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The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is increasingly becoming digital and more prone to cyber-attacks. Although there are several studies and standards in the cybersecurity domain, experts suggest that domain-specific studies need to be conducted to address the unique challenges faced within each of the different industries. Therefore, several cybersecurity studies have been undertaken for various industries, such as healthcare, manufacturing, telecommunication, and energy. However, this type of study is largely missing in the AEC industry due to different reasons, including lack of awareness. To address that, this study aims to (a) compare and analyze the number of cybersecurity-related documents in the AEC industry with several other industries, and (b) extract and analyze the cybersecurity-related documents data to identify potential future research trends and topics for the AEC community. The Web of Science (WOS) database, consisting of significant and influential journal publications, was used for document retrieval. VOSviewer was used to identify key research topics and trends in the cybersecurity domain and define future cybersecurity research in the AEC industry. WOS document retrieval results that compared the total number of publications corroborated the little to no attention received to cybersecurity investigation in the AEC industry. In addition, the VOSviewer analysis revealed three significant areas of research in the cybersecurity community that provide a reasonably justified roadmap for conducting cybersecurity research in the AEC industry. This study could greatly benefit the AEC research community and potential reaping benefits to the industry by creating more awareness among different stakeholders.
Bharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto. Cybersecurity in Construction: Where Do We Stand and How Do We Get Better Prepared. Frontiers in Built Environment 2021, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleBharadwaj R. K. Mantha, Borja García de Soto. Cybersecurity in Construction: Where Do We Stand and How Do We Get Better Prepared. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2021; 7 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto. 2021. "Cybersecurity in Construction: Where Do We Stand and How Do We Get Better Prepared." Frontiers in Built Environment 7, no. : 1.
Multiple sustainability standards and rating systems have been developed to draw attention to constructing sustainable buildings. The Pearl Rating System (PRS) is a mandate for all new construction projects in Abu Dhabi. Hence, it is important to understand the main components, advantages, and limitations of the PRS. The feasibility and the practical relevance of the PRS are still being studied. This paper addresses this gap and critically evaluates the PRS against some of the well-established rating systems like LEED and BREEAM. The analysis suggests that the PRS considers the cultural aspect of sustainability, in addition to the environmental, societal, and economic aspects. It was also found that most rating systems, including the PRS, have a very superficial inclusion of life cycle assessment (LCA). The paper finally concludes with other observations and outlook for a more robust implementation of the PRS.
Ayyagari Ramani; Borja García de Soto. Estidama and the Pearl Rating System: A Comprehensive Review and Alignment with LCA. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5041 .
AMA StyleAyyagari Ramani, Borja García de Soto. Estidama and the Pearl Rating System: A Comprehensive Review and Alignment with LCA. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5041.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyyagari Ramani; Borja García de Soto. 2021. "Estidama and the Pearl Rating System: A Comprehensive Review and Alignment with LCA." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5041.
Digitalization and automation are making the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry more vulnerable to cyberattacks. Existing literature suggests that industry-specific studies need to be conducted. The work presented in this study shows a preliminary cybersecurity threat model relevant to the AEC industry. To that end, threat models for each of the life cycle phases are proposed. The feasibility of the proposed approach is illustrated with an example from the commissioning phase of a building, which includes an autonomous robotic system to collect data as a possible countermeasure. The suggested countermeasure shows promise to address some of the cybersecurity challenges faced in the building certification and commissioning process. The results show that the likelihood of detecting rogue sensors increases with additional constraints in the monitoring robot, such as minimum and maximum distance. The illustrative models suggest that the proposed framework will help to address the safety and cyber security of stakeholders and systems during crucial phases of construction projects.
Bharadwaj Mantha; Borja García de Soto; Ramesh Karri. Cyber security threat modeling in the AEC industry: An example for the commissioning of the built environment. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 66, 102682 .
AMA StyleBharadwaj Mantha, Borja García de Soto, Ramesh Karri. Cyber security threat modeling in the AEC industry: An example for the commissioning of the built environment. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 66 ():102682.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharadwaj Mantha; Borja García de Soto; Ramesh Karri. 2020. "Cyber security threat modeling in the AEC industry: An example for the commissioning of the built environment." Sustainable Cities and Society 66, no. : 102682.
