cadmium (Cd) in the human diet constitutes a potential chronic hazard to health. In the nonsmoking general population, diet is the major source of cadmium exposure; therefore, it is important to monitor the dietary intake of this heavy metal to quantify and improve the understanding of Cd accumulation in the human body. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Cd in a range of food and drink commonly consumed in the Canary Islands. Food samples (420) were analyzed for Cd by atomic absorption spectrometry. The most recent nutritional survey conducted for the Canarian population was used to define the food and drink groups analyzed. The measured Cd concentrations combined with the food consumption data resulted in a total Cd intake in the Canary Islands of 0.16 μg/kg of body weight/day, which is well below the respective provisional tolerable weekly intake of Cd of 1 μg/kg of body weight per day determined by the FAO/WHO. The results are also compared with values reported for other national and international communities.
C. Rubio; Arturo Hardisson; J.I. Reguera; C. Revert; M.A. Lafuente; T. González-Iglesias. Cadmium dietary intake in the Canary Islands, Spain. Environmental Research 2006, 100, 123 -129.
AMA StyleC. Rubio, Arturo Hardisson, J.I. Reguera, C. Revert, M.A. Lafuente, T. González-Iglesias. Cadmium dietary intake in the Canary Islands, Spain. Environmental Research. 2006; 100 (1):123-129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Rubio; Arturo Hardisson; J.I. Reguera; C. Revert; M.A. Lafuente; T. González-Iglesias. 2006. "Cadmium dietary intake in the Canary Islands, Spain." Environmental Research 100, no. 1: 123-129.
For most people diet is the main route of exposure to trace metals, so information about dietary intake is also important to assess risks to human health for these elements. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Pb in the foods and drinks of highest consumption in the authors' our community to estimate daily intakes of Pb for each of the seven Canary Islands. Four hundred and twenty samples were analyzed using GFAAS. The total Pb intake of the Canarian population is 72.8 microg/day, 29.12% (for a person of 70 kg body weight) of the provisional tolerable weekly intake limit of 25 microg/kg fixed by the FAO/WHO. The island that presents the highest lead intake is La Gomera, followed by Lanzarote, Tenerife, and Gran Canaria islands. These four islands present a lead dietary intake over the mean Pb intake for the whole archipelago. The islands with lower Pb intakes are La Palma and Fuerteventura, with intakes under 70 microg/day. These results have also been compared with the values found for other national and international communities.
Carmen Rubio; Tomás González-Iglesias; Consuelo Revert; Juan I. Reguera; Angel J. Gutiérrez; Arturo Hardisson. Lead Dietary Intake in a Spanish Population (Canary Islands). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53, 6543 -6549.
AMA StyleCarmen Rubio, Tomás González-Iglesias, Consuelo Revert, Juan I. Reguera, Angel J. Gutiérrez, Arturo Hardisson. Lead Dietary Intake in a Spanish Population (Canary Islands). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005; 53 (16):6543-6549.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen Rubio; Tomás González-Iglesias; Consuelo Revert; Juan I. Reguera; Angel J. Gutiérrez; Arturo Hardisson. 2005. "Lead Dietary Intake in a Spanish Population (Canary Islands)." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 16: 6543-6549.
J.M. Caballero; V.L. Gutiérrez Afonso; C. Rubio; A. Hardisson. Sensory Descriptive Analysis of Wheat, Corn, and Various Cereal "Gofios" from the Canary Islands. Journal of Food Science 2003, 68, 1063 -1066.
AMA StyleJ.M. Caballero, V.L. Gutiérrez Afonso, C. Rubio, A. Hardisson. Sensory Descriptive Analysis of Wheat, Corn, and Various Cereal "Gofios" from the Canary Islands. Journal of Food Science. 2003; 68 (3):1063-1066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.M. Caballero; V.L. Gutiérrez Afonso; C. Rubio; A. Hardisson. 2003. "Sensory Descriptive Analysis of Wheat, Corn, and Various Cereal "Gofios" from the Canary Islands." Journal of Food Science 68, no. 3: 1063-1066.