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Automatic packet reporting system (APRS) is selected as a candidate for automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) like solution for unmanned aircraft system traffic management (UTM). The APRS on-board unit (OBU) at 0.5 W radio power and a proper ground transceiver station (GTS) deployment together makes up the infrastructure for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveillance. The airborne APRS OBU, designed and built using an available LightAPRS module, and the GTS to relay received data into the UTM Cloud is developed in this study. By system integration, the APRS OBU reports position data and flight data periodically to UTM Cloud. This paper presents the development of the ADS-B like operation for UTM using APRS. To avoid communication jamming by HAMs, the adopted APRS shifts its carrying frequency from 144.64 MHz to 144.61 MHz. In addition, the data period is tuned to around 10 s to test its functional capability. The APRS OBU downlinks 90 bytes of surveillance data onto the UTM cloud using the Internet, including position and flight data from Pixhawk flight controller (FC). A series of system performance verifications are conducted to examine APRS ADS-B like reliability and continuity with coverage limit. Through 19 flight tests, the GTS collected 1330 packets of data out of 1331 transmitted from the APRS OBU. Each data packet has the complete 90 bytes for surveillance with position and six degree-of-freedom (DoF) flight data on the UTM cloud. The APRS GTS deployment, with a low rate of missing data, covers a 40 km radius at the specific frequency of 144.61 MHz. The test results verify the functional capability of APRS to support an ADS-B like for UTM in Taiwan.
Ying-Hong Lin; Chin E. Lin; Hsu-Chan Chen. ADS-B Like UTM Surveillance Using APRS Infrastructure. Aerospace 2020, 7, 100 .
AMA StyleYing-Hong Lin, Chin E. Lin, Hsu-Chan Chen. ADS-B Like UTM Surveillance Using APRS Infrastructure. Aerospace. 2020; 7 (7):100.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing-Hong Lin; Chin E. Lin; Hsu-Chan Chen. 2020. "ADS-B Like UTM Surveillance Using APRS Infrastructure." Aerospace 7, no. 7: 100.
The hierarchical unmanned aerial systems (UAS) traffic management (UTM) is proposed for UAS operation in Taiwan. The proposed UTM is constructed using the similar concept of ATM from the transport category aviation system. Based on the airspace being divided by 400 feet of altitude, the RUTM (regional UTM) is managed by the local government and the NUTM (national UTM) by the Civil Aeronautical Administration (CAA). Under construction of the UTM system infrastructure, this trial tests examine the effectiveness of UAV surveillance under 400 feet using automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B)-like on-board units (OBU). The ground transceiver station (GTS) is designed with the adoptable systems. In these implementation tests, five long-range wide area network (LoRa) gateways and one automatic packet reporting system (APRS) I-Gate are deployed to cover the Tainan Metropolitan area. The data rates are set in different systems from 8 to 12 s to prevent from data conflict or congestion. The signal coverage, time delay, data distribution, and data variance in communication are recorded and analyzed for RUTM operation. Data streaming and Internet manipulation are verified with cloud system stability and availability. Simple operational procedures are defined with priority for detect and avoid (DAA) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Mobile communication and Zello broadcasts are introduced and applied to establish controller-to-pilot communication (CPC) for DAA. The UAV flight tests are generally beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) near suburban areas with flight distances to 8 km. On the GTS deployment, six test locations examine communication coverage and effectiveness using ADS-B like OBUs. In system verification, the proposed ADS-B like OBU works well in the UTM infrastructure. The system feasibility is proven with support of receiving data analysis and transceiver efficiency. The trial test supports RUTM in Taiwan for UAV operations.
Chin E. Lin; Pei-Chi Shao; Yu-Yuan Lin. System Operation of Regional UTM in Taiwan. Aerospace 2020, 7, 65 .
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Pei-Chi Shao, Yu-Yuan Lin. System Operation of Regional UTM in Taiwan. Aerospace. 2020; 7 (5):65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Pei-Chi Shao; Yu-Yuan Lin. 2020. "System Operation of Regional UTM in Taiwan." Aerospace 7, no. 5: 65.
In this paper, a new path prediction approach for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) to manned aircraft in cooperative mission in a confined airspace is proposed. Path prediction algorithm is established to estimate UAV flight trajectory to predict conflict threat to manned aircraft in time advances (front-end process of CD&R system). A hybrid fusion model is formulated based on three different trajectory prediction conditions considering scenarios in geographical conditions to aid the generation of appropriate resolution advisory of conflict alert. It offers a more precise CD&R system for manned and unmanned aircraft in cooperative rescue missions.