PurposeThe aim of this study is o examine the advantages and disadvantages of different existing scoring systems in the cybersecurity domain and their applicability to the AEC industry and to systematically apply a scoring system to determine scores for some of the most significant construction participants.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes a methodology that uses the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) to calculate scores and the likelihood of occurrence based on communication frequencies to ultimately determine risk categories for different paths in a construction network. As a proof of concept, the proposed methodology is implemented in a construction network from a real project found in the literature.FindingsResults show that the proposed methodology could provide valuable information to assist project participants to assess the overall cybersecurity vulnerability of construction and assist during the vulnerability-management processes. For example, a project owner can use this information to get a better understanding of what to do to limit its vulnerability, which will lead to the overall improvement of the security of the construction network.Research limitations/implicationsIt has to be noted that the scoring systems, the scores and categories adopted in the study need not necessarily be an exact representation of all the construction participants or networks. Therefore, caution should be exercised to avoid generalizing the results of this study.Practical implicationsThe proposed methodology can provide valuable information and assist project participants to assess the overall cyber-vulnerability of construction projects and support the vulnerability-management processes. For example, a project owner can use this approach to get a better understanding of what to do to limit its cyber-vulnerability exposure, which will ultimately lead to the overall improvement of the construction network's security. This study will also help raise more awareness about the cybersecurity implications of the digitalization and automation of the AEC industry among practitioners and construction researchers.Social implicationsGiven the amount of digitized services and tools used in the AEC industry, cybersecurity is increasingly becoming critical for society in general. In some cases, (e.g. critical infrastructure) incidents could have significant economic and societal or public safety implications. Therefore, proper consideration and action from the AEC research community and industry are needed.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to measure and assess the cybersecurity of individual participants and the construction network as a whole by using the Common Vulnerability Scoring System.
Bharadwaj R.K. Mantha; Borja García De Soto. Assessment of the cybersecurity vulnerability of construction networks. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 2020, ahead-of-p, 1 .
AMA StyleBharadwaj R.K. Mantha, Borja García De Soto. Assessment of the cybersecurity vulnerability of construction networks. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 2020; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharadwaj R.K. Mantha; Borja García De Soto. 2020. "Assessment of the cybersecurity vulnerability of construction networks." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.
While industrial plant projects are becoming bigger, and global attention to the plant as a construct is increasing, space arrangement in plant projects is inefficient because of the complex structure of required facilities (e.g., complex MEP (mechanical, electrical, and plumbing) installations, specialized tools, etc.,). Furthermore, problems during installation, operation, and maintenance stages caused by inconsistencies between floor plans and actual layout are on the rise. Although some of these conflicts can be addressed through clash detection using BIM (building information modeling), quality BIM models are scarce, especially for existing industrial plants. This study proposes a way to address the complexities caused by changes during plant construction and securing space for the installation of equipment during the construction and lifecycle of built facilities. 3D cloud point data of space and equipment were collected using 3D laser scanning to conduct space matching. In processing the space matching, data were simplified by applying the 3D grid and by comparing the data, easier identification of the space for target equipment was accomplished. This study also proposed a pre-processing method based on sub-sampling that optimizes the point cloud data and verifies the processing speed and accuracy. Lastly, it finds free space for various equipment layouts required in industrial plant projects by space analysis, proposed algorithms, and processes for obtaining the coordinates of valid space for equipment arrangement. The proposed method of this study is expected to help solve the problems derived from arrangement and installation of new equipment in a complex plant site.
Donghyun Kim; Soonwook Kwon; Chung-Suk Cho; Borja García De Soto; Daeyoon Moon. Automatic Space Analysis Using Laser Scanning and a 3D Grid: To Industrial Plant Facilities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9087 .
AMA StyleDonghyun Kim, Soonwook Kwon, Chung-Suk Cho, Borja García De Soto, Daeyoon Moon. Automatic Space Analysis Using Laser Scanning and a 3D Grid: To Industrial Plant Facilities. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9087.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonghyun Kim; Soonwook Kwon; Chung-Suk Cho; Borja García De Soto; Daeyoon Moon. 2020. "Automatic Space Analysis Using Laser Scanning and a 3D Grid: To Industrial Plant Facilities." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9087.
