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Here, we present an application of systems thinking to controlling Baltic Sea eutrophication—a wicked environmental problem characterized by multiple stakeholder perspectives and no single, agreed upon solution. The Baltic Sea is one of the most polluted waterbodies in the world. More than 40 years of land-based (linear) measures have failed to adequately control eutrophication, yet internal (circular) measures are rarely used. Farming native blue mussels for nutrient capture has been proposed as one measure for eutrophication control, but the relevant stakeholders disagree as to its environmental, social and economic benefits. Here, we present the views of four Swedish stakeholder groups—academics, entrepreneurs, municipal government employees and representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—on the sustainability of native blue mussel farming, a circular measure for eutrophication control. Using semi-structured interviews, we elicited stakeholder perspectives on the environmental, economic and social dimensions of blue mussel farming. The interviewees generally agreed that blue mussel farming is not currently economically sustainable, but that it can contribute to the social sustainability of coastal regions. Academics were skeptical of the environmental benefits, claiming that farms could reinforce eutrophication, whereas the remaining stakeholder groups argued for its potential to mitigate eutrophication. In a roundtable discussion conducted one year after the original interviews, all stakeholder groups agreed that blue mussel farming alone will not fix Baltic Sea eutrophication, but can be part of the solution together with land-based measures. All groups also agreed on the need for cautious upscaling, continuous environmental monitoring and constant improvement if blue mussel farms are to be part of a “toolkit” for eutrophication control. Our results highlight the fact that wicked environmental problems can be addressed when multiple stakeholder groups with differing perspectives have the opportunity to achieve consensus through dialog.
Emilija Žilinskaitė; Malgorzata Blicharska; Martyn Futter. Stakeholder Perspectives on Blue Mussel Farming to Mitigate Baltic Sea Eutrophication. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9180 .
AMA StyleEmilija Žilinskaitė, Malgorzata Blicharska, Martyn Futter. Stakeholder Perspectives on Blue Mussel Farming to Mitigate Baltic Sea Eutrophication. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilija Žilinskaitė; Malgorzata Blicharska; Martyn Futter. 2021. "Stakeholder Perspectives on Blue Mussel Farming to Mitigate Baltic Sea Eutrophication." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9180.
Microplastic (plastic particles measuring < 5mm) pollution is ubiquitous. Unlike in other well-studied ecosystems, e.g., marine and freshwater environments, microplastics in terrestrial systems are relatively understudied. Their potential impacts on terrestrial environments, in particular the risk of causing ecological surprise, must be better understood and quantified. Ecological surprise occurs when ecosystem behaviour deviates radically from expectations and generally has negative consequences for ecosystem services. The properties and behaviour of microplastics within terrestrial environments may increase their likelihood of causing ecological surprises as they: (a) are highly persistent global pollutants that will last for centuries, (b) can interact with the abiotic environment in a complex manner, (c) can impact terrestrial organisms directly or indirectly and (d) interact with other contaminants and can facilitate their transport. Here, we compiled findings of previous research on microplastics in terrestrial environments. We systematically focused on studies addressing different facets of microplastics related to their distribution, dispersion, impact on soil characteristics and functions, levels of biological organization of tested terrestrial biota (single species vs. assemblages), scale of experimental study and corresponding ecotoxicological effects. Our systematic assessment of previous microplastic research revealed that most studies have been conducted on single species under laboratory conditions with short-term exposures; few studies were conducted under more realistic long-term field conditions and/or with multi-species assemblages. Studies targeting multi-species assemblages primarily considered soil bacterial communities and showed that microplastics can alter essential nutrient cycling functions. More ecologically meaningful studies of terrestrial microplastics encompassing multi-species assemblages, critical ecological processes (e.g., biogeochemical cycles and pollination) and interactions with other anthropogenic stressors must be conducted. Addressing these knowledge gaps will provide a better understanding of microplastics as emerging global stressors and should lower the risk of ecological surprise in terrestrial ecosystems.
Didier L. Baho; Mirco Bundschuh; Martyn N. Futter. Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems: Moving beyond the state of the art to minimize the risk of ecological surprise. Global Change Biology 2021, 27, 3969 -3986.
AMA StyleDidier L. Baho, Mirco Bundschuh, Martyn N. Futter. Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems: Moving beyond the state of the art to minimize the risk of ecological surprise. Global Change Biology. 2021; 27 (17):3969-3986.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDidier L. Baho; Mirco Bundschuh; Martyn N. Futter. 2021. "Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems: Moving beyond the state of the art to minimize the risk of ecological surprise." Global Change Biology 27, no. 17: 3969-3986.
Forests are the dominant land cover in Nordic–Baltic countries, and forestry, the management of forests for improved ecosystem-service (ES) delivery, is an important contributor to sustainability. Forests and forestry support multiple United Nations Sustainability Goals (UN SDGs) and a number of EU policies, and can address conflicting environmental goals. Forests provide multiple ecosystem services and natural solutions, including wood and fibre production, food, clear and clean water and air, animal and plant habitats, soil formation, aesthetics, and cultural and social services. Carbon sequestered by growing trees is a key factor in the envisaged transition from a fossil-based to a biobased economy. Here, we highlight the possibilities of forest-based solutions to mitigate current and emerging societal challenges. We discuss forestry effects on forest ecosystems, focusing on the optimisation of ES delivery and the fulfilment of UN SDGs while counteracting unwanted effects. In particular, we highlight the trilemma of (i) increasing wood production to substitute raw fossil materials, (ii) increasing forest carbon storage capacity, and (iii) improving forest biodiversity and other ES delivery.
Lars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5643 .
AMA StyleLars Högbom, Dalia Abbas, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Endijs Baders, Martyn Futter, Aris Jansons, Kalev Jõgiste, Andis Lazdins, Diana Lukminė, Mika Mustonen, Knut Øistad, Anneli Poska, Pasi Rautio, Johan Svensson, Floor Vodde, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Jan Weslien, Lars Wilhelmsson, Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5643.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. 2021. "Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5643.
