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Alberto Enrique
Departamento Ciencias, IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Land
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The aim of this work was to identify the most sensitive soil quality indicators and assess soil quality after long-term application of sewage sludge (SS) and conventional mineral fertilization for rainfed cereal production in a sub-humid Mediterranean calcareous soil. The treatments included six combinations of SS at different doses (40 t ha−1 and 80 ha−1) and frequencies (every 1, 2 and 4 years), plus a control with mineral fertilization, and a baseline control without fertilization. Twenty-five years after the onset of the experiment, 37 pre-selected physical, chemical and biological soil parameters were measured, and a minimum data set was determined. Among these indicators, those significantly affected by treatment and depth were selected as sensitive. A principal component analysis (PCA) was then performed for each studied depth. At 0–15 cm, PCA identified three factors (F1, F2 and F3), and at 15–30 cm, two factors (F4 and F5) that explained 71.5% and 67.4% of the variation, respectively, in the soil parameters. The most sensitive indicators (those with the highest correlation within each factor) were related to nutrients (P and N), organic matter, and trace metals (F1 and F4), microporosity (F2), earthworm activity (F3), and exchangeable cations (F5). Only F3 correlated significantly (and negatively) with yield. From these results, we concluded that soil quality can be affected in opposite directions by SS application, and that a holistic approach is needed to better assess soil functioning under SS fertilization in this type of agrosystem.

ACS Style

Ana Simoes-Mota; Rosa Poch; Alberto Enrique; Luis Orcaray; Iñigo Virto. Soil Quality Assessment after 25 Years of Sewage Sludge vs. Mineral Fertilization in a Calcareous Soil. Land 2021, 10, 727 .

AMA Style

Ana Simoes-Mota, Rosa Poch, Alberto Enrique, Luis Orcaray, Iñigo Virto. Soil Quality Assessment after 25 Years of Sewage Sludge vs. Mineral Fertilization in a Calcareous Soil. Land. 2021; 10 (7):727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Simoes-Mota; Rosa Poch; Alberto Enrique; Luis Orcaray; Iñigo Virto. 2021. "Soil Quality Assessment after 25 Years of Sewage Sludge vs. Mineral Fertilization in a Calcareous Soil." Land 10, no. 7: 727.

Original article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Regional Environmental Change
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Climate change adaptation strategies are needed for agriculture, one of the most vulnerable human activities. In Navarre, North of Spain, ongoing adaptive management practices were identified and promoted in the framework of a regional adaptation strategy. Most include practices aiming to increase topsoil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural land. In this work, the effectiveness of these practices (conservation agriculture, crop rotations, additions of organic matter, irrigation, and controlled grazing management) was assessed by means of monitoring SOC in a network of 159 agricultural fields across the region. These fields were selected across bioclimatic zones, where soil vulnerabilities and land-uses were previously assessed, to represent the most widespread conditions in the region. A sampling protocol designed to compare SOC stocks in plots with equal soil conditions within each zone, and with or without adaptive practices, allowed the determination of their effect size (measured as response ratios, RR). Exogenous organic matter addition was the most effective practice for SOC storage (RR 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.25–1.37]) across the region. Controlled grazing also resulted in net SOC gains (RR CI [1.13–1.42]) in temperate and semiarid grasslands. Conservation agriculture seemed to be more effective in the driest zone (RR CI [1.30–1.53]) than in the more humid ones (RR CI [0.98–1.21]). Irrigation also displayed a net positive effect (RR CI [1.17–1.34]), modulated by irrigated crop management, whereas crop rotations had an overall negative impact vs. monoculture (RR CI [0.84–0.96]), likely by their interaction with irrigation. These results confirm the variability in SOC responses to changes in management, and SOC as an indicator for assessing regional adaptation practices, although other biophysical, agronomic, and socio-economic factors also need to be accounted for.