Although advancements have been made in the management of projects due to the digitalization and automation technologies, the efficient use of digital data is still lacking for the coordination of the supply chain. This paper presents an approach that allows data-driven and schedule-oriented supply chain coordination in the face of demand fluctuations. The approach consists of two main steps that contractors should take: 1) monitor the demand fluctuations based on a 4D model that captures the as-built status and updated look-ahead schedules, 2) make decisions to modify original orders to accommodate the demand fluctuations where orders are determined by a heuristic evolutionary algorithm. As a proof of concept, the coordination approach is demonstrated using an example project featuring a five-day in-situ construction of concrete walls. Results from this example show that using the approach improves the responsiveness of concrete planning and ordering. As a result, this leads to improved collaboration between suppliers and contractors in construction projects.
Qian Chen; Borja García de Soto; Bryan T. Adey. Supplier-contractor coordination approach to managing demand fluctuations of ready-mix concrete. Automation in Construction 2020, 121, 103423 .
AMA StyleQian Chen, Borja García de Soto, Bryan T. Adey. Supplier-contractor coordination approach to managing demand fluctuations of ready-mix concrete. Automation in Construction. 2020; 121 ():103423.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQian Chen; Borja García de Soto; Bryan T. Adey. 2020. "Supplier-contractor coordination approach to managing demand fluctuations of ready-mix concrete." Automation in Construction 121, no. : 103423.
The construction industry has long faced the challenge of introducing collaborative systems among multiple stakeholders. This challenge creates a high level of rigidity in terms of processing shared information related to different processes, robust holistic regulations, payment actualizations, and resource utilization across different nodes. The need for a digital platform to crossconnect all stakeholders is necessary. A blockchain-based platform is a prime candidate to improve the industry in general and the construction supply chain (CSC) in particular. In this paper, a literature review is presented to establish the main challenges that CSC faces in terms of its effects on productivity and efficiency. In addition, the effect of applying blockchain platforms on a case study is presented and analyzed from performance and security level. The analysis aims to emphasize that blockchain, as presented in this paper, is a viable solution to the challenges in the CSC regardless of the risks associated with the security and robustness of the flow of information and data protection. Moreover, a threat analysis of applying a blockchain model on the CSC industry is introduced. This model indicates potential attacks and possible countermeasures to prevent the attacks. Future work is needed to expand, quantify, and optimize the threat model and conduct simulations considering proposed countermeasures for the different blockchain attacks outlined in this study.
Gjorgji Shemov; Borja Garcia De Soto; Hoda AlKhzaimi. Blockchain applied to the construction supply chain: A case study with threat model. Frontiers of Engineering Management 2020, 7, 564 -577.
AMA StyleGjorgji Shemov, Borja Garcia De Soto, Hoda AlKhzaimi. Blockchain applied to the construction supply chain: A case study with threat model. Frontiers of Engineering Management. 2020; 7 (4):564-577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGjorgji Shemov; Borja Garcia De Soto; Hoda AlKhzaimi. 2020. "Blockchain applied to the construction supply chain: A case study with threat model." Frontiers of Engineering Management 7, no. 4: 564-577.
Recent advancements in sensing and robotic technologies facilitate the use of on-demand building service robots in the built environment. Multi-robot based systems have arguably more advantages when compared to fixed sensor-based and single-robot based systems. These task-oriented building service robots face several challenges, such as task-allocation and route-planning. Previous studies adopted approaches from other domains, such as outdoor logistics, and made application-specific assumptions. This study proposes a new methodology to optimize the task-allocation and route-planning for multiple indoor robots with multiple starts and destination depots where each robot begins and ends at the same depot (referred to as a fixed destination multi-depot multiple traveling salesman problem-fMmTSP). The performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with two existing outdoor-based algorithms. Results show that the proposed algorithm performs better in almost all the cases for the assumed network, which supports the need to develop algorithms specifically for indoor networks.