Process-based models are commonly used to design management strategies to reduce excessive algal growth and subsequent hypoxia. However, management targets typically focus on phosphorus control, under the assumption that successful nutrient reduction will solve hypoxia issues. Algal responses to nutrient drivers are not linear and depend on additional biotic and abiotic controls. In order to generate a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of nutrient control strategies, independent nutrient, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and algal models must be coupled, which can increase overall uncertainty. Here, we extend an existing process-based phosphorus model (INtegrated CAtchment model of Phosphorus dynamics) to include biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and algal growth and decay (INCA-PEco). We applied the resultant model in two eutrophied mesoscale catchments with continental and maritime climates. We assessed effects of regional differences in climate and land use on parameter importance during calibration using a generalised sensitivity analysis. We successfully reproduced in-stream total phosphorus (TP), suspended sediment, DO, BOD and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations across a range of temporal scales, land uses and climate regimes. While INCA-PEco is highly parameterized, model uncertainty can be significantly reduced by focusing calibration and monitoring efforts on just 18 of those parameters. Specifically, calibration time could be optimized by focusing on hydrological parameters (base flow, Manning’s n and river depth). In locations with significant inputs of diffuse nutrients, e.g., in agricultural catchments, detailed data on crop growth and nutrient uptake rates are also important. The remaining parameters provide flexibility to the user, broaden model applicability, and maximize its functionality under a changing climate.
Jill Crossman; Gianbattista Bussi; Paul Whitehead; Daniel Butterfield; Emma Lannergård; Martyn Futter. A New, Catchment-Scale Integrated Water Quality Model of Phosphorus, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Phytoplankton: INCA-Phosphorus Ecology (PEco). Water 2021, 13, 723 .
AMA StyleJill Crossman, Gianbattista Bussi, Paul Whitehead, Daniel Butterfield, Emma Lannergård, Martyn Futter. A New, Catchment-Scale Integrated Water Quality Model of Phosphorus, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Phytoplankton: INCA-Phosphorus Ecology (PEco). Water. 2021; 13 (5):723.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJill Crossman; Gianbattista Bussi; Paul Whitehead; Daniel Butterfield; Emma Lannergård; Martyn Futter. 2021. "A New, Catchment-Scale Integrated Water Quality Model of Phosphorus, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Phytoplankton: INCA-Phosphorus Ecology (PEco)." Water 13, no. 5: 723.
Environmental thresholds. tipping points and subsequent regime shifts associated with the water/climate/greenhouse gas nexus pose a genuine threat to sustainability. Both the ongoing forest dieback in Central Europe caused by the extreme droughts of the last years and the effect of global warming on ecosystem functioning have the potential to cause ecological surprise (sensu Lindenmayer et al. 2010) where ecosystems are pushed into new, unexpected and usually undesirable states.
Formulating appropriate scientific and societal responses to such regime shifts requires breadth, depth, intensity and duration of environmental, ecological and socio-ecological monitoring. Broad geographic coverage to encompass relevant biophysical and societal gradients, consideration of all appropriate parameters, adequate measurement frequency and long-term, standardized observations are all needed to provide reliable early warnings of severe environmental change, test ecosystem models, avoid double counting in carbon accounting and to reduce the likelihood of undesirable ecological outcomes. This is especially true of events driven by simultaneous changes in climate, the water cycle and human activities.
Well-supported, site-based research infrastructures (RIs; e.g., eLTER and ICOS) are essential tools with the necessary breadth, depth, intensity and duration for early detection and attribution of environmental change. Individually, the eLTER and ICOS RIs generate a wealth of data supporting the ecosystem and carbon research communities. Achieving synergies between the two RIs can add value to both communities and potentially offer meaningful insight into the European water-climate-greenhouse gas nexus.
The unique insights into processes and mechanisms of ecosystem dynamics and functioning obtained from high intensity monitoring conducted by the ICOS RI greatly increase the likelihood of detecting signals of environmental change. These signals must be placed into the context of their long-term trajectory and potential societal and environmental drivers. The spatially extensive, long-term, multi-disciplinary monitoring conducted at LTER sites and LTSER platforms under the umbrella of the eLTER programme can provide this context.
Here, we outline one potential roadmap for achieving synergies between the ICOS and eLTER RIs focussing on the value of co-location for improved understanding of the water/climate/greenhouse gas nexus. Based on data and experiences from intensively studied research sites, we highlight some of the possibilities for reducing the likelihood of ecological surprise that could result from such synergies.
Lindenmayer, D.B., Likens, G.E., Krebs, C.J. and Hobbs, R.J., 2010. Improved probability of detection of ecological “surprises”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(51), pp.21957-21962.
Martyn Futter; Syed Ashraful Alam; Roland Baatz; Jaana Bäck; Eugenio Diaz-Pines; Jan Dick; Martin Forsius; Veronika Gaube; Matthew Jones; Nikolaos Nikolaidis; Christian Poppe; Katri Rankinen; Ed Rowe; Marcus Schaub; Ute Skiba; Harry Vereecken; Thomas Dirnböck. Amplifying Signals and avoiding surprises: Potential synergies between ICOS and eLTER at the Water-Climate-Greenhouse Gas nexus. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMartyn Futter, Syed Ashraful Alam, Roland Baatz, Jaana Bäck, Eugenio Diaz-Pines, Jan Dick, Martin Forsius, Veronika Gaube, Matthew Jones, Nikolaos Nikolaidis, Christian Poppe, Katri Rankinen, Ed Rowe, Marcus Schaub, Ute Skiba, Harry Vereecken, Thomas Dirnböck. Amplifying Signals and avoiding surprises: Potential synergies between ICOS and eLTER at the Water-Climate-Greenhouse Gas nexus. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartyn Futter; Syed Ashraful Alam; Roland Baatz; Jaana Bäck; Eugenio Diaz-Pines; Jan Dick; Martin Forsius; Veronika Gaube; Matthew Jones; Nikolaos Nikolaidis; Christian Poppe; Katri Rankinen; Ed Rowe; Marcus Schaub; Ute Skiba; Harry Vereecken; Thomas Dirnböck. 2021. "Amplifying Signals and avoiding surprises: Potential synergies between ICOS and eLTER at the Water-Climate-Greenhouse Gas nexus." , no. : 1.
