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The vertical distribution of aerosols is important for accurate surface PM2.5 retrieval and initial modeling forecasts of air pollution, but the observation of aerosol profiles on the regional scale is usually limited. Therefore, in this study, an approach to aerosol extinction profile fitting is proposed to improve surface PM2.5 retrieval from satellite observations. Owing to the high similarity of the single-peak extinction profile in the distribution pattern, the log-normal distribution is explored for the fitting model based on a decadal dataset (3248 in total) from Micro Pulse LiDAR (MPL) measurements. The logarithmic mean, standard deviation, and the height of peak extinction near-surface (Mode) are manually derived as the references for model construction. Considering the seasonal impacts on the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), Mode, and the height of the surface layer, the extinction profile is then constructed in terms of the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and the total column aerosol optical depth (AOD). A comparison between fitted profiles and in situ measurements showed a high level of consistency in terms of the correlation coefficient (0.8973) and root-mean-square error (0.0415). The satellite AOD is subsequently applied for three-dimensional aerosol extinction, and the good agreement of the extinction coefficient with the PM2.5 within the surface layer indicates the good performance of the proposed fitting approach and the potential of satellite observations for providing accurate PM2.5 data on a regional scale.
Tang-Huang Lin; Kuo-En Chang; Hai-Po Chan; Ta-Chih Hsiao; Neng-Huei Lin; Ming-Tung Chuang; Hung-Yi Yeh. Potential Approach for Single-Peak Extinction Fitting of Aerosol Profiles Based on In Situ Measurements for the Improvement of Surface PM2.5 Retrieval from Satellite AOD Product. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2174 .
AMA StyleTang-Huang Lin, Kuo-En Chang, Hai-Po Chan, Ta-Chih Hsiao, Neng-Huei Lin, Ming-Tung Chuang, Hung-Yi Yeh. Potential Approach for Single-Peak Extinction Fitting of Aerosol Profiles Based on In Situ Measurements for the Improvement of Surface PM2.5 Retrieval from Satellite AOD Product. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (13):2174.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang-Huang Lin; Kuo-En Chang; Hai-Po Chan; Ta-Chih Hsiao; Neng-Huei Lin; Ming-Tung Chuang; Hung-Yi Yeh. 2020. "Potential Approach for Single-Peak Extinction Fitting of Aerosol Profiles Based on In Situ Measurements for the Improvement of Surface PM2.5 Retrieval from Satellite AOD Product." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13: 2174.
Mayon Volcano on eastern Luzon Island is the most active volcano in the Philippines. The high level of vulnerability to volcanic hazards is apparent since Mayon is surrounded by eight cities and municipalities with a total population of approximately one million inhabitants. Thus there is an urgent need to develop and expand reliable and affordable long-term methods in volcano monitoring. Despite abundant open access satellite dataset archives, satellite remote sensing has been underutilized in Mayon's hazard mapping and monitoring system. Here, we perform monitoring analysis on a nineteen-year time series of Land Surface Temperature (LST) obtained from satellite thermal infrared images. Both ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) thermal imagery (with 90 m spatial resolution) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) LST products (1 km spatial resolution) are used for the analysis. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is applied as the decomposition tool to extract components of different timescales from the LST time series. Physical interpretation of decomposed LST components at various periods are explored and compared with Mayon's eruption records. Specifically, the LST annual period component is compared to regular annual cycle air temperature. Results show that LST annual period component tends to lose its regularity following an eruption. The dissimilarity of the two time series has been taken as an indicator of volcanic restlessness. Trends of different timescales based on LST components have been constructed, which all indicate the rising trend. This means that Mayon volcano will remain restless in the future decades. This study presents the advantages and effectiveness of satellite remote sensing on volcanic monitoring.
Hai-Po Chan; Kostas I. Konstantinou. Multiscale and multitemporal surface temperature monitoring by satellite thermal infrared imagery at Mayon Volcano, Philippines. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2020, 401, 106976 .