Bharadwaj R.K. Mantha; Min Kyu Jung; Borja García de Soto; Carol C. Menassa; Vineet R. Kamat. Generalized task allocation and route planning for robots with multiple depots in indoor building environments. Automation in Construction 2020, 119, 103359 .
AMA StyleBharadwaj R.K. Mantha, Min Kyu Jung, Borja García de Soto, Carol C. Menassa, Vineet R. Kamat. Generalized task allocation and route planning for robots with multiple depots in indoor building environments. Automation in Construction. 2020; 119 ():103359.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharadwaj R.K. Mantha; Min Kyu Jung; Borja García de Soto; Carol C. Menassa; Vineet R. Kamat. 2020. "Generalized task allocation and route planning for robots with multiple depots in indoor building environments." Automation in Construction 119, no. : 103359.
Effective lifting task scheduling for tower cranes is beneficial for the smooth operation of a construction project. Previous studies have often ignored workspace availability for lifting task scheduling. Consequently, the pre- and post-lifting processes that are primarily caused by material preparation and transfer times at supply and demand points were not considered. Therefore, an intuitive and effective way to display more element information of lifting tasks and more complex relationships among lifting tasks is required. To solve these problems, this study proposes a spatiotemporal modeling of lifting task scheduling for tower cranes, which consists of a lifting task scheduling optimization model with a tabu search and a lifting task scheduling display method with 4-D simulation. The concept of the proposed spatiotemporal modeling is demonstrated by an example with 28 lifting tasks and two tower cranes. The results show that the average total time of the optimized lifting task scheduling, taking into consideration the material preparation and transfer times at the supply and demand points, can be reduced by 25.82%. In addition, the element information and relationship of lifting tasks can be clearly presented using the proposed display method with 4-D simulation.
Keyi Wu; Borja García De Soto. Spatiotemporal Modeling of Lifting Task Scheduling for Tower Cranes With a Tabu Search and 4-D Simulation. Frontiers in Built Environment 2020, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleKeyi Wu, Borja García De Soto. Spatiotemporal Modeling of Lifting Task Scheduling for Tower Cranes With a Tabu Search and 4-D Simulation. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2020; 6 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeyi Wu; Borja García De Soto. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Modeling of Lifting Task Scheduling for Tower Cranes With a Tabu Search and 4-D Simulation." Frontiers in Built Environment 6, no. : 1.
Buried pipes comprise a significant portion of assets of a water utility. With time, these pipes inevitably fail. Failure prediction enables infrastructure managers to estimate long-term failure trends for budgetary planning purposes and identify critical pipes for preventive intervention planning. For short-term prioritization, machine learning based algorithms appear to have superior predictive performance compared to traditional survival analysis based models. These models are typically stratified by material resulting in the exclusion of newer pipe materials such as polyethylene and corrosion-protected ductile iron, despite their prevalence in modern networks. In this paper, an application of an existing methodology is presented to estimate time to next failure using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The novelties of the approach are 1) including material as an input parameter instead of training several material-specialized models and, 2) addressing right-censored data by combining soft and hard deterioration data. The model is intended for use in short-term prioritization.
Sean Kerwin; Borja Garcia De Soto; Bryan Tyrone Adey; Kleio Sampatakaki; Hannes Heller. Combining recorded failures and expert opinion in the development of ANN pipe failure prediction models. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure 2020, 1 -23.
AMA StyleSean Kerwin, Borja Garcia De Soto, Bryan Tyrone Adey, Kleio Sampatakaki, Hannes Heller. Combining recorded failures and expert opinion in the development of ANN pipe failure prediction models. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure. 2020; ():1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSean Kerwin; Borja Garcia De Soto; Bryan Tyrone Adey; Kleio Sampatakaki; Hannes Heller. 2020. "Combining recorded failures and expert opinion in the development of ANN pipe failure prediction models." Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure , no. : 1-23.