Increased nutrient loading causes deterioration of receiving surface waters in areas of intensive agriculture. While nitrate and particulate phosphorus load can be efficiently controlled by reducing tillage frequency and increasing vegetation cover, many field studies have shown simultaneously increased loading of bioavailable phosphorus. In the latest phase of the Rural Programme of EU agri-environmental measures, the highest potential to reduce the nutrient loading to receiving waters were the maximum limits for fertilization of arable crops and retaining plant cover on fields with, e.g., no-till methods and uncultivated nature management fields. Due to the latter two measures, the area of vegetation cover has increased since 1995, suggesting clear effects on nutrient loading in the catchment scale as well. We modeled the effectiveness of agri-environmental measures to reduce phosphorus and nitrogen loads to waters and additionally tested the performance of the dynamic, process-based INCA-P (Integrated Nutrients in Catchments—Phosphorus) model to simulate P dynamics in an agricultural catchment. We concluded that INCA-P was able to simulate both fast (immediate) and slow (non-immediate) processes that influence P loading from catchments. Based on our model simulations, it was also evident that no-till methods had increased bioavailable P load to receiving waters, even though total P and total N loading were reduced.
Katri Rankinen; Eila Turtola; Riitta Lemola; Martyn Futter; José Cano Bernal. Nutrient Load Mitigation with Wintertime Cover as Estimated by the INCA Model. Water 2021, 13, 450 .
AMA StyleKatri Rankinen, Eila Turtola, Riitta Lemola, Martyn Futter, José Cano Bernal. Nutrient Load Mitigation with Wintertime Cover as Estimated by the INCA Model. Water. 2021; 13 (4):450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatri Rankinen; Eila Turtola; Riitta Lemola; Martyn Futter; José Cano Bernal. 2021. "Nutrient Load Mitigation with Wintertime Cover as Estimated by the INCA Model." Water 13, no. 4: 450.
Heleen A. Wit; Ahti Lepistö; Hannu Marttila; Hannah Wenng; Marianne Bechmann; Gitte Blicher‐Mathiesen; Karin Eklöf; Martyn Futter; Pirkko Kortelainen; Brian Kronvang; Katarina Kyllmar; Jelena Rakovic. Land‐use dominates climate controls on nitrogen and phosphorus export from managed and natural Nordic headwater catchments. Hydrological Processes 2020, 34, 4831 -4850.
AMA StyleHeleen A. Wit, Ahti Lepistö, Hannu Marttila, Hannah Wenng, Marianne Bechmann, Gitte Blicher‐Mathiesen, Karin Eklöf, Martyn Futter, Pirkko Kortelainen, Brian Kronvang, Katarina Kyllmar, Jelena Rakovic. Land‐use dominates climate controls on nitrogen and phosphorus export from managed and natural Nordic headwater catchments. Hydrological Processes. 2020; 34 (25):4831-4850.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeleen A. Wit; Ahti Lepistö; Hannu Marttila; Hannah Wenng; Marianne Bechmann; Gitte Blicher‐Mathiesen; Karin Eklöf; Martyn Futter; Pirkko Kortelainen; Brian Kronvang; Katarina Kyllmar; Jelena Rakovic. 2020. "Land‐use dominates climate controls on nitrogen and phosphorus export from managed and natural Nordic headwater catchments." Hydrological Processes 34, no. 25: 4831-4850.
Further development of the bioeconomy, the substitution of bioresources for fossil resources, will lead to an increased pressure on land and water resources in both agriculture and forestry. It is important to study whether resultant changes in land management may in turn lead to impairment of water services. This paper describes the Nordic Bioeconomy Pathways (NBPs), a set of regional sectoral storylines nested within the global Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) framework developed to provide the BIOWATER research program with land management scenarios for projecting future developments to explore possible conflicts between land management changes and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The NBPs are a set of narrative storylines capturing a range of plausible future trajectories for the Nordic bioeconomy until 2050 and that are fit for use within hydrological catchment modelling, ecosystem service studies and stakeholder dialogue about possible changes in agricultural and forestry management practices.
Jelena Rakovic; Martyn N. Futter; Katarina Kyllmar; Katri Rankinen; Marc I. Stutter; Jan Vermaat; Dennis Collentine. Nordic Bioeconomy Pathways: Future narratives for assessment of water-related ecosystem services in agricultural and forest management. Ambio 2020, 49, 1710 -1721.
AMA StyleJelena Rakovic, Martyn N. Futter, Katarina Kyllmar, Katri Rankinen, Marc I. Stutter, Jan Vermaat, Dennis Collentine. Nordic Bioeconomy Pathways: Future narratives for assessment of water-related ecosystem services in agricultural and forest management. Ambio. 2020; 49 (11):1710-1721.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJelena Rakovic; Martyn N. Futter; Katarina Kyllmar; Katri Rankinen; Marc I. Stutter; Jan Vermaat; Dennis Collentine. 2020. "Nordic Bioeconomy Pathways: Future narratives for assessment of water-related ecosystem services in agricultural and forest management." Ambio 49, no. 11: 1710-1721.