AMA StyleHai-Po Chan, Kostas I. Konstantinou. Multiscale and multitemporal surface temperature monitoring by satellite thermal infrared imagery at Mayon Volcano, Philippines. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2020; 401 ():106976.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHai-Po Chan; Kostas I. Konstantinou. 2020. "Multiscale and multitemporal surface temperature monitoring by satellite thermal infrared imagery at Mayon Volcano, Philippines." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 401, no. : 106976.
Mayon Volcano on eastern Luzon Island is the most active volcano in the Philippines. It is named and renowned as the "perfect cone" for the symmetric conical shape and has recorded eruptions over 50 times in the past 500 years. Geographically the volcano is surrounded by the eight cities and municipalities with 1 million inhabitants. Currently, its activity is daily monitored by on-site observations such as seismometers installed on Mayon's slopes, plus, electronic distance meters (EDMs), precise leveling benchmarks, and portable fly spectrometers. Compared to existing direct on-site measurements, satellite remote sensing is currently assuming an essential role in understanding the whole picture of volcanic processes. The vulnerability to volcanic hazards is high for Mayon given that it is located in an area of high population density on Luzon Island. However, the satellite remote sensing method and dataset have not been integrated into Mayon’s hazard mapping and monitoring system, despite abundant open-access satellite dataset archives. Here, we perform multiscale and multitemporal monitoring based on the analysis of a nineteen-year Land Surface Temperature (LST) time series derived from satellite-retrieved thermal infrared imagery. Both Landsat thermal imagery (with 30-meter spatial resolution) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) LST products (with 1-kilometer spatial resolution) are used for the analysis. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is applied as the decomposition tool to decompose oscillatory components of various timescales within the LST time series. The physical interpretation of decomposed LST components at various periods are explored and compared with Mayon’s eruption records. Results show that annual-period components of LST tend to lose their regularity following an eruption, and amplitudes of short-period LST components are very responsive to the eruption events. The satellite remote sensing approach provides more insights at larger spatial and temporal scales on this renowned active volcano. This study not only presents the advantages and effectiveness of satellite remote sensing on volcanic monitoring but also provides valuable surface information for exploring the subsurface volcanic structures in Mayon.
Hai-Po Chan; Kostas Konstantinou. Surface Temperature Monitoring by Satellite Thermal Infrared Imagery at Mayon Volcano of Philippines, 1988-2019. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleHai-Po Chan, Kostas Konstantinou. Surface Temperature Monitoring by Satellite Thermal Infrared Imagery at Mayon Volcano of Philippines, 1988-2019. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHai-Po Chan; Kostas Konstantinou. 2020. "Surface Temperature Monitoring by Satellite Thermal Infrared Imagery at Mayon Volcano of Philippines, 1988-2019." , no. : 1.
A new Taiwanese satellite, FORMOSAT-5 (FS-5), with a payload remote sensing instrument (RSI) was launched in August 2017 to continue the mission of its predecessor FORMOSAT-2 (FS-2). Similar to FS-2, the RSI provides 2-m resolution panchromatic and 4-m resolution multi-spectral images as the primary payload on FS-5. However, the radiometric properties of the optical sensor may vary, based on the environment and time after being launched into the space. Thus, maintaining the radiometric quality of FS-5 RSI imagery is essential and significant to scientific research and further applications. Therefore, the objective of this study aimed at the on-orbit absolute radiometric assessment and calibration of on-orbit FS-5 RSI observations. Two renowned approaches, vicarious calibrations and cross-calibrations, were conducted at two calibration sites that employ a stable atmosphere and high surface reflectance, namely, Alkali Lake and Railroad Valley Playa in North America. For cross-calibrations, the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (LS-8 OLI) was selected as the reference. A second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum (6S) radiative transfer model was performed to compute the surface reflectance, atmospheric effects, and path radiance for the radiometric intensity at the top of the atmosphere. Results of vicarious calibrations from 11 field experiments demonstrated high consistency with those of seven case examinations of cross-calibration in terms of physical gain in spectra, implying that the practicality of the proposed approaches is high. Moreover, the multi-temporal results illustrated that RSI decay in optical sensitivity was evident after launch. The variation in the calibration coefficient of each band showed no obvious consistency (6%–24%) in 2017, but it tended to be stable at the order of 3%–5% of variation in most spectral bands during 2018. The results strongly suggest that periodical calibration is required and essential for further scientific applications.