This study provides a critical review of the concepts of Agile, Lean, Scrum, and Last Planner® System (LPS). A comparative analysis is conducted between LPS and Scrum to expand LPS by considering Scrum’s best practices. Eight dimensions, namely, 1) origins, 2) main purpose, 3) overall system/framework process, 4) tools or artifacts maintained by the team, 5) team composition and main roles, 6) regular events or team meetings, 7) metrics/dashboards, and 8) approach to learning, are evaluated. After analyzing side by side the eight dimensions, it was found that many aspects from Scrum already exist in LPS in the same or similar form. However, the authors identify four main elements from Scrum that can be leveraged to improve the LPS benchmark, such as considering the Scrum “Increment” concept into LPS, having a clear definition of roles and responsibilities, or adding an equivalent to a Scrum Master to have a designated “rule keeper” in LPS. These opportunities to be considered in new LPS benchmarks need to be tested and validated with real applications. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first to comprehensively compare Scrum (Agile) and LPS (Lean) and could be seen as a contribution toward the evolution of the Last Planner System for the academic and industrial environments.
Roshan Poudel; Borja Garcia De Soto; Eder Martinez. Last Planner System and Scrum: Comparative analysis and suggestions for adjustments. Frontiers of Engineering Management 2020, 7, 359 -372.
AMA StyleRoshan Poudel, Borja Garcia De Soto, Eder Martinez. Last Planner System and Scrum: Comparative analysis and suggestions for adjustments. Frontiers of Engineering Management. 2020; 7 (3):359-372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoshan Poudel; Borja Garcia De Soto; Eder Martinez. 2020. "Last Planner System and Scrum: Comparative analysis and suggestions for adjustments." Frontiers of Engineering Management 7, no. 3: 359-372.
The umbrella concept for the current efforts to digitize construction is known as Construction 4.0. One of its key concepts is cyber-physical systems. The construction industry is not only creating increasingly valuable digital assets (in addition to physical ones) but also the buildings and built infrastructures are increasingly monitored and controlled using digital technology. Both make construction a vulnerable target of cyber-attacks. While the damage to digital assets, such as designs and cost calculations, may result in economic damage, attacks on digitally-controlled physical assets may damage the well-being of occupants and, in worst-case scenarios, even damage (or death) to the users. The problem is amplified by the emerging cyber-physical nature of the systems, where the human checks may be left out. We propose that construction learns from the work done in the context of critical infrastructures (CI). First, a lot of CI is construction-related, and the process of designing and building it must be secured accordingly. Second, while most assets may not be critical in the CI sense, they are critical to the operations of a business and the lives of citizens. In the end, we recommend some steps so that well-established processes of critical infrastructure protection trickle down to make Construction 4.0 and the built environment more cyber-secure. With that in mind, we describe the possible inclusion of Construction 4.0 considerations into existing critical infrastructure protection (CIP) frameworks with minimum frictions. We also propose some suggestions regarding possible future courses of action to improve the increasingly vulnerable cyber-security environment of the built environment across all life cycle phases - design, construction, operation, maintenance, and end of life.
Borja García De Soto; Alexandru Georgescu; Bharadwaj Mantha; Žiga Turk; Abel Maciel. Construction Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significance, Overlaps, and Proposed Action Plan. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleBorja García De Soto, Alexandru Georgescu, Bharadwaj Mantha, Žiga Turk, Abel Maciel. Construction Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significance, Overlaps, and Proposed Action Plan. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorja García De Soto; Alexandru Georgescu; Bharadwaj Mantha; Žiga Turk; Abel Maciel. 2020. "Construction Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significance, Overlaps, and Proposed Action Plan." , no. : 1.
The digitalization and automation of the construction sector, known as Construction 4.0, are transforming positively the way we plan, design, execute, and operate construction projects. However, they are also increasing the vulnerability of construction projects and making the architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC-FM) industry subject to cyberattacks. Although current cybersecurity practices are relevant, they cannot be directly adopted because of the unique challenges faced by the AEC-FM industry, such as complex supply chains, interoperability, and dynamic workforce from project to project. Current literature suggests that, though current standards and practices are relevant, industry-specific studies need to be conducted before they can be successfully integrated. To that extent, this study investigates the cybersecurity threat modeling for construction projects by developing a framework that identifies what might be compromised, how might it happen, why would someone intend to do it, what would be the impact, and what could be done to prevent it. Specifically, the objectives are to a) develop a preliminary threat model relevant to construction that can be used by construction stakeholders with minimal cybersecurity expertise, b) show the feasibility of the approach by using illustrative threat models for each of the life cycle phases of a construction project, and c) use the commissioning phase of a building as a case study to show a possible countermeasure for the cyber threats that could occur during the testing or certification process of a given system. This study addresses essential components to enable the full potential of (i.e., digitalization and automation of the construction industry) and define research areas needed to pave the roadmap for the future of the construction industry and successful development of Construction 4.0. The proposed framework will help analyze, examine, and address the safety and security of stakeholders and systems during crucial phases of a construction project (e.g., pre-construction, construction, and operation).