Nordic water bodies face multiple stressors due to human activities, generating diffuse loading and climate change. The ‘green shift’ towards a bio-based economy poses new demands and increased pressure on the environment. Bioeconomy-related pressures consist primarily of more intensive land management to maximise production of biomass. These activities can add considerable nutrient and sediment loads to receiving waters, posing a threat to ecosystem services and good ecological status of surface waters. The potential threats of climate change and the ‘green shift’ highlight the need for improved understanding of catchment-scale water and element fluxes. Here, we assess possible bioeconomy-induced pressures on Nordic catchments and associated impacts on water quality. We suggest measures to protect water quality under the ‘green shift’ and propose ‘road maps’ towards sustainable catchment management. We also identify knowledge gaps and highlight the importance of long-term monitoring data and good models to evaluate changes in water quality, improve understanding of bioeconomy-related impacts, support mitigation measures and maintain ecosystem services.
Hannu Marttila; Ahti Lepistö; Anne Tolvanen; Marianne Bechmann; Katarina Kyllmar; Artti Juutinen; Hannah Wenng; Eva Skarbøvik; Martyn Futter; Pirkko Kortelainen; Katri Rankinen; Seppo Hellsten; Bjørn Kløve; Brian Kronvang; Øyvind Kaste; Anne Lyche Solheim; Joy Bhattacharjee; Jelena Rakovic; Heleen De Wit. Potential impacts of a future Nordic bioeconomy on surface water quality. Ambio 2020, 49, 1722 -1735.
AMA StyleHannu Marttila, Ahti Lepistö, Anne Tolvanen, Marianne Bechmann, Katarina Kyllmar, Artti Juutinen, Hannah Wenng, Eva Skarbøvik, Martyn Futter, Pirkko Kortelainen, Katri Rankinen, Seppo Hellsten, Bjørn Kløve, Brian Kronvang, Øyvind Kaste, Anne Lyche Solheim, Joy Bhattacharjee, Jelena Rakovic, Heleen De Wit. Potential impacts of a future Nordic bioeconomy on surface water quality. Ambio. 2020; 49 (11):1722-1735.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHannu Marttila; Ahti Lepistö; Anne Tolvanen; Marianne Bechmann; Katarina Kyllmar; Artti Juutinen; Hannah Wenng; Eva Skarbøvik; Martyn Futter; Pirkko Kortelainen; Katri Rankinen; Seppo Hellsten; Bjørn Kløve; Brian Kronvang; Øyvind Kaste; Anne Lyche Solheim; Joy Bhattacharjee; Jelena Rakovic; Heleen De Wit. 2020. "Potential impacts of a future Nordic bioeconomy on surface water quality." Ambio 49, no. 11: 1722-1735.
Streambed and lake sediment was studied in Sävjaån, a eutrophic mesoscale catchment (722 km2) in central Sweden. Triplicate sediment cores from five lakes and nine streams, ranging from headwater to 4th order, were sampled. The sediment was analysed with a sequential extraction method, where six different phosphorus (P) fractions were measured. The results showed that streambed sediments store considerable amounts of P, and in some cases have comparable P contents (g/kg DW) to lake sediment. Land use, soil type and drainage area (location in the catchment) had a significant effect on the different P fractions found in surficial sediments. Sediment from lakes and forested headwater streams generally had high proportions of organic P and iron bound P. In larger streams located in agricultural areas on clay soils closer to the catchment outlet, with dense sediment and a relatively low proportion of organic matter, P was to a larger extent bound to calcium. Streambed sediment may be an important catchment‐scale P store and should be considered when modelling catchment P dynamics. The large stores of streambed legacy P should also be considered when performing ditch maintenance to avoid unnecessary mobilisation of bioavailable P.
Emma E. Lannergård; Oskar Agstam‐Norlin; Brian J. Huser; Sara Sandström; Jelena Rakovic; Martyn N. Futter. New Insights Into Legacy Phosphorus From Fractionation of Streambed Sediment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 2020, 125, 1 .
AMA StyleEmma E. Lannergård, Oskar Agstam‐Norlin, Brian J. Huser, Sara Sandström, Jelena Rakovic, Martyn N. Futter. New Insights Into Legacy Phosphorus From Fractionation of Streambed Sediment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2020; 125 (9):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmma E. Lannergård; Oskar Agstam‐Norlin; Brian J. Huser; Sara Sandström; Jelena Rakovic; Martyn N. Futter. 2020. "New Insights Into Legacy Phosphorus From Fractionation of Streambed Sediment." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 125, no. 9: 1.
Optimal nutrient pollution monitoring and management in catchments requires an in-depth understanding of spatial and temporal factors controlling nutrient dynamics. Such an understanding can potentially be obtained by analysing stream concentration–discharge (C-Q) relationships for hysteresis behaviours and export regimes. Here, a classification scheme including nine different C-Q types was applied to a total of 87 Nordic streams draining mini-catchments (0.1–65 km2). The classification applied is based on a combination of stream export behaviour (dilution, constant, enrichment) and hysteresis rotational pattern (clock-wise, no rotation, anti-clockwise). The scheme has been applied to an 8-year data series (2010–2017) from small streams in Denmark, Sweden, and Finland on daily discharge and discrete nutrient concentrations, including nitrate (NO3−), total organic N (TON), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and particulate phosphorus (PP). The dominant nutrient export regimes were enrichment for NO3− and constant for TON, DRP, and PP. Nutrient hysteresis patterns were primarily clockwise or no hysteresis. Similarities in types of C-Q relationships were investigated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) considering effects of catchment size, land use, climate, and dominant soil type. The PCA analysis revealed that land use and air temperature were the dominant factors controlling nutrient C-Q types. Therefore, the nutrient export behaviour in streams draining Nordic mini-catchments seems to be dominantly controlled by their land use characteristics and, to a lesser extent, their climate.
Fatemeh Hashemi; Ina Pohle; Johannes W.M. Pullens; Henrik Tornbjerg; Katarina Kyllmar; Hannu Marttila; Ahti Lepistö; Bjørn Kløve; Martyn Futter; Brian Kronvang. Conceptual Mini-Catchment Typologies for Testing Dominant Controls of Nutrient Dynamics in Three Nordic Countries. Water 2020, 12, 1776 .