Tang-Huang Lin; Jui-Chung Chang; Kuo-Hsien Hsu; Yun-Shan Lee; Sheng-Kai Zeng; Gin-Rong Liu; Fu-An Tsai; Hai-Po Chan. Radiometric Variations of On-Orbit FORMOSAT-5 RSI from Vicarious and Cross-Calibration Measurements. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 2634 .
AMA StyleTang-Huang Lin, Jui-Chung Chang, Kuo-Hsien Hsu, Yun-Shan Lee, Sheng-Kai Zeng, Gin-Rong Liu, Fu-An Tsai, Hai-Po Chan. Radiometric Variations of On-Orbit FORMOSAT-5 RSI from Vicarious and Cross-Calibration Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (22):2634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang-Huang Lin; Jui-Chung Chang; Kuo-Hsien Hsu; Yun-Shan Lee; Sheng-Kai Zeng; Gin-Rong Liu; Fu-An Tsai; Hai-Po Chan. 2019. "Radiometric Variations of On-Orbit FORMOSAT-5 RSI from Vicarious and Cross-Calibration Measurements." Remote Sensing 11, no. 22: 2634.
The Tatun Volcanic Group (TVG) in northern Taiwan is the sole volcanic region on the island, with its last eruptive episode around 5,500 years ago. It has been suggested that the TVG retains the capacity for volcanic explosivity which has the potential to devastate the nearby Taipei metropolitan area of 7 million inhabitants. Though the probability of future eruption is low by probabilistic estimation, the vulnerability to volcanic hazards is high for Taipei given that it is the centre of population, industry, and government for the island. An assessment of any activity precursors is thus vital but also particularly challenging. Here, we perform an eruption-potential assessment based on the analysis of a sixteen-year Land Surface Temperature (LST) time series of data derived from satellite-retrieved thermal imagery. A Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is applied to decompose oscillatory components of various timescales within the LST time series. The annual-period components are compared with those fromtwo active volcanoes in the Philippines to assess the potential oferuption cycles in the TVG. Results from the Philippine volcanoesshow that annual-period components of LST tend to lose theirregularity following an eruption. By contrast, the regular annualperiodcomponent of LST of the TVG Taiwan suggests a quiet andresting status with no sign of an imminent eruption.
Hai-Po Chan; Chung-Pai Chang; Tang-Huang Lin; Matthew Blackett; Hao Kuo-Chen; Andrew Tien-Shun Lin. The potential of satellite remote sensing for monitoring the onset of volcanic activity on Taipei’s doorstep. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2019, 41, 1372 -1388.
AMA StyleHai-Po Chan, Chung-Pai Chang, Tang-Huang Lin, Matthew Blackett, Hao Kuo-Chen, Andrew Tien-Shun Lin. The potential of satellite remote sensing for monitoring the onset of volcanic activity on Taipei’s doorstep. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2019; 41 (4):1372-1388.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHai-Po Chan; Chung-Pai Chang; Tang-Huang Lin; Matthew Blackett; Hao Kuo-Chen; Andrew Tien-Shun Lin. 2019. "The potential of satellite remote sensing for monitoring the onset of volcanic activity on Taipei’s doorstep." International Journal of Remote Sensing 41, no. 4: 1372-1388.