ACS Style

Rodrigo Antón; Francisco Javier Arricibita; Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta; Alberto Enrique; Isabel de Soto; Luis Orcaray; Armelle Zaragüeta; Iñigo Virto. Soil organic carbon monitoring to assess agricultural climate change adaptation practices in Navarre, Spain. Regional Environmental Change 2021, 21, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Rodrigo Antón, Francisco Javier Arricibita, Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta, Alberto Enrique, Isabel de Soto, Luis Orcaray, Armelle Zaragüeta, Iñigo Virto. Soil organic carbon monitoring to assess agricultural climate change adaptation practices in Navarre, Spain. Regional Environmental Change. 2021; 21 (3):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigo Antón; Francisco Javier Arricibita; Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta; Alberto Enrique; Isabel de Soto; Luis Orcaray; Armelle Zaragüeta; Iñigo Virto. 2021. "Soil organic carbon monitoring to assess agricultural climate change adaptation practices in Navarre, Spain." Regional Environmental Change 21, no. 3: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Sustainability
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From the archaeological excavations carried out during 2019/2020 in the walled Ávila city (Spain), numerous ceramic fragments of different chronologies have appeared that have allowed us to find settlement sequences in this city that place its beginnings before Romanization. The latest interventions allow us to know that the wall of Ávila has a Roman origin, and it was developed on an indigenous nucleus from the 1st century BC that received the Romanizing influence during the 1st century AD. In addition, it was possible to establish that the materials used for their preparation are consistent with the materials of the geological environment, which suggests a local origin. This paper presents the study of a set of ceramic samples using XRD, ICP/MS, SEM/EDX, and linescan analysis. A statistical analysis of the samples using the minor elements concentrations has suggested that even though the local origin, there were several production centers within painted ceramics that until now were always included as a single set. Finally, due to the importance of the “late-Vetton” or “late Iberic” ceramics (mid-1st century BC—middle of the 1st century AC) from the archaeological aspect, for the first time, these ceramics are studied in detail from chemical and mineralogical tests. It was discovered that these samples had been made in an oven that had not exceeded 800 °C due to the persistence of different phases after cooking.

ACS Style

Isabel De Soto García; María De Soto García; Blas González; Rosario Giménez. Archaeometry and Analysis of Ceramic Materials from Ávila (Spain): Late-Vetton Evidence. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5910 .

AMA Style

Isabel De Soto García, María De Soto García, Blas González, Rosario Giménez. Archaeometry and Analysis of Ceramic Materials from Ávila (Spain): Late-Vetton Evidence. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5910.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel De Soto García; María De Soto García; Blas González; Rosario Giménez. 2021. "Archaeometry and Analysis of Ceramic Materials from Ávila (Spain): Late-Vetton Evidence." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5910.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2021 in Minerals
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Sewage sludge (SS) can be used as an organic amendment in agricultural soils, provided they comply with the relevant legislation. This use can incorporate traces of metals into the soil, which can cause environmental or human health problems. In the study period between 1992 and 2018 (26 years), it was observed that the use of SS as an organic fertilizer significantly increased the total concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Hg of this study between 55.6% (Hg) and 7.0% (Ni). The concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd extracted with DTPA, also increased between 122.2% (Zn) and 11.3% (Cd). In contrast, the Mn concentrations extracted with Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)were 6.5% higher in the treatments without SS. These changes in the soil had an impact on the crop, which showed a significant increase in the concentration of Zn, Cu and Cr in the grain, between 15.0% (Cr) and 4.4% (Cu), and a decrease in the concentration of Mn, Cr and Ni in the barley straw when SS was added to the soil between 32.2% (Mn) and 29.6% (Ni). However, the limits established by current legislation on soil protection and food were not exceeded. This limited transfer to the crop, is likely due to the high content of carbonates and organic matter in the soil, which limit the bioavailability of most of the trace metals (TM) in the soil. As a conclusion, we observe that the use of SS as an organic amendment increased the concentration of some TM in the soil, in its bioavailable forms, and in the crop.

ACS Style

Armelle Zaragüeta; Alberto Enrique; Iñigo Virto; Rodrigo Antón; Henar Urmeneta; Luis Orcaray. Effect of the Long-Term Application of Sewage Sludge to A Calcareous Soil on Its Total and Bioavailable Content in Trace Elements, and Their Transfer to the Crop. Minerals 2021, 11, 356 .