AMA StyleFatemeh Hashemi, Ina Pohle, Johannes W.M. Pullens, Henrik Tornbjerg, Katarina Kyllmar, Hannu Marttila, Ahti Lepistö, Bjørn Kløve, Martyn Futter, Brian Kronvang. Conceptual Mini-Catchment Typologies for Testing Dominant Controls of Nutrient Dynamics in Three Nordic Countries. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1776.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatemeh Hashemi; Ina Pohle; Johannes W.M. Pullens; Henrik Tornbjerg; Katarina Kyllmar; Hannu Marttila; Ahti Lepistö; Bjørn Kløve; Martyn Futter; Brian Kronvang. 2020. "Conceptual Mini-Catchment Typologies for Testing Dominant Controls of Nutrient Dynamics in Three Nordic Countries." Water 12, no. 6: 1776.
Between April to November of 2017, microplastics (MPs) were analysed in biosolids from two separate suppliers, and in the soils of three agricultural fields to which they were applied, in Ontario, Canada. Soils of a control site with no history of biosolid application were also examined. High MP concentrations of between 8.7 × 103 MP kg−1 and 1.4 × 104 MP kg−1 were found in biosolids samples. Lower MP concentrations observed in Provider 2 biosolids may be due to storage, settling and supernatant removal prior to applications. Annual MP additions to agricultural soils across Ontario were estimated at between 4.1 × 1011 and 1.3 × 1012 particles. All fields receiving biosolids had higher soil pre-treatment MP concentrations than the control. The field with the greatest number of previous biosolid treatments had the highest pre-treatment soil MP concentrations; suggesting some MP retention in soils between applications. Immediately following biosolids applications, two fields demonstrated significant increases in soil MP concentrations, with preferential retention of MP fibers over fragments observed, while a reduction in soil MP concentrations were observed in the third. Surprisingly, only one field demonstrated a net gain in soil MPs over the course of the study. At all three fields, >99% of MPs applied in biosolids in 2017 were unaccounted for. The study suggests that despite adhering to applicable legislation, biosolids applications at all sites likely result in high rates of MP export. This study is the first to track MP transport through soils following their application in biosolids, and contributes to filling current knowledge gaps regarding export of MPs to aquatic systems from the terrestrial environment.
Jill Crossman; Rachel R. Hurley; Martyn Futter; Luca Nizzetto. Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 724, 138334 .
AMA StyleJill Crossman, Rachel R. Hurley, Martyn Futter, Luca Nizzetto. Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 724 ():138334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJill Crossman; Rachel R. Hurley; Martyn Futter; Luca Nizzetto. 2020. "Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment." Science of The Total Environment 724, no. : 138334.
Eutrophication is a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems globally with pronounced negative effects in the Baltic and other semi-enclosed estuaries and regional seas, where algal growth associated with excess nutrients causes widespread oxygen free “dead zones” and other threats to sustainability. Decades of policy initiatives to reduce external (land-based and atmospheric) nutrient loads have so far failed to control Baltic Sea eutrophication, which is compounded by significant internal release of legacy phosphorus (P) and biological nitrogen (N) fixation. Farming and harvesting of the native mussel species (Mytilus edulis/trossulus) is a promising internal measure for eutrophication control in the brackish Baltic Sea. Mussels from the more saline outer Baltic had higher N and P content than those from either the inner or central Baltic. Despite their relatively low nutrient content, harvesting farmed mussels from the central Baltic can be a cost-effective complement to land-based measures needed to reach eutrophication status targets and is an important contributor to circularity. Cost effectiveness of nutrient removal is more dependent on farm type than mussel nutrient content, suggesting the need for additional development of farm technology. Furthermore, current regulations are not sufficiently conducive to implementation of internal measures, and may constitute a bottleneck for reaching eutrophication status targets in the Baltic Sea and elsewhere.
Jonne Kotta; Martyn Futter; Ants Kaasik; Kiran Liversage; Merli Rätsep; Francisco R. Barboza; Lena Bergström; Per Bergström; Ivo Bobsien; Eliecer Díaz; Kristjan Herkül; Per R. Jonsson; Samuli Korpinen; Patrik Kraufvelin; Peter Krost; Odd Lindahl; Mats Lindegarth; Maren Moltke Lyngsgaard; Martina Mühl; Antonia Nyström Sandman; Helen Orav-Kotta; Marina Orlova; Henrik Skov; Jouko Rissanen; Andrius Šiaulys; Aleksandar Vidakovic; Elina Virtanen. Cleaning up seas using blue growth initiatives: Mussel farming for eutrophication control in the Baltic Sea. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 709, 136144 .
AMA StyleJonne Kotta, Martyn Futter, Ants Kaasik, Kiran Liversage, Merli Rätsep, Francisco R. Barboza, Lena Bergström, Per Bergström, Ivo Bobsien, Eliecer Díaz, Kristjan Herkül, Per R. Jonsson, Samuli Korpinen, Patrik Kraufvelin, Peter Krost, Odd Lindahl, Mats Lindegarth, Maren Moltke Lyngsgaard, Martina Mühl, Antonia Nyström Sandman, Helen Orav-Kotta, Marina Orlova, Henrik Skov, Jouko Rissanen, Andrius Šiaulys, Aleksandar Vidakovic, Elina Virtanen. Cleaning up seas using blue growth initiatives: Mussel farming for eutrophication control in the Baltic Sea. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 709 ():136144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonne Kotta; Martyn Futter; Ants Kaasik; Kiran Liversage; Merli Rätsep; Francisco R. Barboza; Lena Bergström; Per Bergström; Ivo Bobsien; Eliecer Díaz; Kristjan Herkül; Per R. Jonsson; Samuli Korpinen; Patrik Kraufvelin; Peter Krost; Odd Lindahl; Mats Lindegarth; Maren Moltke Lyngsgaard; Martina Mühl; Antonia Nyström Sandman; Helen Orav-Kotta; Marina Orlova; Henrik Skov; Jouko Rissanen; Andrius Šiaulys; Aleksandar Vidakovic; Elina Virtanen. 2019. "Cleaning up seas using blue growth initiatives: Mussel farming for eutrophication control in the Baltic Sea." Science of The Total Environment 709, no. : 136144.