Bharadwaj Mantha; Borja García De Soto; Ramesh Karri. Cyber Security Threat Modeling in the Construction Industry: A Countermeasure Example During the Commissioning Process. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleBharadwaj Mantha, Borja García De Soto, Ramesh Karri. Cyber Security Threat Modeling in the Construction Industry: A Countermeasure Example During the Commissioning Process. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharadwaj Mantha; Borja García De Soto; Ramesh Karri. 2020. "Cyber Security Threat Modeling in the Construction Industry: A Countermeasure Example During the Commissioning Process." , no. : 1.
Construction is progressively making strides towards embracing new technologies such as robotics, big data analytics, blockchain, machine learning, virtual reality, and augmented reality. The adoption of those technologies to promote automation coupled with the digitalization of the industry are the pillars of Construction 4.0 which is the construction industry’s equivalent of Industry 4.0. Experts believe that successful implementation of the same will have the ability to positively impact the whole life cycle of a construction project from project conception to the end of life phase. Particularly, researchers and practitioners suggest that robotics forms an integral part of the Construction 4.0 framework. This is mainly attributed to the numerous advantages they offer such as a) Productivity improvement: can perform tasks significantly faster without getting tired (e.g. laying bricks); b) Safety improvement: can work in harsh and unsafe environments where humans are unwilling or unable to work (e.g. gas pipe inspection); c) Cost-effectiveness: can be more economical than human counterparts (e.g. performance evaluation of existing old buildings); d) Quality improvement: can be more precise and accurate than humans (e.g. structural monitoring). Since the 1970s, several different types of robotic systems have been studied, explored, suggested, and developed for various construction-related applications. Though there exist quite a few numbers of such prototypes, robots are still not widely represented in the construction industry. This is possibly due to the highly unstructured and harsh environments of construction sites. Thus, there is still a strong need to investigate the potential of these systems. The overarching goal of this chapter is to briefly discuss the history of robotics, underlying concepts, and corresponding construction-domain specific applications. Specifically, the objectives are to a) develop a taxonomy for construction robots based on the work environment, b) discuss some of the key fundamental capabilities for construction robotic systems, and c) discuss in detail a built environment case study application for autonomous multi-sensor fused mobile robots.
Bharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto; Carol C. Menassa; Vineet R. Kamat. Robots in indoor and outdoor environments. Construction 4.0 2020, 307 -325.
AMA StyleBharadwaj R. K. Mantha, Borja García de Soto, Carol C. Menassa, Vineet R. Kamat. Robots in indoor and outdoor environments. Construction 4.0. 2020; ():307-325.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto; Carol C. Menassa; Vineet R. Kamat. 2020. "Robots in indoor and outdoor environments." Construction 4.0 , no. : 307-325.
This chapter discusses the risks associated with network connected built assets and building management systems. Globally, Construction 4.0 vision provides fully integrated and networked connectivity between digital infrastructure assets and physical infrastructure to form digital economies. However, industrial espionage, cyber-crime and deplorable politically driven cyber-interventions threaten to disrupt and/or physically damage the critical infrastructure that supports national wealth generation and preserves the health, safety and welfare of the populous. Whilst cybersecurity and digitisation have been widely covered within the extant literature in isolation, scant discussion has hitherto offered a holistic review of the perceived threats, deterrence applications and future developments in a digitized Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) sector transitioning into Construction 4.0. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of cyber threats confronting digital built environment and its critical infrastructure projects reliant upon a common data environment (CDE) to augment Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation. Typical practical explanations covered from cybersecurity literature will include: 1) distinct categories of hackers – to identify sources of such malevolent attacks; 2) motivations for the perpetrators/actors – to explain the commonly faced repercussions of such attacks; 3) varied reconnaissance techniques adopted – to explain how hackers locate cyber vulnerabilities. The chapter concludes with direction for future security opportunities in Construction 4.0 such as the recommendation to utilize innovative blockchain technology as a potential risk mitigation measure for digital built environment vulnerabilities. This holistic review presents a concise and lucid overview of cyber threats that will intellectually challenge, and better inform, students, practitioners and researchers in the digitized AECO field at a transition towards networked Construction 4.0 operations.