AMA Style

Armelle Zaragüeta, Alberto Enrique, Iñigo Virto, Rodrigo Antón, Henar Urmeneta, Luis Orcaray. Effect of the Long-Term Application of Sewage Sludge to A Calcareous Soil on Its Total and Bioavailable Content in Trace Elements, and Their Transfer to the Crop. Minerals. 2021; 11 (4):356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Armelle Zaragüeta; Alberto Enrique; Iñigo Virto; Rodrigo Antón; Henar Urmeneta; Luis Orcaray. 2021. "Effect of the Long-Term Application of Sewage Sludge to A Calcareous Soil on Its Total and Bioavailable Content in Trace Elements, and Their Transfer to the Crop." Minerals 11, no. 4: 356.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2021 in Agronomy
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the different agricultural management adaptive strategies considered in the framework of a regional climate change adaptation roadmap in Navarre (Spain), from the point of view of soil physical indicators associated to soil compaction and water retention. These indicators were chosen as representative of the potential of these strategies to improve the soil physical condition. That for, the effectiveness of conservation agriculture (CA), crop rotations (ROT), additions of organic matter (ExO), irrigation (IRR) and innovative grassland management (GSS) was assessed by monitoring soil bulk density (BD) and soil available water holding capacity (AWHC) in a network of 159 agricultural fields across homogeneous agro-climatic zones in the region. A sampling protocol designed to compare groups of plots with or without adaptive practices, and with equal soil characteristics within each zone, allowed to determine the effect size of each strategy (measured as response ratios, RR, calculated as the relative value of BD and AWHC in fields with adaptive management vs. without). Both parameters responded to soil and crop management, although the observed effect was highly variable. Only the ExO strategy showed an overall positive effect on BD. ROT, IRR and GSS displayed no effect and, in the case of CA, the effect was negative. In terms of AWHC, although the results within the zones were heterogeneous, the overall effect associated to the strategies ROT, ExO, IRR and GSS was neutral, and only CA resulted in an overall negative effect. The observed variability in terms of the effectiveness of the five strategies tested in this region highlights the need to understand the complexity of interrelationships between management and dynamic soil properties at the regional scale.

ACS Style

Rodrigo Antón; Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta; Luis Orcaray; Francisco Arricibita; Alberto Enrique; Isabel Soto; Iñigo Virto. Soil Water Retention and Soil Compaction Assessment in a Regional-Scale Strategy to Improve Climate Change Adaptation of Agriculture in Navarre, Spain. Agronomy 2021, 11, 607 .

AMA Style

Rodrigo Antón, Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta, Luis Orcaray, Francisco Arricibita, Alberto Enrique, Isabel Soto, Iñigo Virto. Soil Water Retention and Soil Compaction Assessment in a Regional-Scale Strategy to Improve Climate Change Adaptation of Agriculture in Navarre, Spain. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (3):607.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigo Antón; Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta; Luis Orcaray; Francisco Arricibita; Alberto Enrique; Isabel Soto; Iñigo Virto. 2021. "Soil Water Retention and Soil Compaction Assessment in a Regional-Scale Strategy to Improve Climate Change Adaptation of Agriculture in Navarre, Spain." Agronomy 11, no. 3: 607.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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In calcareous Mediterranean soils, pedogenic and lithogenic carbonates can be important constituents of the soil matrix. However, their relative proportion and their relation to soil functioning has been scarcely studied. The interest in determining the proportion of pedogenic carbonates relies on the fact that they can be related to the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and, therefore, affect plant growth and soil productivity. Carbonates dynamics can be affected by some farming management practices and land-use changes, such as the adoption of irrigation, due to changes in the soil water regime, the composition of the soil solution, the concentration of CO2 in the soil atmosphere, and the changes related to fertilization.

To gain knowledge on the importance of the effect of the introduction of irrigation on carbonates dynamics in the tilled layer of agricultural soils, we studied the evolution of the proportion of pedogenic carbonates in a Mediterranean calcareous soil after seven years of irrigation. We used the isotopic signature of C in soil carbonates for these estimations. The study was conducted in two plots under contrasting agricultural management on the same soil unit: dryland wheat cropping, and irrigated corn for 7 consecutive years, in Enériz (Navarre, Spain).

Our results showed that the transformation of dryland wheat to irrigated corn, produced a preferential accumulation of pedogenic carbonates (31-56%) in the tilled layer (0-30 cm) of the irrigated soil only over 7 years after the land-use change. Therefore, the processes related to this land use change can alter the soil carbonates dynamics in a very short period of time, and they may have consequences in terms of plant nutrient dynamics and the soil structure. Future research on the origin of the soil carbonates (pedogenic or geogenic) in agricultural soils will help to understand the actual significance of carbonates dynamics in terms of the global C balance in these soils.