Typhoon flooding normally occurs suddenly with short duration, and the thick cloud cover limits the ability of one single satellite to timely capture the inundation extent. Landsat satellite data with a spatial resolution of 30 m is spatially applicable for flooding research; however, its 16-day observation frequency is typically insufficient to observe short-term typhoon inundation. Alternatively, despite the coarse spatial resolutions, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor provide daily data, which is well suited for flood-related investigations. Accordingly, the idea of combining these two sources of data to generate a high spatial and temporal image would be useful. In this study, the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM) was applied to generate cloud-free Landsat/MODIS synthesized data with a spatial resolution of 30 m for the delineation of the inundated areas during a flood event. This approach produces a Landsat-scale image for fine-scale flood mapping of areas where there are no observed cloud-free Landsat or similar resolution satellite images. The fusion model was implemented on atmospherically corrected surface reflectance, and the resultant reflectance values were validated by comparing with observed Landsat reflectance before further data interpretation. The blending results indicate that the synthetic Landsat-scaled image is highly correlated with Landsat surface reflectance, captured a day after the synthetic image acquisition date, over cloud-free areas. For image interpretation, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach with an optimal-scale segmentation and the support vector machine (SVM) classifier was applied for flood classification. The flood mapping result was validated by comparing with a reference flood map derived from an observed Landsat image. This study demonstrates that the techniques of image fusion and object-based image analysis are useful for observing flood inundation in the heterogeneous vegetated area.
Phuong D. Dao; Ngoc Thi Mong; Hai-Po Chan. Landsat-MODIS image fusion and object-based image analysis for observing flood inundation in a heterogeneous vegetated scene. GIScience & Remote Sensing 2019, 56, 1148 -1169.
AMA StylePhuong D. Dao, Ngoc Thi Mong, Hai-Po Chan. Landsat-MODIS image fusion and object-based image analysis for observing flood inundation in a heterogeneous vegetated scene. GIScience & Remote Sensing. 2019; 56 (8):1148-1169.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhuong D. Dao; Ngoc Thi Mong; Hai-Po Chan. 2019. "Landsat-MODIS image fusion and object-based image analysis for observing flood inundation in a heterogeneous vegetated scene." GIScience & Remote Sensing 56, no. 8: 1148-1169.
Since 1990 the Hanoi capital region (or Hanoi metropolitan area) in Vietnam has undergone rapid development, which has gone together with increasing socio-economic growth and prosperity. However, the environmental degradation that has accompanied urban development has raised considerable concern from the public in recent years. This research investigates the effects of urban development on urban sprawl, urban heat island (UHI), and metropolitan weather phenomena that are related to the quality of urban life in the period from 1999–2016. To achieve these objectives, remote sensing technologies were applied to satellite images at three time points (i.e., 1999, 2009, and 2016) that were associated with the meteorological dataset from ground-based stations. The spatial distribution evolution was examined for the land use/land cover changes while using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). The increasing impact of urban sprawl on UHI intensity is determined based on the land surface temperature (LST) in multi-temporal forms. Increasing urbanization with the development of gradual outward and northward expansion from the city centre intensified the correlation analysis shows that the UHI. The potential formation of new UHI areas in the near future is also indicated. Furthermore, more than 30% of the metropolitan area is decaying in ecological quality according to an assessment of the urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI). With respect to metropolitan weather, the urbanization in Hanoi affected the observation of meteorological parameters revealed that the relative humidity, total rainfall, temperature, and wind speed over both urban and rural areas. The overall results imply that urban development and its environmental effects and impacts have imposed pressing issues and new challenges to sustainable development in the Hanoi metropolitan area.
Thi Nguyen; Tang-Huang Lin; Hai-Po Chan. The Environmental Effects of Urban Development in Hanoi, Vietnam from Satellite and Meteorological Observations from 1999–2016. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1768 .
AMA StyleThi Nguyen, Tang-Huang Lin, Hai-Po Chan. The Environmental Effects of Urban Development in Hanoi, Vietnam from Satellite and Meteorological Observations from 1999–2016. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1768.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThi Nguyen; Tang-Huang Lin; Hai-Po Chan. 2019. "The Environmental Effects of Urban Development in Hanoi, Vietnam from Satellite and Meteorological Observations from 1999–2016." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1768.