Chin E. Lin; Ya-Hsien Lai. UAV Path Prediction for CD&R to Manned Aircraft in a Confined Airspace for Cooperative Mission. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018, 2018, 1 -9.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Ya-Hsien Lai. UAV Path Prediction for CD&R to Manned Aircraft in a Confined Airspace for Cooperative Mission. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2018; 2018 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Ya-Hsien Lai. 2018. "UAV Path Prediction for CD&R to Manned Aircraft in a Confined Airspace for Cooperative Mission." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018, no. : 1-9.
This paper proposes a new traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) for general aviation (GA) that uses automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B). The proposed GA-TCAS alerts the pilot of upcoming potential conflicts, which are becoming increasingly common as the number of GA movements increases. Conflict detection and avoidance uses the ADS-B and GA maneuvers. The algorithm selects the angle according to the intruder’s heading and position in order to reduce the nuisance alerts. The detection algorithm has three stages: proximate advisory, traffic advisory, and resolution advisory. The relationship between the turn angle and the horizontal miss distance (HMD) are calculated to determine a resolution when an intruder enters the separation bubble. Using the encounter models for visual flight rule (VFR) to evaluate the performance of this TCAS algorithm, the resolution should follow the VFR and prioritize in different situations. In flight simulations, the proposed GA-TCAS is tested using real ultralight flight data. The system performance is demonstrated using flight trajectories from conflict detection and resolution.
Chin E Lin; Tzu-Wen Hung; Hsin-Yuan Chen. TCAS algorithm for general aviation based on ADS-B. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2016, 230, 1569 -1591.
AMA StyleChin E Lin, Tzu-Wen Hung, Hsin-Yuan Chen. TCAS algorithm for general aviation based on ADS-B. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2016; 230 (9):1569-1591.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E Lin; Tzu-Wen Hung; Hsin-Yuan Chen. 2016. "TCAS algorithm for general aviation based on ADS-B." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 230, no. 9: 1569-1591.
This paper presents a unified approach to nonlinear dynamic inversion control algorithm with the parameters for desired dynamics determined by using an eigenvalue assignment method, which may be applied in a very straightforward and convenient way. By using this method, it is not necessary to transform the nonlinear equations into linear equations by feedback linearization before beginning control designs. The applications of this method are not limited to affine nonlinear control systems or limited to minimum phase problems if the eigenvalues of error dynamics are carefully assigned so that the desired dynamics is stable. The control design by using this method is shown to be robust to modeling uncertainties. To validate the theory, the design of a UAV control system is presented as an example. Numerical simulations show the performance of the design to be quite remarkable.
Yu-Chi Wang; Donglong Sheu; Chin-E Lin. A Unified Approach to Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control with Parameter Determination by Eigenvalue Assignment. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015, 2015, 1 -13.
AMA StyleYu-Chi Wang, Donglong Sheu, Chin-E Lin. A Unified Approach to Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control with Parameter Determination by Eigenvalue Assignment. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2015; 2015 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu-Chi Wang; Donglong Sheu; Chin-E Lin. 2015. "A Unified Approach to Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control with Parameter Determination by Eigenvalue Assignment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015, no. : 1-13.
This paper presents a preliminary study on establishing a mobile point-to-point (P2P) microwave air-bridging (MAB) between Unmanned Low Altitude Flying Platform (ULAFP) and backhaul telecommunication network. The proposed Sky-Net system relays telecom signal for general mobile cellphone users via ULAFP when natural disaster sweeps off Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). Unlike the conventional fix point microwave bridging application, the ULAFP is cruising on a predefined mission flight path to cover a wider range of service. The difficulty and challenge fall on how to maintain antenna alignment accurately in order to provide the signal strength for MAB. A dual-axis rotation mechanism with embedded controller is designed and implemented on airborne and ground units for stabilizing airborne antenna and tracking the moving ULAFP. The MAB link is established in flight tests using the proposed antenna stabilizing/tracking mechanism with correlated control method. The result supports backbone technique of the Sky-Net mobile communication and verifies the feasibility of airborne e-Cell BTS.
Chin E. Lin; Ying-Chi Huang. Dynamic Antenna Alignment Control in Microwave Air-Bridging for Sky-Net Mobile Communication Using Unmanned Flying Platform. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015, 2015, 1 -12.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Ying-Chi Huang. Dynamic Antenna Alignment Control in Microwave Air-Bridging for Sky-Net Mobile Communication Using Unmanned Flying Platform. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2015; 2015 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Ying-Chi Huang. 2015. "Dynamic Antenna Alignment Control in Microwave Air-Bridging for Sky-Net Mobile Communication Using Unmanned Flying Platform." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015, no. 1: 1-12.