ACS Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto; Iñigo Virto; Alberto Enrique; Rodrigo Antón; Pierre Barré; Kazem Zamanian. Pedogenic carbonates accumulation in a calcareous Mediterranean soil following introduction of irrigation. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto, Iñigo Virto, Alberto Enrique, Rodrigo Antón, Pierre Barré, Kazem Zamanian. Pedogenic carbonates accumulation in a calcareous Mediterranean soil following introduction of irrigation. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto; Iñigo Virto; Alberto Enrique; Rodrigo Antón; Pierre Barré; Kazem Zamanian. 2021. "Pedogenic carbonates accumulation in a calcareous Mediterranean soil following introduction of irrigation." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2020 in Minerals
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In the present paper, we study the combined effect of thermal activation (600 °C/2 h and 750 °C/2 h) and chemical activation with 1% ZnO on the reactivity of metakaolinite (MK) obtained from natural kaolin. The phases are identified by chemical (ICP/MS), mineralogical (XRD), and morphological (SEM/EDX) characterization of all products, as well as the evolution and stability over time of the hydrated phases generated during the reaction, to determine their use as pozzolan in the manufacture of cements. The stability analysis for the kaolin/lime system activated chemically and thermally at 600 °C/2 h shows that the C-S-H gels are thermodynamically stable after one day of reaction, evolving the system to the stability field of stratlingite for the other analyzed times. At 750 °C/2 h, the thermodynamically stable reaction phases are C-S-H gels. Calcination at 600 °C/2 h and the addition of 1% ZnO are the optimal conditions for thermal and chemical activation, to improve the pozzolanic reaction and promote the replacing part of the cement for developing secondary reaction products.

ACS Style

Isabel Sánchez; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto; Marina Casas; Raquel Vigil De La Villa; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. Evolution of Metakaolin Thermal and Chemical Activation from Natural Kaolin. Minerals 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Isabel Sánchez, Isabel Sonsoles De Soto, Marina Casas, Raquel Vigil De La Villa, Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. Evolution of Metakaolin Thermal and Chemical Activation from Natural Kaolin. Minerals. 2020; 10 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Sánchez; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto; Marina Casas; Raquel Vigil De La Villa; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. 2020. "Evolution of Metakaolin Thermal and Chemical Activation from Natural Kaolin." Minerals 10, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2019 in Minerals
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The present article evaluated the mineralogical composition of 85 mortar samples from some emblematic monuments of Ávila city (Spain), which were collected during the restoration of the monuments. The aim of this article is to try to extract the relationship between the composition and the origin of the raw materials, as well as to identify possible alterations in the samples. The study of the samples was carried out using visual and petrographic techniques such as stereoscopic microscope, XRD, and SEM/EDX analysis. The main components of the mortars were calcite, feldspar and quartz, although small amounts of phyllosilicates were also identified. The minerals of the mortars came from the surroundings of the city, and some of the samples presented evident alteration of the original materials due to humidity, salt concentration, and biological weathering, possibly inducted by unfortunate effects of the restoration. Finally, a study of the salts present in some mortars showed that most samples display contamination of soluble salts such as halite, thenardite, hexaedrite, and carnalite. This investigation offers fresh insight into historic building activity and related techniques, and should provide knowledge useful for restoration and conservation processes.

ACS Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; María De Los Reyes De Soto García; Rosario García Giménez. Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings. Minerals 2019, 9, 381 .

AMA Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García, María De Los Reyes De Soto García, Rosario García Giménez. Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings. Minerals. 2019; 9 (6):381.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; María De Los Reyes De Soto García; Rosario García Giménez. 2019. "Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings." Minerals 9, no. 6: 381.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2019 in Water
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Stony soils are distributed all over the world. The study of their characteristics has gained importance lately due to their increasing use as agricultural soils. The effect that rock fragments exert on the soil hydraulic properties is difficult to measure in situ, and is usually derived from the fine earth properties. However, the corrections used so far do not seem accurate for all types of stony soils. Our objective was to assess the adequacy of estimating the hydraulic properties of a stony soil from the fine earth ones by correcting the latter by the volume occupied by rock fragments. To do that, we first assessed the validity of different approaches for estimating the hydraulic properties of a stone-free and a stony (40% rock fragments) cylinder prepared with samples from the same silt loam soil. The functions relating to the soil hydraulic properties (θ-h, K-h-θ) were estimated by the Wind method and by inverse estimation, using data from an evaporation experiment where the soil water content and pressure head were measured at different soil depths over time. Results from the evaporation experiment were compared to those obtained by applying the equation that corrects fine earth properties by the rock fragments volume. Wind and the Inverse Estimation methods were successfully applied to estimate soil water content and hydraulic conductivity from the stony soil experiment, except for some uncertainties caused by the limited range of suction in which the experiment was conducted. The application of an equation for adjusting the soil water content at different pressure heads (allowing for defining the soil water retention curve, SWRC), and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) directly from the stone content was not satisfactory. K values obtained from the measured data were higher than those inferred by the correcting equation in the wet range, but decreased much faster with a decreasing pressure head. The use of this equation did therefore not take into account the effect that the creation of lacunar pores by the presence of rock fragments likely exerts on water flow processes. The use of such correction needs therefore to be revised and new approaches are needed for estimating the hydraulic conductivity in stony soils. In relation to SWRC, a new equation to calculate the water content of a stony soil accounting for the influence of possible lacunar pores is proposed.