Radiometric calibration for imaging sensors is a crucial procedure to ensure imagery quality. One of the challenges in relative radiometric calibration is to correct detector-level artifacts due to the fluctuation in discrepant responses (spatial) and electronic instability (temporal). In this paper, the integration of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) with Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) in relative radiometric calibration was explored for a new sensor, FS-5 RSI (remote sensing instrument onboard the FORMOSAT-5 satellite). The key intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) analyzed by HHT were examined with the pre-flight datasets of the FS-5 RSI in temporal and spatial variations. The results show that the EMD–HHT method can stabilize and improve the radiometric quality of the FS-5 imagery as well as boost its application ability to a new level. It is noticed that the IMFs of the spatial variation would be disturbed by the instability of the temporal variation. The relative response discrepancies among detector chips can be well calibrated after considering the temporal effect. Taking a test imagery dataset of gain setting G2 as an example, the standard deviation (STD) of the discrepancy in the digital number after calibration was dramatically scaled down compared to the original ones (e.g., PAN: 66.31 to 1.85; B1: 54.19 to 1.90; B2: 36.50 to 1.49; B3: 32.43 to 1.56; B4: 37.67 to 1.20). The good performance of pre-flight imagery indicates that the EMD–HHT approach could be highly practical to the on-orbit relative radiometric calibration of the FS-5 RSI sensor and is applicable to other optical sensors. To our knowledge, the proposed EMD–HHT approach is used for the first time to explore relative radiometric calibration for optical sensors.
Tang-Huang Lin; Min-Chung Hsiao; Hai-Po Chan; Fuan Tsai. A Novel Approach to Relative Radiometric Calibration on Spatial and Temporal Variations for FORMOSAT-5 RSI Imagery. Sensors 2018, 18, 1996 .
AMA StyleTang-Huang Lin, Min-Chung Hsiao, Hai-Po Chan, Fuan Tsai. A Novel Approach to Relative Radiometric Calibration on Spatial and Temporal Variations for FORMOSAT-5 RSI Imagery. Sensors. 2018; 18 (7):1996.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang-Huang Lin; Min-Chung Hsiao; Hai-Po Chan; Fuan Tsai. 2018. "A Novel Approach to Relative Radiometric Calibration on Spatial and Temporal Variations for FORMOSAT-5 RSI Imagery." Sensors 18, no. 7: 1996.
Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery is used to retrieve the LST in TVG Occurrences of hot springs are in good agreement with retrieved anomaly areas TIR Remote Sen...
Hai-Po Chan; Chung-Pai Chang. Exploring and monitoring geothermal and volcanic activity using Satellite Thermal Infrared data in TVG, Taiwan. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 2018, 29, 387 -404.
AMA StyleHai-Po Chan, Chung-Pai Chang. Exploring and monitoring geothermal and volcanic activity using Satellite Thermal Infrared data in TVG, Taiwan. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. 2018; 29 (4):387-404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHai-Po Chan; Chung-Pai Chang. 2018. "Exploring and monitoring geothermal and volcanic activity using Satellite Thermal Infrared data in TVG, Taiwan." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 29, no. 4: 387-404.
Geothermal energy is an increasingly important component of green energy in the globe. A prerequisite for geothermal energy development is to acquire the local and regional geothermal prospects. Existing geophysical methods of estimating the geothermal potential are usually limited to the scope of prospecting because of the operation cost and site reachability in the field. Thus, explorations in a large-scale area such as the surface temperature and the thermal anomaly primarily rely on satellite thermal infrared imagery. This study aims to apply and integrate thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing technology with existing geophysical methods for the geothermal exploration in Taiwan. Landsat 7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery is used to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) in Ilan plain. Accuracy assessment of satellite-derived LST is conducted by comparing with the air temperature data from 11 permanent meteorological stations. The correlation coefficient of linear regression between air temperature and LST retrieval is 0.76. The MODIS LST product is used for the cross validation of Landsat derived LSTs. Furthermore, Landsat ETM+ multi-temporal brightness temperature imagery for the verification of the LST anomaly results were performed. LST Results indicate that thermal anomaly areas appear correlating with the development of faulted structure. Selected geothermal anomaly areas are validated in detail by field investigation of hot springs and geothermal drillings. It implies that occurrences of hot springs and geothermal drillings are in good spatial agreement with anomaly areas. In addition, the significant low-resistivity zones observed in the resistivity sections are echoed with the LST profiles when compared with in the Chingshui geothermal field. Despite limited to detecting the surficial and the shallow buried geothermal resources, this work suggests that TIR remote sensing is a valuable tool by providing an effective way of mapping and quantifying surface features to facilitate the exploration and assessment of geothermal resources in Taiwan.
