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In the transportation sector, the share of biofuels such as biodiesel is increasing and it is known that such fuels significantly affect NOx emissions. In addition to NOx emission from diesel engines, which is a significant challenge to vehicle manufacturers in the most recent emissions regulation (Euro 6.2), this study investigates NO2 which is a toxic emission that is currently unregulated but is a focus to be regulated in the next regulation (Euro 7). This manuscript studies how the increasing share of biofuels affects the NO2, NOx, and NO2/NOx ratio during cold-start (in which the after-treatment systems are not well-effective and mostly happens in urban areas). Using a turbocharged cummins diesel engine (with common-rail system) fueled with diesel and biofuel derived from coconut (10 and 20% blending ratio), this study divides the engine warm-up period into 7 stages and investigates official cold- and hot-operation periods in addition to some intermediate stages that are not defined as cold in the regulation and also cannot be considered as hot-operation. Engine coolant, lubricating oil and exhaust temperatures, injection timing, cylinder pressure, and rate of heat release data were used to explain the observed trends. Results showed that cold-operation NOx, NO2, and NO2/NOx ratio were 31–60%, 1.14–2.42 times, and 3–8% higher than the hot-operation, respectively. In most stages, NO2 and the NO2/NOx ratio with diesel had the lowest value and they increased with an increase of biofuel in the blend. An injection strategy change significantly shifted the in-cylinder pressure and heat release diagrams, aligned with the sudden NOx drop during the engine warm-up. The adverse effect of cold-operation on NOx emissions increased with increasing biofuel share.
Ali Zare; Svetlana Stevanovic; Mohammad Jafari; Puneet Verma; Meisam Babaie; Liping Yang; M.M. Rahman; Zoran D. Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Timothy A. Bodisco. Analysis of cold-start NO2 and NOx emissions, and the NO2/NOx ratio in a diesel engine powered with different diesel-biodiesel blends. Environmental Pollution 2021, 118052 .
AMA StyleAli Zare, Svetlana Stevanovic, Mohammad Jafari, Puneet Verma, Meisam Babaie, Liping Yang, M.M. Rahman, Zoran D. Ristovski, Richard J. Brown, Timothy A. Bodisco. Analysis of cold-start NO2 and NOx emissions, and the NO2/NOx ratio in a diesel engine powered with different diesel-biodiesel blends. Environmental Pollution. 2021; ():118052.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Zare; Svetlana Stevanovic; Mohammad Jafari; Puneet Verma; Meisam Babaie; Liping Yang; M.M. Rahman; Zoran D. Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Timothy A. Bodisco. 2021. "Analysis of cold-start NO2 and NOx emissions, and the NO2/NOx ratio in a diesel engine powered with different diesel-biodiesel blends." Environmental Pollution , no. : 118052.
This chapter studied the effect of ethanol fumigation on engine performance using a modern compression ignition engine. Performance-related parameters were investigated at ethanol substitutions of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% (by energy) under 25, 50, 75, and 100% load at 1500 and 2000 rpm. Using E10 and E20 in some of the operating modes decreased FMEP and BSFC; while using E40 increased FMEP and BSFC. The mechanical efficiency improved with the use of E10 in half of the operating modes; however, in general there was a decreasing trend associated with increasing ethanol substitution. While ethanol improved the thermal efficiency, lower substitutions performed better. At lower loads, thermal efficiency decreased with higher substitutions, while at higher loads, it increased with higher substitutions. Increasing the ethanol substitution increased the maximum in-cylinder pressure. The maximum rate of pressure rise was minimally impacted at low substitutions, although it increased significantly at high substitutions (>20%). At 1500 rpm, increasing the ethanol substitution decreased the CoV of IMEP, especially with E30 and E40. However, at 2000 rpm, using higher substitutions slightly increased the CoV of IMEP (~2%) at higher loads. Under 25% load, increasing the ethanol substitution increased the maximum apparent heat release rate. Under 50 and 75% loads, by increasing the ethanol substitution there was a tendency toward having double peaks in the heat release diagram. Also, increasing the substitution rate increased the peak values. Under full load, the first peak values increased and the second peak diminished as the ethanol rate increased.
Ali Zare; Richard J. Brown; Timothy Bodisco. Ethanol Fumigation and Engine Performance in a Diesel Engine. Applications of Paleoenvironmental Techniques in Estuarine Studies 2021, 191 -212.