ACS Style

Nerea Arias; Iñigo Virto; Alberto Enrique; Paloma Bescansa; Riley Walton; Ole Wendroth. Effect of Stoniness on the Hydraulic Properties of a Soil from an Evaporation Experiment Using the Wind and Inverse Estimation Methods. Water 2019, 11, 440 .

AMA Style

Nerea Arias, Iñigo Virto, Alberto Enrique, Paloma Bescansa, Riley Walton, Ole Wendroth. Effect of Stoniness on the Hydraulic Properties of a Soil from an Evaporation Experiment Using the Wind and Inverse Estimation Methods. Water. 2019; 11 (3):440.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nerea Arias; Iñigo Virto; Alberto Enrique; Paloma Bescansa; Riley Walton; Ole Wendroth. 2019. "Effect of Stoniness on the Hydraulic Properties of a Soil from an Evaporation Experiment Using the Wind and Inverse Estimation Methods." Water 11, no. 3: 440.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2018 in Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa
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Vivimos en una sociedad global y multicultural, lo que hace necesario que el profesorado se adapte a esta nueva realidad y asuma cambios profundos en sus prácticas educativas. En este contexto, las TIC pueden ayudar a los educadores a construir este tipo de sociedad y en concreto las flipped classroom presentan un futuro prometedor. Se ha desarrollado una actividad de flipped classroom en un módulo de Formación Profesional con el fin de facilitar el aprendizaje de la materia de geología. En este estudio se ha observado que esta metodología ha fomentado una actitud activa de los alumnos en el aula, un trabajo colaborativo y la motivación del alumnado lo que permite el desarrollo de competencias clave como trabajo en equipo y gestión de proyectos. Además de aumentar su rendimiento académico.

ACS Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. Flipped Classroom como herramienta para fomentar el trabajo colaborativo y la motivación en el aprendizaje de geología. Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa 2018, 44 -60.

AMA Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. Flipped Classroom como herramienta para fomentar el trabajo colaborativo y la motivación en el aprendizaje de geología. Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa. 2018; (66):44-60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. 2018. "Flipped Classroom como herramienta para fomentar el trabajo colaborativo y la motivación en el aprendizaje de geología." Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa , no. 66: 44-60.

Journal article
Published: 07 November 2018 in Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica, Natural Sciences in Archaeology
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ACS Style

Véronica Pérez De Dioz; Mª De Los Reyes De Soto García; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; Rosario García Giménez. Archaeometric study of Roman tesserae from Salamanca (Spain). Archaeology and geochemical analysis. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica, Natural Sciences in Archaeology 2018, IX, 31 -42.

AMA Style

Véronica Pérez De Dioz, Mª De Los Reyes De Soto García, Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García, Rosario García Giménez. Archaeometric study of Roman tesserae from Salamanca (Spain). Archaeology and geochemical analysis. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica, Natural Sciences in Archaeology. 2018; IX (1):31-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Véronica Pérez De Dioz; Mª De Los Reyes De Soto García; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; Rosario García Giménez. 2018. "Archaeometric study of Roman tesserae from Salamanca (Spain). Archaeology and geochemical analysis." Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica, Natural Sciences in Archaeology IX, no. 1: 31-42.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2018 in Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa
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El porcentaje de abandono escolar en España es superior al de otros países de la Unión Europea, lo que hace necesario fomentar el rendimiento del alumnado y su motivación. En este contexto, la gamificación tiene un futuro prometedor ya que promueven la participación del alumnado y su deseo por aprender. Se han desarrollado tres actividades de gamificación (trivial, Kahoot y Socrative) para el estudio de ciencias de la tierra. Se ha observado que los alumnos prefieren las actividades de gamificación con soporte informático ya que crean un ambiente divertido que fomenta la participación y motivación. Sin embrago, también generan un aumento en la competitividad y los resultados obtenidos no son tan altos como los esperados inicialmente.

ACS Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. Herramientas de gamificación para el aprendizaje de ciencias de la tierra. Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa 2018, 29 -39 (393).