Erika A. Pärn; Borja García de Soto. Cyber threats and actors confronting the Construction 4.0. Construction 4.0 2020, 441 -459.
AMA StyleErika A. Pärn, Borja García de Soto. Cyber threats and actors confronting the Construction 4.0. Construction 4.0. 2020; ():441-459.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErika A. Pärn; Borja García de Soto. 2020. "Cyber threats and actors confronting the Construction 4.0." Construction 4.0 , no. : 441-459.
The idea of using robots and automating construction sites is not new – the first research and publications on construction robotics date back to the 1970s in the former Soviet Union. By the mid-1980s, robotic systems were developed and introduced for inspection tasks on a radioactively contaminated building site. By 1991, the first full-scale application of construction automation was materialized in Japan. Fast-forward almost four decades, and when you look around on construction sites, you will see that still, the use of robots and construction automation is very limited or non-existent. The industry still struggles to pass the prototype and research stages, and their development and applications are still considered experimental and mostly conducted by universities and research centers. The main reasons are mostly the same as those that prevented their implementation in the 1980s and 1990s. However, significant technological advancements are pushing the architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management (AEC/FM) industry towards digitalization and automation (known as Construction 4.0). Among enabling technologies available today that did not exist in the 1980s or 1990s are mobile and cloud computing/telecommunications, big data and deep learning, wireless sensor networks, and various BIM tools. Thoughtful implementation of these, together with classic and modern (e.g. collaborative, swarm) robotic technology concepts, can make a significant difference in the success of construction robot applications today as compared with what was available decades ago. In addition, the current legal environment, building codes, and regulations are probably now more inclined to allow flexibility to incorporate the changes in the industry, giving construction robots and automation a greater chance to succeed. These advancements will undoubtedly make more cost-effective applications, which will profoundly change the AEC/FM industry. Particular attention should be made to the transition phase, in which human-robot interaction will play an essential part. Also, close consideration should be given to conflicts that will arise regarding the conventional and new delivery systems, organizational structures, and social implications, as these will have a profound influence in the future of construction automation and robotics.
Borja García de Soto; Miroslaw J. Skibniewski. Future of robotics and automation in construction. Construction 4.0 2020, 289 -306.
AMA StyleBorja García de Soto, Miroslaw J. Skibniewski. Future of robotics and automation in construction. Construction 4.0. 2020; ():289-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorja García de Soto; Miroslaw J. Skibniewski. 2020. "Future of robotics and automation in construction." Construction 4.0 , no. : 289-306.
Keyi Wu; Borja García de Soto; Bryan Tyrone Adey; Feilian Zhang. BIM-based estimation of vertical transportation demands during the construction of high-rise buildings. Automation in Construction 2020, 110, 1 .
AMA StyleKeyi Wu, Borja García de Soto, Bryan Tyrone Adey, Feilian Zhang. BIM-based estimation of vertical transportation demands during the construction of high-rise buildings. Automation in Construction. 2020; 110 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeyi Wu; Borja García de Soto; Bryan Tyrone Adey; Feilian Zhang. 2020. "BIM-based estimation of vertical transportation demands during the construction of high-rise buildings." Automation in Construction 110, no. : 1.