Excessive phosphorus (P) inputs from agriculture are well established as a contributor to freshwater eutrophication. Decreasing these inputs is an important step in improving the ecological state of impaired waters. Particulate P (PP) is a significant contributor to diffuse P inputs in agricultural catchments. Identifying the main correlates for PP losses is an important step in reducing these inputs. However, there are few studies of long term temporal and spatial dynamics of PP in agricultural streams. Here, we investigate the relative importance of hydrology, catchment characteristics and geochemistry on PP concentrations and fluxes in agricultural headwaters. We evaluate long-term monitoring data from eleven small (<35 km2) Swedish catchments with at least seven years of measured flow and flow proportional water quality sampling. Using parametric and non-parametric regression together with principal components analysis (PCA), we identify in-stream and catchment variables relevant for predicting PP concentrations, e.g., suspended solids concentrations (SS), soil texture and average catchment soil P content, measured as ammonium lactate/acetic acid extractable P (P-AL). We show that PP is primarily correlated to SS concentrations, which in turn are correlated to average clay content and land use. However, the SS:PP relationships differ between catchments. No correlation between PP concentrations in the stream and soil P content was found. An increasing clay content decreases the slope of the relationship between SS and PP, i.e., in catchments with higher clay content, less PP is transported per unit SS. The PP/SS ratio increased significantly (p < 0.05) over time in four catchments, despite limited changes in SS or PP concentrations. Our study highlights the importance of long time series since the enrichment of P on SS in the streams is only detected when using long term monitoring data.
Sara Sandström; Martyn Futter; Katarina Kyllmar; Kevin Bishop; David William O'Connell; Faruk Djodjic. Particulate phosphorus and suspended solids losses from small agricultural catchments: Links to stream and catchment characteristics. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 711, 134616 .
AMA StyleSara Sandström, Martyn Futter, Katarina Kyllmar, Kevin Bishop, David William O'Connell, Faruk Djodjic. Particulate phosphorus and suspended solids losses from small agricultural catchments: Links to stream and catchment characteristics. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 711 ():134616.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Sandström; Martyn Futter; Katarina Kyllmar; Kevin Bishop; David William O'Connell; Faruk Djodjic. 2019. "Particulate phosphorus and suspended solids losses from small agricultural catchments: Links to stream and catchment characteristics." Science of The Total Environment 711, no. : 134616.
From a hydrological perspective, flood risk management (FRM) is simple: reduce the height of the flood peak and the flood risk is reduced. In reality, a huge number of biophysical and societal factors complicate the process and many of the possible solutions are documented in national languages or otherwise inaccessible to a broad international audience. The Polish forest small retention program is unique in its manner of addressing these factors. The contribution of Matczak et al. (this volume) is especially welcome as it contributes to the English language literature on practical measures for upstream water retention so as to reduce downstream flood risk. While there are a few publications in English about the Polish programme, the voluminous Polish language literature is a treasure trove of useful information for forest managers interested in water retention as well as water managers who are interested in the flood reduction potential of the forest landscape.
Martyn Futter. Commentary: A (Mostly) Hydrological Commentary on the Small Retention Programs in the Polish Forests. Nature-Based Flood Risk Management on Private Land 2019, 39 -43.
AMA StyleMartyn Futter. Commentary: A (Mostly) Hydrological Commentary on the Small Retention Programs in the Polish Forests. Nature-Based Flood Risk Management on Private Land. 2019; ():39-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartyn Futter. 2019. "Commentary: A (Mostly) Hydrological Commentary on the Small Retention Programs in the Polish Forests." Nature-Based Flood Risk Management on Private Land , no. : 39-43.
With ongoing global climate change and an increasingly urbanized population, the importance of city parks and other forms of urban vegetation increases. Trees in urban parks can play an important role in mitigating runoff and delivering other ecosystem services. Park managers, E-NGOs, citizen scientists and others are increasingly called upon to evaluate the possible consequences of changes in park management such as, e.g., tree removal. Here, we present an unorthodox approach to hydrological modelling and its potential use in local policy making regarding urban greenery. The approach consists of a minimalist field campaign to characterize vegetation and soil moisture status combined with a novel model calibration using freely available data and software. During modelling, we were able to obtain coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.66 and 0.73 for probe-measured and simulated soil moisture under tree stand and park lawn land covers respectively. The results demonstrated that tree cover had a significant positive effect on the hydrological regime of the locality through interception, transpiration and effects on soil moisture. Simulations suggested that tree cover was twice as effective at mitigating runoff than park lawn and almost seven times better than impervious surfaces. In the case of a potential replacement of tree vegetation in favour of park lawn or impervious surfaces an increase in runoff of 14% and 81% respectively could be expected. The main conclusion drawn from our study was that such an approach can be a very useful tool for supporting local decision-making processes as it offers a freely available, cheap and relatively easy-to-use way to describe the hydrological consequences of landcover change (e.g., tree removal) with sufficient accuracy.
Jan Deutscher; Petr Kupec; Aleš Kučera; Josef Urban; José L. J. Ledesma; Martyn Futter. Ecohydrological consequences of tree removal in an urban park evaluated using open data, free software and a minimalist measuring campaign. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 655, 1495 -1504.
AMA StyleJan Deutscher, Petr Kupec, Aleš Kučera, Josef Urban, José L. J. Ledesma, Martyn Futter. Ecohydrological consequences of tree removal in an urban park evaluated using open data, free software and a minimalist measuring campaign. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 655 ():1495-1504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Deutscher; Petr Kupec; Aleš Kučera; Josef Urban; José L. J. Ledesma; Martyn Futter. 2018. "Ecohydrological consequences of tree removal in an urban park evaluated using open data, free software and a minimalist measuring campaign." Science of The Total Environment 655, no. : 1495-1504.