AMA StyleAli Zare, Richard J. Brown, Timothy Bodisco. Ethanol Fumigation and Engine Performance in a Diesel Engine. Applications of Paleoenvironmental Techniques in Estuarine Studies. 2021; ():191-212.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Zare; Richard J. Brown; Timothy Bodisco. 2021. "Ethanol Fumigation and Engine Performance in a Diesel Engine." Applications of Paleoenvironmental Techniques in Estuarine Studies , no. : 191-212.
The growing demand for fossil fuels, the rise in their price and many environmental concerns strengthen the incessant search for fuel alternatives. Recently, traffic noise has been described as a threat to human health and the environment, being responsible for premature deaths. In this context, the usage of alcohol/diesel fuel blends in diesel engines has gained increasing impact as a substitute fuel for use in internal combustion engines. Moreover, alcohol can be derived from environmentally friendly processes, i.e., fermentation. Furthermore, alcohols can enhance combustion characteristics due to a rise of the oxygen concentration, thus decreasing major emissions such as soot and reducing knock. The commonly used alcohols blended with diesel fuel are methanol and ethanol, recently followed by butanol. In contrast, there are very few studies about propanol blends; however, emissions reduction (including noise) could be remarkable. In the present work, an analytical literature review about noise and exhaust emissions from alcohol/diesel fuel blends was performed. The literature review analysis revealed a continuous increase in the number of publications about alcohol/diesel fuel blend exhaust emissions since 2000, confirming the growing interest in this field. However, only few publications about noise emission were found. Then, an experimental case study of noise emitted by an engine running on different alcohol (ethanol, butanol and propanol)/diesel fuel blends was presented. Experimental results showed that although diesel fuel provided the best results regarding noise emissions, butanol displayed the least deviation from that of diesel fuel among all tested alcohol blends. It may be concluded that tested alcohol/diesel fuel blends in general, and butanol blends in particular, could be a promising alternative to diesel fuel, considering noise behavior.
MarĂa Redel-MacĂas; Sara Pinzi; Meisam Babaie; Ali Zare; Antonio Cubero-Atienza; M. Dorado. Bibliometric Studies on Emissions from Diesel Engines Running on Alcohol/Diesel Fuel Blends. A Case Study about Noise Emissions. Processes 2021, 9, 623 .
AMA StyleMarĂa Redel-MacĂas, Sara Pinzi, Meisam Babaie, Ali Zare, Antonio Cubero-Atienza, M. Dorado. Bibliometric Studies on Emissions from Diesel Engines Running on Alcohol/Diesel Fuel Blends. A Case Study about Noise Emissions. Processes. 2021; 9 (4):623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarĂa Redel-MacĂas; Sara Pinzi; Meisam Babaie; Ali Zare; Antonio Cubero-Atienza; M. Dorado. 2021. "Bibliometric Studies on Emissions from Diesel Engines Running on Alcohol/Diesel Fuel Blends. A Case Study about Noise Emissions." Processes 9, no. 4: 623.
This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was developed in AVL BOOST for the purpose of this investigation. The vibe two zone combustion model, which is widely used for the mathematical modeling of spark-ignition engines is employed for the numerical analysis of the combustion process. A significant reduction of ~50% in NOx emissions was observed across the engine speed range. However, the port injection of ammonia imposed some negative impacts on engine equivalent BSFC, CO and HC emissions, increasing these parameters by 3%, 30% and 21%, respectively, at the 10% ammonia injection ratio. Additionally, the minimum octane number of primary fuel required to prevent knock was reduced by up to 3.6% by adding ammonia between 5 and 10%. All in all, the injection of ammonia inside a bio-fueled engine could make it robust and produce less NOx, while having some undesirable effects on BSFC, CO and HC emissions.
Farhad Salek; Meisam Babaie; Amin Shakeri; Seyed Hosseini; Timothy Bodisco; Ali Zare. Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1441 .
AMA StyleFarhad Salek, Meisam Babaie, Amin Shakeri, Seyed Hosseini, Timothy Bodisco, Ali Zare. Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (4):1441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarhad Salek; Meisam Babaie; Amin Shakeri; Seyed Hosseini; Timothy Bodisco; Ali Zare. 2021. "Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4: 1441.