Tower crane planning plays an important role in the progress and cost of construction projects. Finding the optimal tower crane planning scheme from a large number of potential candidates is typically regarded as a complex combinatorial optimization problem. To tackle this issue, researchers have attempted to develop mathematical models combined with various optimization algorithms. However, a major limitation is that most previous studies only focused on a specific stage of a construction project rather than all stages or used two-dimensional project data (i.e., quantity and place) without time dimension, neglecting the dynamic nature and changes that occur during the different construction stages. Another problem is that the service period of tower cranes as well as the height ranking among them, which are highly important when multiple tower cranes are used, were rarely taken into account. To address those challenges, this study proposes a spatio-temporal planning model for tower cranes in construction projects with simulated annealing. The interacting planning objects, consisting of number, type, location, service period, and height ranking, are incorporated into a mathematical model, and it pays particular attention to estimating delays caused by waiting for new lifting tasks and avoiding collisions among tower cranes. The capabilities of the proposed planning model are demonstrated through an example of a high-rise building project by testing all feasible initial solutions. The results show that the calculated optimal solutions can provide the savings ranging from 23.27% to 41.73% depending on the different cases, with an average saving of 31.10% of the total cost when compared to the initial solutions.
Keyi Wu; Borja García de Soto; Feilian Zhang. Spatio-temporal planning for tower cranes in construction projects with simulated annealing. Automation in Construction 2019, 111, 103060 .
AMA StyleKeyi Wu, Borja García de Soto, Feilian Zhang. Spatio-temporal planning for tower cranes in construction projects with simulated annealing. Automation in Construction. 2019; 111 ():103060.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeyi Wu; Borja García de Soto; Feilian Zhang. 2019. "Spatio-temporal planning for tower cranes in construction projects with simulated annealing." Automation in Construction 111, no. : 103060.
This paper presents a critical review of the state-of-the-art data-driven machine learning methods utilized for building energy forecast. Specifically, it offers a look into the advantages and disadvantages of four widely adopted machine learning methods: artificial neural networks, support vector machines, genetic algorithms, and decision trees. Based on the performance of these methods explored in previous studies, recommendations of application are provided for different categories such as building type (e.g., residential), forecasting method (e.g., long-term), and building energy (e.g., electricity). Some of the main identified research gaps include the lack of studies dedicated to long-term energy forecasts and inability to successfully incorporate occupant behavior into the models. This review also highlights the potential and prospects of hybrid models as avenues of growth in the domain of building energy forecast. Further research efforts in these areas of study can reap future benefits by promoting energy conservation thereby reducing the ecological footprint.
Hannah Daniel; Bharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto. Towards a Review of Building Energy Forecast Models. Computing in Civil Engineering 2019 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleHannah Daniel, Bharadwaj R. K. Mantha, Borja García de Soto. Towards a Review of Building Energy Forecast Models. Computing in Civil Engineering 2019. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannah Daniel; Bharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto. 2019. "Towards a Review of Building Energy Forecast Models." Computing in Civil Engineering 2019 , no. : 1.
Studies suggest that the recent technological advancements in robotics can foster the automation capabilities of the built infrastructure by introducing service robots. Task-allocation and path-planning are two of the fundamental challenges faced by such task-oriented robots. Existing algorithms in this domain have been adapted from outdoor logistics based applications with context-specific assumptions. This study particularly addresses this issue, extends the authors’ previous efforts, and proposes a new methodology to optimize the task allocation and route planning in case of multiple starts and destination depots where each robot begin and end at the same depot. Scenario analysis is conducted to compare the performance (e.g., total distance) of the proposed multi-depot algorithm with the single-depot one. The developed methodology is generic and can be used for a wide range of indoor building environment applications. Finally, limitations of the current approach are identified, and future work directions that require further investigation are proposed.
Bharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto. Task Allocation and Route Planning for Robotic Service Networks with Multiple Depots in Indoor Environments. Computing in Civil Engineering 2019 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleBharadwaj R. K. Mantha, Borja García de Soto. Task Allocation and Route Planning for Robotic Service Networks with Multiple Depots in Indoor Environments. Computing in Civil Engineering 2019. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharadwaj R. K. Mantha; Borja García de Soto. 2019. "Task Allocation and Route Planning for Robotic Service Networks with Multiple Depots in Indoor Environments." Computing in Civil Engineering 2019 , no. : 1.