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) pollution is considered responsible for a substantial decline in plant species richness and for altered community structures in terrestrial habitats worldwide. Nitrogen affects habitats through direct toxicity, soil acidification, and in particular by favoring fast-growing species. Pressure from N pollution is decreasing in some areas. In Europe (EU28), overall emissions of NOx declined by more than 50% while NH3 declined by less than 30% between the years 1990 and 2015, and further decreases may be achieved. The timescale over which these improvements will affect ecosystems is uncertain. Here we use 23 European forest research sites with high quality long-term data on deposition, climate, soil recovery, and understory vegetation to assess benefits of currently legislated N deposition reductions in forest understory vegetation. A dynamic soil model coupled to a statistical plant species niche model was applied with site-based climate and deposition. We use indicators of N deposition and climate warming effects such as the change in the occurrence of oligophilic, acidophilic, and cold-tolerant plant species to compare the present with projections for 2030 and 2050. The decrease in N deposition under current legislation emission (CLE) reduction targets until 2030 is not expected to result in a release from eutrophication. Albeit the model predictions show considerable uncertainty when compared with observations, they indicate that oligophilic forest understory plant species will further decrease. This result is partially due to confounding processes related to climate effects and to major decreases in sulphur deposition and consequent recovery from soil acidification, but shows that decreases in N deposition under CLE will most likely be insufficient to allow recovery from eutrophication.
Thomas Dirnböck; Gisela Pröll; Kari Austnes; Jelena Beloica; Burkhard Beudert; Roberto Canullo; Alessandra De Marco; Maria Francesca Fornasier; Martyn Futter; Klaus Goergen; Ulf Grandin; Maria Holmberg; Antti-Jussi Lindroos; Michael Mirtl; Johan Neirynck; Tomasz Pecka; Tiina Maileena Nieminen; Jørn-Frode Nordbakken; Maximilian Posch; Gert-Jan Reinds; Edwin C Rowe; Maija Salemaa; Thomas Scheuschner; Franz Starlinger; Aldona Katarzyna Uziębło; Salar Valinia; James Weldon; Wieger G W Wamelink; Martin Forsius. Currently legislated decreases in nitrogen deposition will yield only limited plant species recovery in European forests. Environmental Research Letters 2018, 13, 125010 .
AMA StyleThomas Dirnböck, Gisela Pröll, Kari Austnes, Jelena Beloica, Burkhard Beudert, Roberto Canullo, Alessandra De Marco, Maria Francesca Fornasier, Martyn Futter, Klaus Goergen, Ulf Grandin, Maria Holmberg, Antti-Jussi Lindroos, Michael Mirtl, Johan Neirynck, Tomasz Pecka, Tiina Maileena Nieminen, Jørn-Frode Nordbakken, Maximilian Posch, Gert-Jan Reinds, Edwin C Rowe, Maija Salemaa, Thomas Scheuschner, Franz Starlinger, Aldona Katarzyna Uziębło, Salar Valinia, James Weldon, Wieger G W Wamelink, Martin Forsius. Currently legislated decreases in nitrogen deposition will yield only limited plant species recovery in European forests. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13 (12):125010.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas Dirnböck; Gisela Pröll; Kari Austnes; Jelena Beloica; Burkhard Beudert; Roberto Canullo; Alessandra De Marco; Maria Francesca Fornasier; Martyn Futter; Klaus Goergen; Ulf Grandin; Maria Holmberg; Antti-Jussi Lindroos; Michael Mirtl; Johan Neirynck; Tomasz Pecka; Tiina Maileena Nieminen; Jørn-Frode Nordbakken; Maximilian Posch; Gert-Jan Reinds; Edwin C Rowe; Maija Salemaa; Thomas Scheuschner; Franz Starlinger; Aldona Katarzyna Uziębło; Salar Valinia; James Weldon; Wieger G W Wamelink; Martin Forsius. 2018. "Currently legislated decreases in nitrogen deposition will yield only limited plant species recovery in European forests." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 12: 125010.
Here, we present a novel approach for investigating dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition using thermal desorption proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS); a technique that provides insight into the molecular composition of DOM <500 m/z (termed “PTR-DOC”). The applicability of PTR-MS for understanding the relationship between DOM composition and reactivity has yet to be explored. We present results from a synoptic sampling campaign of streams and lakes in a Swedish forest catchment where we measured DOM composition using PTR-MS and traditional optical methods, and conducted DOM biodegradability assays. PTR-DOC comprised up to 12% of the total DOC pool. We found significant relationships between PTR-DOC and DOM degradability; reduced chemodiversity and low concentrations of PTR-DOC were both associated with the total DOM pool being more susceptible to microbial degradation. Furthermore, molecular differences were apparent between headwater lakes, headwater streams, and lakes further down the catchment. Direct linkages between PTR-DOC and optical methods were observed. Using the quantitative data that PTR-MS generates, it could become possible to identify the fluorescing components of DOM, and the method may be particularly informative in low-DOC waters such as marine environments where PTR-DOC may dominate the total DOM pool.
Mike Peacock; Dušan Materić; Dolly N. Kothawala; Rupert Holzinger; Martyn N. Futter. Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Reactivity and Composition in Lakes and Streams Using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2018, 5, 739 -744.
AMA StyleMike Peacock, Dušan Materić, Dolly N. Kothawala, Rupert Holzinger, Martyn N. Futter. Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Reactivity and Composition in Lakes and Streams Using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 2018; 5 (12):739-744.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMike Peacock; Dušan Materić; Dolly N. Kothawala; Rupert Holzinger; Martyn N. Futter. 2018. "Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Reactivity and Composition in Lakes and Streams Using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS)." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 5, no. 12: 739-744.