AMA Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. Herramientas de gamificación para el aprendizaje de ciencias de la tierra. Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa. 2018; (65):29-39 (393).

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García. 2018. "Herramientas de gamificación para el aprendizaje de ciencias de la tierra." Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa , no. 65: 29-39 (393).

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2017 in Sustainability
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Irrigation is being initiated on large areas of traditionally rainfed land to meet increasing global demand for food, feed, fiber and fuel. However, the consequences of this transition on soil quality (SQ) have scarcely been studied. Therefore, after previously identifying the most tillage-sensitive SQ indicators under long-term rainfed conditions, conversion of a research site on a Haplic Calcisol in Navarre, in northeast Spain provided an ideal location to reevaluate those SQ indicators after three years of irrigated management. The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) was used to test our hypothesis that adopting irrigation could change the sensitivity and importance of non-irrigated SQ indicators. Several soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators along with crop yields were used to evaluate SQ three years after initiating irrigation on a long-term conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) study where either barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was being grown. The results confirmed our hypothesis that irrigation would change the relative importance of various SQ indicators and suggested that some SMAF algorithms, such as those used to assess bulk density, needed to be recalibrated for these Mediterranean soils.

ACS Style

Marcos Apesteguía; Iñigo Virto; Luis Orcaray; Paloma Bescansa; Alberto Enrique; María José Imaz; Douglas L. Karlen. Tillage Effects on Soil Quality after Three Years of Irrigation in Northern Spain. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1476 .

AMA Style

Marcos Apesteguía, Iñigo Virto, Luis Orcaray, Paloma Bescansa, Alberto Enrique, María José Imaz, Douglas L. Karlen. Tillage Effects on Soil Quality after Three Years of Irrigation in Northern Spain. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (8):1476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcos Apesteguía; Iñigo Virto; Luis Orcaray; Paloma Bescansa; Alberto Enrique; María José Imaz; Douglas L. Karlen. 2017. "Tillage Effects on Soil Quality after Three Years of Irrigation in Northern Spain." Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1476.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Geoderma
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ACS Style

Isabel S. de Soto; Iñigo Virto; Pierre Barré; Oihane Fernández-Ugalde; Rodrigo Antón; Isabelle Martínez; Carine Chaduteau; Alberto Enrique; Paloma Bescansa. A model for field-based evidences of the impact of irrigation on carbonates in the tilled layer of semi-arid Mediterranean soils. Geoderma 2017, 297, 48 -60.

AMA Style

Isabel S. de Soto, Iñigo Virto, Pierre Barré, Oihane Fernández-Ugalde, Rodrigo Antón, Isabelle Martínez, Carine Chaduteau, Alberto Enrique, Paloma Bescansa. A model for field-based evidences of the impact of irrigation on carbonates in the tilled layer of semi-arid Mediterranean soils. Geoderma. 2017; 297 ():48-60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel S. de Soto; Iñigo Virto; Pierre Barré; Oihane Fernández-Ugalde; Rodrigo Antón; Isabelle Martínez; Carine Chaduteau; Alberto Enrique; Paloma Bescansa. 2017. "A model for field-based evidences of the impact of irrigation on carbonates in the tilled layer of semi-arid Mediterranean soils." Geoderma 297, no. : 48-60.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Resource-Efficient Technologies
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This study aimed to develop new techniques for the remediation of contaminated soils based on the application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) and bioremediation with compost from organic wastes and a mixed technique of both. An assessment of the effectiveness of remediation in two soils contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals was carried out, with the aim of looking for positive synergies by combining the two techniques, and demonstrating their viability on an industrial scale. The application of nZVI for in situ immobilization of As and Cr in two different soils (Soil I from a contaminated industrial site and Soil II, contaminated artificially) showed a decrease in the concentration of As in Soil I and Soil II, as well as a decrease in Cr concentration for Soil I and Soil II in the leachate of both soils. The addition of compost and nanoparticles under uncontrolled environmental conditions in biopiles was able to produce a decrease in the concentration of aliphatic hydrocarbons of up to 60% in the two soils. Especially, degradation and transformation of longer chains occurred. A significant reduction of ecotoxicity was observed throughout the process in the biopile of soil II, not reaching the LC50 even with 100% of the sample after the treatment, in both earthworm and seeds growth tests

ACS Style

A. Galdames; Amaia Mendoza; M. Orueta; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; M. Sánchez; Iñigo Virto; J.L. Vilas. Development of new remediation technologies for contaminated soils based on the application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles and bioremediation with compost. Resource-Efficient Technologies 2017, 3, 166 -176.