Hai-Po Chan; Chung-Pai Chang; Phuong D. Dao. Geothermal Anomaly Mapping Using Landsat ETM+ Data in Ilan Plain, Northeastern Taiwan. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2017, 175, 303 -323.
AMA StyleHai-Po Chan, Chung-Pai Chang, Phuong D. Dao. Geothermal Anomaly Mapping Using Landsat ETM+ Data in Ilan Plain, Northeastern Taiwan. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2017; 175 (1):303-323.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHai-Po Chan; Chung-Pai Chang; Phuong D. Dao. 2017. "Geothermal Anomaly Mapping Using Landsat ETM+ Data in Ilan Plain, Northeastern Taiwan." Pure and Applied Geophysics 175, no. 1: 303-323.
Taoyuan tableland faces the increasing water demand associated with the expansion of industrialization and urbanization. The county currently relies on the Shihmen Reservoir as the single water supply system. It will be of great concern in the shortage of water resources. This study aims to explore the impact of changes in farm ponds on the regional agricultural environment in Taoyuan County with multiyear (1993, 2003, and 2010) SPOT satellite imagery. Results show that farm ponds have decreased by 10.55 million m2from 1993 to 2010, and the existing farm ponds were 18.80 million m2in 2010, equivalent to the irrigation water of 21.10~31.65 million m3(tons) and 37.61~56.41 million m3(tons), respectively. The existing farm ponds are able to provide the water supply for 1.88~2.82 thousand hectares of agricultural land, accounting for 6.70%~10.50% of total agricultural area of Taoyuan County. Corresponding to the government’s promotion policy (2012) on activating fallow land, if we redeploy the existing farm ponds for activating fallow fields, it will lessen the water supply burden of Shimen Reservoir. Thus, farm ponds remain the significant water facilities. For the sustainable agriculture, farm ponds shall be classified and cherished as a public asset for the future development.
Yuei-An Liou; Tai-Sheng Wang; Hai-Po Chan. Impacts of Pond Change on the Regional Sustainability of Water Resources in Taoyuan, Taiwan. Advances in Meteorology 2013, 2013, 1 -6.
AMA StyleYuei-An Liou, Tai-Sheng Wang, Hai-Po Chan. Impacts of Pond Change on the Regional Sustainability of Water Resources in Taoyuan, Taiwan. Advances in Meteorology. 2013; 2013 ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuei-An Liou; Tai-Sheng Wang; Hai-Po Chan. 2013. "Impacts of Pond Change on the Regional Sustainability of Water Resources in Taoyuan, Taiwan." Advances in Meteorology 2013, no. : 1-6.
Jih-Hao Hung; Hai-Po Chan; David V. Wiltschko; Peng Fang. Geodetically Observed Surface Displacements of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake near Southern Termination of the Chelungpu Fault. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 2002, 13, 355 .
AMA StyleJih-Hao Hung, Hai-Po Chan, David V. Wiltschko, Peng Fang. Geodetically Observed Surface Displacements of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake near Southern Termination of the Chelungpu Fault. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. 2002; 13 (3):355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJih-Hao Hung; Hai-Po Chan; David V. Wiltschko; Peng Fang. 2002. "Geodetically Observed Surface Displacements of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake near Southern Termination of the Chelungpu Fault." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 13, no. 3: 355.