Current climate warming is expected to continue in coming decades, whereas high N deposition may stabilize, in contrast to the clear decrease in S deposition. These pressures have distinctive regional patterns and their resulting impact on soil conditions is modified by local site characteristics. We have applied the VSD+ soil dynamic model to study impacts of deposition and climate change on soil properties, using MetHyd and GrowUp as pre-processors to provide input to VSD+. The single-layer soil model VSD+ accounts for processes of organic C and N turnover, as well as charge and mass balances of elements, cation exchange and base cation weathering. We calibrated VSD+ at 26 ecosystem study sites throughout Europe using observed conditions, and simulated key soil properties: soil solution pH (pH), soil base saturation (BS) and soil organic carbon and nitrogen ratio (C:N) under projected deposition of N and S, and climate warming until 2100. The sites are forested, located in the Mediterranean, forested alpine, Atlantic, continental and boreal regions. They represent the long-term ecological research (LTER) Europe network, including sites of the ICP Forests and ICP Integrated Monitoring (IM) programmes under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), providing high quality long-term data on ecosystem response. Simulated future soil conditions improved under projected decrease in deposition and current climate conditions: higher pH, BS and C:N at 21, 16 and 12 of the sites, respectively. When climate change was included in the scenario analysis, the variability of the results increased. Climate warming resulted in higher simulated pH in most cases, and higher BS and C:N in roughly half of the cases. Especially the increase in C:N was more marked with climate warming. The study illustrates the value of LTER sites for applying models to predict soil responses to multiple environmental changes.
Maria Holmberg; Julian Aherne; Kari Austnes; Jelena Beloica; Alessandra De Marco; Thomas Dirnböck; Maria Francesca Fornasier; Klaus Goergen; Martyn Futter; Antti-Jussi Lindroos; Pavel Kram; Johan Neirynck; Tiina Maileena Nieminen; Tomasz Pecka; Maximilian Posch; Gisela Pröll; Ed C. Rowe; Thomas Scheuschner; Angela Schlutow; Salar Valinia; Martin Forsius. Modelling study of soil C, N and pH response to air pollution and climate change using European LTER site observations. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 640-641, 387 -399.
AMA StyleMaria Holmberg, Julian Aherne, Kari Austnes, Jelena Beloica, Alessandra De Marco, Thomas Dirnböck, Maria Francesca Fornasier, Klaus Goergen, Martyn Futter, Antti-Jussi Lindroos, Pavel Kram, Johan Neirynck, Tiina Maileena Nieminen, Tomasz Pecka, Maximilian Posch, Gisela Pröll, Ed C. Rowe, Thomas Scheuschner, Angela Schlutow, Salar Valinia, Martin Forsius. Modelling study of soil C, N and pH response to air pollution and climate change using European LTER site observations. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 640-641 ():387-399.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Holmberg; Julian Aherne; Kari Austnes; Jelena Beloica; Alessandra De Marco; Thomas Dirnböck; Maria Francesca Fornasier; Klaus Goergen; Martyn Futter; Antti-Jussi Lindroos; Pavel Kram; Johan Neirynck; Tiina Maileena Nieminen; Tomasz Pecka; Maximilian Posch; Gisela Pröll; Ed C. Rowe; Thomas Scheuschner; Angela Schlutow; Salar Valinia; Martin Forsius. 2018. "Modelling study of soil C, N and pH response to air pollution and climate change using European LTER site observations." Science of The Total Environment 640-641, no. : 387-399.
The globally widespread drainage of peatlands has often been shown to lead to increased concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in streams and rivers. Elevated DOC concentrations have implications for carbon cycling, ecosystem functioning and potable water treatment. Peatland rewetting, principally through ditch blocking, is often carried out with the expectation that this will reduce DOC concentrations. Uncertainty still remains as to whether drainage, or its reversal via ditch blocking, will also lead to changes in the molecular composition of DOC/dissolved organic matter (DOM), which have the potential to affect downstream processing and treatability of UK drinking water supplies. To investigate this question, we used a replicated experiment consisting of twelve parallel ditches on an upland bog, and took samples of ditch water, pore water, and overland flow water for four years. After a brief pre‐blocking baseline period, eight ditches were blocked using two different methods. A complementary suite of optical metrics, chemical measurements and analytical techniques revealed that ditch blocking had no consistent effect on DOM quality, up to four years after blocking. Where significant differences were found, effect size calculations demonstrated that these differences were small, and would therefore have minimal impact upon water treatability. Furthermore, some differences between ditches were evident before blocking took place, highlighting the need for robust baseline monitoring before intervention. Based on our results from a hillslope‐scale experiment, we were unable to identify clear evidence that peatland ditch blocking will deliver benefits in terms of DOM treatability in potable water supplies, although we also did not find any evidence of short‐term deterioration in water quality during the restoration period. We conclude that, although peatland restoration can be expected to deliver other benefits such as reduced carbon loss and enhanced biodiversity, it is doubtful whether it will lead to improvements in drinking water treatability.
Mike Peacock; Tim G. Jones; Martyn N. Futter; Chris Freeman; Rachel Gough; Andrew J. Baird; Sophie M. Green; Pippa J. Chapman; Joseph Holden; Chris D. Evans. Peatland ditch blocking has no effect on dissolved organic matter ( DOM ) quality. Hydrological Processes 2018, 32, 3891 -3906.
AMA StyleMike Peacock, Tim G. Jones, Martyn N. Futter, Chris Freeman, Rachel Gough, Andrew J. Baird, Sophie M. Green, Pippa J. Chapman, Joseph Holden, Chris D. Evans. Peatland ditch blocking has no effect on dissolved organic matter ( DOM ) quality. Hydrological Processes. 2018; 32 (26):3891-3906.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMike Peacock; Tim G. Jones; Martyn N. Futter; Chris Freeman; Rachel Gough; Andrew J. Baird; Sophie M. Green; Pippa J. Chapman; Joseph Holden; Chris D. Evans. 2018. "Peatland ditch blocking has no effect on dissolved organic matter ( DOM ) quality." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 26: 3891-3906.