AMA Style

A. Galdames, Amaia Mendoza, M. Orueta, Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García, M. Sánchez, Iñigo Virto, J.L. Vilas. Development of new remediation technologies for contaminated soils based on the application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles and bioremediation with compost. Resource-Efficient Technologies. 2017; 3 (2):166-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Galdames; Amaia Mendoza; M. Orueta; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; M. Sánchez; Iñigo Virto; J.L. Vilas. 2017. "Development of new remediation technologies for contaminated soils based on the application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles and bioremediation with compost." Resource-Efficient Technologies 3, no. 2: 166-176.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2015 in Applied Clay Science
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Activated carbonminingwaste influences the formation of hydrated phases, their saturation indexes and mineral\ud stability fields during pozzolanic reactions. The behavior of these reactions is predicted in this study by examining\ud the influence of carbon waste at 600 °C over 2 h, by means of a thermodynamic model running on a computer\ud program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations\ud (PHREEQC program: pH-REdox-Equilibrium in Program C). Experimental analysis of the solid phases shows\ud early formation ofmonosulfoaluminate hydrate, C–S–Hphases and subsequent precipitation of laminar minerals,\ud tetracalcium aluminate hydrate, layered double hydroxide compounds (phyllosilicate/carbonate) (LDH) and\ud stratlingite. Monosulfoaluminate hydrate was formed on day one of the reaction for samples with activated\ud coal mining waste. The thermodynamic calculations confirmed the experimental observationsPeer reviewe

ACS Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; Raquel Vigil De La Villa; Moisés Frías; Olga Rodriguez; Sagrario Martinez-Ramirez; Lucia J Fernandez Carrasco; I.S. De Soto; Ernesto Villar-Cociña. Mineralogical study of calcined coal waste in a pozzolan/Ca(OH)2 system. Applied Clay Science 2015, 108, 45 -54.

AMA Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García, Raquel Vigil De La Villa, Moisés Frías, Olga Rodriguez, Sagrario Martinez-Ramirez, Lucia J Fernandez Carrasco, I.S. De Soto, Ernesto Villar-Cociña. Mineralogical study of calcined coal waste in a pozzolan/Ca(OH)2 system. Applied Clay Science. 2015; 108 ():45-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; Raquel Vigil De La Villa; Moisés Frías; Olga Rodriguez; Sagrario Martinez-Ramirez; Lucia J Fernandez Carrasco; I.S. De Soto; Ernesto Villar-Cociña. 2015. "Mineralogical study of calcined coal waste in a pozzolan/Ca(OH)2 system." Applied Clay Science 108, no. : 45-54.

Review
Published: 31 December 2014 in Sustainability
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The extent and causes of chemical, physical and biological degradation of soil, and of soil loss, vary greatly in different countries in Western Europe. The objective of this review paper is to examine these issues and also strategies for soil protection and future perspectives for soil quality evaluation, in light of present legislation aimed at soil protection. Agriculture and forestry are the main causes of many of the above problems, especially physical degradation, erosion and organic matter loss. Land take and soil sealing have increased in recent decades, further enhancing the problems. In agricultural land, conservation farming, organic farming and other soil-friendly practices have been seen to have site-specific effects, depending on the soil characteristics and the particular types of land use and land users. No single soil management strategy is suitable for all regions, soil types and soil uses. Except for soil contamination, specific legislation for soil protection is lacking in Western Europe. The Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection in the European Union has produced valuable information and has encouraged the development of networks and databases. However, soil degradation is addressed only indirectly in environmental policies and through the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, which promotes farming practices that support soil conservation. Despite these efforts, there remains a need for soil monitoring networks and decision-support systems aimed at optimization of soil quality in the region. The pressure on European soils will continue in the future, and a clearly defined regulatory framework is needed.

ACS Style

Iñigo Virto; María José Imaz; Oihane Fernández-Ugalde; Nahia Gartzia-Bengoetxea; Alberto Enrique; Paloma Bescansa. Soil Degradation and Soil Quality in Western Europe: Current Situation and Future Perspectives. Sustainability 2014, 7, 313 -365.