A Conflict Detection and Resolution (CD&R) system for manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based on Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) concept is designed and verified in this paper. The 900MHz XBee-Pro is selected as data transponder to broadcast flight information among participating aircraft in omnirange. Standard Compact Position Report (CPR) format packet data are automatically broadcasted by ID sequencing under Quasi-ADS-B mechanism. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) monitoring checks the designated time slot and reallocates the conflict ID. This mechanism allows the transponder to effectively share data with multiple aircraft in near airspace. The STM32f103 microprocessor is designed to handle RF, GPS, and flight data with Windows application on manned aircraft and ground control station simultaneously. Different conflict detection and collision avoidance algorithms can be implemented into the system to ensure flight safety. The proposed UAV/CD&R using Quasi-ADS-B transceiver is tested using ultralight aircraft flying at 100120km/hr speed in small airspace for mission simulation. The proposed hardware is also useful to additional applications to mountain hikers for emergency search and rescue. The fundamental function by the proposed UAV/CD&R using Quasi-ADS-B is verified with effective signal broadcasting for surveillance and efficient collision alert and avoidance performance to low altitude flights.
Chin E. Lin; Ya-Hsien Lai. Quasi-ADS-B Based UAV Conflict Detection and Resolution to Manned Aircraft. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015, 2015, 1 -12.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Ya-Hsien Lai. Quasi-ADS-B Based UAV Conflict Detection and Resolution to Manned Aircraft. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2015; 2015 (3):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Ya-Hsien Lai. 2015. "Quasi-ADS-B Based UAV Conflict Detection and Resolution to Manned Aircraft." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015, no. 3: 1-12.
Chin E. Lin; Wei Cheng Huang. Dynamic ball and plate control verification on magnetic suspension platform using enforced fuzzy logic control. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2012, 40, 259 -281.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Wei Cheng Huang. Dynamic ball and plate control verification on magnetic suspension platform using enforced fuzzy logic control. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2012; 40 (4):259-281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Wei Cheng Huang. 2012. "Dynamic ball and plate control verification on magnetic suspension platform using enforced fuzzy logic control." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 40, no. 4: 259-281.
Chin E. Lin; Wei Cheng Huang; Yen Chu Chang. Hybrid Mode Control in Improvement to Magnetic Suspension Ball and Beam System. Journal of System Design and Dynamics 2010, 4, 738 -753.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Wei Cheng Huang, Yen Chu Chang. Hybrid Mode Control in Improvement to Magnetic Suspension Ball and Beam System. Journal of System Design and Dynamics. 2010; 4 (5):738-753.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Wei Cheng Huang; Yen Chu Chang. 2010. "Hybrid Mode Control in Improvement to Magnetic Suspension Ball and Beam System." Journal of System Design and Dynamics 4, no. 5: 738-753.
This paper is available online at www.jtaer.com DOI: 10.4067/S0718-1876200800010001
Chin E. Lin; Ling Yan Bi. A Mobile Electronic Toll Collection for E-Commerce Applications. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 2008, 3, 111 -128.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Ling Yan Bi. A Mobile Electronic Toll Collection for E-Commerce Applications. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. 2008; 3 (2):111-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Ling Yan Bi. 2008. "A Mobile Electronic Toll Collection for E-Commerce Applications." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 3, no. 2: 111-128.
Chin E. Lin; C.C. Ker. Control implementation of a magnetic actuating ball and plate system. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2008, 27, 133 -151.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, C.C. Ker. Control implementation of a magnetic actuating ball and plate system. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2008; 27 (1-2):133-151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; C.C. Ker. 2008. "Control implementation of a magnetic actuating ball and plate system." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 27, no. 1-2: 133-151.
An extension of the traditional ball and beam system into a ball and plate system is constructed using two magnetic suspension actuators for two degree of freedom control. System characteristics of the mathematical model with control configuration are developed. For control performance, a single‐chip microprocessor, serving as control kernel with basic electronic components, is designed and implemented. According to the backstepping control design procedure, the proposed controller is fabricated and tested. Several scenarios of dynamic operation, including oscillatory stabilization and circular trajectory tracking are tested to verify the system performance and capability.
Cheng Chang Ker; Chin E. Lin; Rong Tyai Wang. Tracking and balance control of ball and plate system. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 2007, 30, 459 -470.
AMA StyleCheng Chang Ker, Chin E. Lin, Rong Tyai Wang. Tracking and balance control of ball and plate system. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 2007; 30 (3):459-470.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng Chang Ker; Chin E. Lin; Rong Tyai Wang. 2007. "Tracking and balance control of ball and plate system." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 30, no. 3: 459-470.
Chin E. Lin; Chih-Ching Li; Shuei-Mu Lin; Ling-Yan Bi; Li-Xin Xu. A MOBILE ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Security and Cryptography 2006, 134 -142.
AMA StyleChin E. Lin, Chih-Ching Li, Shuei-Mu Lin, Ling-Yan Bi, Li-Xin Xu. A MOBILE ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Security and Cryptography. 2006; ():134-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin E. Lin; Chih-Ching Li; Shuei-Mu Lin; Ling-Yan Bi; Li-Xin Xu. 2006. "A MOBILE ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION." Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Security and Cryptography , no. : 134-142.