AMA Style

Iñigo Virto, María José Imaz, Oihane Fernández-Ugalde, Nahia Gartzia-Bengoetxea, Alberto Enrique, Paloma Bescansa. Soil Degradation and Soil Quality in Western Europe: Current Situation and Future Perspectives. Sustainability. 2014; 7 (1):313-365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iñigo Virto; María José Imaz; Oihane Fernández-Ugalde; Nahia Gartzia-Bengoetxea; Alberto Enrique; Paloma Bescansa. 2014. "Soil Degradation and Soil Quality in Western Europe: Current Situation and Future Perspectives." Sustainability 7, no. 1: 313-365.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Composites Part B: Engineering
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Drinking water treatment plants regularly dispose of large volumes of industrial sludge in landfill sites,\ud which often has negative environmental consequences. The calcination products of these kaolinite-based\ud sludges have properties that could make them appropriate supplementary cementing materials in the\ud production of blended binary cements.\ud This research analyses the pozzolanic and thermodynamic properties of a Venezuelan drinking water\ud sludge activated at 600 C for 2 h and its behavior in blended cement matrices prepared with 15% Activated\ud Waste (AW) and 85% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Our results show that this activated drinking\ud water sludge presents high pozzolanic properties, mainly during the first 24 h of reaction. The XRD,\ud SEM/EDX and thermodynamic studies confirm the formation of C2ASH8, C–S–H gels and C4AH13 as the\ud hydration products from the pozzolanic reaction. The binary mixture of 15% AW/85% OPC complied with\ud the physical and mechanical specifications contained in current European cement standards.Peer reviewe

ACS Style

Moises Frías; R. Vigil de la Villa; I. de Soto; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; T.A. Baloa. Influence of activated drinking-water treatment waste on binary cement-based composite behavior: Characterization and properties. Composites Part B: Engineering 2014, 60, 14 -20.

AMA Style

Moises Frías, R. Vigil de la Villa, I. de Soto, Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García, T.A. Baloa. Influence of activated drinking-water treatment waste on binary cement-based composite behavior: Characterization and properties. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014; 60 ():14-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moises Frías; R. Vigil de la Villa; I. de Soto; Isabel Sonsoles De Soto García; T.A. Baloa. 2014. "Influence of activated drinking-water treatment waste on binary cement-based composite behavior: Characterization and properties." Composites Part B: Engineering 60, no. : 14-20.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Cement and Concrete Composites
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ACS Style

M. Frías; R. Vigil De La Villa; R. Garcia; I. De Soto; C. Medina; M.I. Sánchez De Rojas; Maria Isabel Sánchez De Rojas. Scientific and technical aspects of blended cement matrices containing activated slate wastes. Cement and Concrete Composites 2014, 48, 19 -25.

AMA Style

M. Frías, R. Vigil De La Villa, R. Garcia, I. De Soto, C. Medina, M.I. Sánchez De Rojas, Maria Isabel Sánchez De Rojas. Scientific and technical aspects of blended cement matrices containing activated slate wastes. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2014; 48 ():19-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Frías; R. Vigil De La Villa; R. Garcia; I. De Soto; C. Medina; M.I. Sánchez De Rojas; Maria Isabel Sánchez De Rojas. 2014. "Scientific and technical aspects of blended cement matrices containing activated slate wastes." Cement and Concrete Composites 48, no. : 19-25.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Soil Research
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Carbonates interfere with soil aggregation in semi-arid calcareous soils, promoting the stability of macroaggregates and decelerating the decomposition of the organic matter within them. Our aim was to determine the process through which carbonates participate in aggregation. We hypothesised (i) a tendency to accumulate reactive clay minerals via Ca2+ bridging, and (ii) a precipitation of carbonates within aggregates due to dissolution/re-precipitation phenomena. The

ACS Style

Oihane Fernández-Ugalde; Iñigo Virto; Pierre Barré; Marcos Apesteguia; Alberto Enrique; Maria J. Imaz; Paloma Bescansa. Mechanisms of macroaggregate stabilisation by carbonates: implications for organic matter protection in semi-arid calcareous soils. Soil Research 2014, 52, 180 -192.

AMA Style

Oihane Fernández-Ugalde, Iñigo Virto, Pierre Barré, Marcos Apesteguia, Alberto Enrique, Maria J. Imaz, Paloma Bescansa. Mechanisms of macroaggregate stabilisation by carbonates: implications for organic matter protection in semi-arid calcareous soils. Soil Research. 2014; 52 (2):180-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oihane Fernández-Ugalde; Iñigo Virto; Pierre Barré; Marcos Apesteguia; Alberto Enrique; Maria J. Imaz; Paloma Bescansa. 2014. "Mechanisms of macroaggregate stabilisation by carbonates: implications for organic matter protection in semi-arid calcareous soils." Soil Research 52, no. 2: 180-192.