NOx emissions from diesel engines are a concern from both environmental and health perspectives. Recently this attention has targeted cold-start emissions highlighting that emission after-treatment systems are not effective in this period. Using a 6-cylinder, turbocharged, common-rail diesel engine, the current research investigates NOx emissions during cold-start using different engine performance parameters. In addition, it studies the influence of waste lubricating oil on NOx emissions introducing it as a fuel additive (1 and 5% by volume). To interpret the NOx formation, this study evaluates different parameters: exhaust gas temperature, engine oil temperature, engine coolant temperature, start of injection/combustion, in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, maximum in-cylinder pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise. This study clarified how cold-start NOx increases as the engine is warming up while in general cold-start NOx is higher than hot-start. Results showed that in comparison with warmed up condition, during cold-start NOx, maximum in-cylinder pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise were higher; while start of injection, start of combustion and ignition delay were lower. During cold-start increased engine temperature was associated with decreasing maximum rate of pressure rise and peak apparent heat release rate. During cold-start NOx increased with temperature and it dropped sharply due to the delayed start of injection. This study also showed that using waste lubricating oil decreased NOx and maximum rate of pressure rise; and increased maximum in-cylinder pressure. NOx had a direct correlation with the maximum rate of pressure rise; and an inverse correlation with the maximum in-cylinder pressure.
Ali Zare; Timothy A. Bodisco; Mohammad Jafari; Puneet Verma; Liping Yang; Meisam Babaie; M.M Rahman; Andrew Banks; Zoran D. Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Svetlana Stevanovic. Cold-start NOx emissions: Diesel and waste lubricating oil as a fuel additive. Fuel 2020, 286, 119430 .
AMA StyleAli Zare, Timothy A. Bodisco, Mohammad Jafari, Puneet Verma, Liping Yang, Meisam Babaie, M.M Rahman, Andrew Banks, Zoran D. Ristovski, Richard J. Brown, Svetlana Stevanovic. Cold-start NOx emissions: Diesel and waste lubricating oil as a fuel additive. Fuel. 2020; 286 ():119430.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Zare; Timothy A. Bodisco; Mohammad Jafari; Puneet Verma; Liping Yang; Meisam Babaie; M.M Rahman; Andrew Banks; Zoran D. Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Svetlana Stevanovic. 2020. "Cold-start NOx emissions: Diesel and waste lubricating oil as a fuel additive." Fuel 286, no. : 119430.
It has been proven that vehicle emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are negatively affecting the health of human beings as well as the environment. In addition, it was recently highlighted that air pollution may result in people being more vulnerable to the deadly COVID-19 virus. The use of biofuels such as E5 and E10 as alternatives of gasoline fuel have been recommended by different researchers. In this paper, the impacts of port injection of water to a spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline, E5 and E10 on its performance and NOx production have been investigated. The experimental work was undertaken using a KIA Cerato engine and the results were used to validate an AVL BOOST model. To develop the numerical analysis, design of experiment (DOE) method was employed. The results showed that by increasing the ethanol fraction in gasoline/ethanol blend, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved between 2.3% and 4.5%. However, the level of NOx increased between 22% to 48%. With port injection of water up to 8%, there was up to 1% increase in engine power whereas NOx and BSFC were reduced by 8% and 1%, respectively. The impacts of simultaneous changing of the start of combustion (SOC) and water injection rate on engine power and NOx production was also investigated. It was found that the NOx concentration is very sensitive to SOC variation.
Farhad Salek; Meisam Babaie; Maria Dolores Redel-Macias; Ali Ghodsi; Seyed Vahid Hosseini; Amir Nourian; Martin L Burby; Ali Zare. The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10. Processes 2020, 8, 1214 .
AMA StyleFarhad Salek, Meisam Babaie, Maria Dolores Redel-Macias, Ali Ghodsi, Seyed Vahid Hosseini, Amir Nourian, Martin L Burby, Ali Zare. The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10. Processes. 2020; 8 (10):1214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarhad Salek; Meisam Babaie; Maria Dolores Redel-Macias; Ali Ghodsi; Seyed Vahid Hosseini; Amir Nourian; Martin L Burby; Ali Zare. 2020. "The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10." Processes 8, no. 10: 1214.
Number of hybrid vehicles has increased around the world significantly. Automotive industry is utilizing the hybridization of the powertrain system to achieve better fuel economic and emissions reduction. One of the options recently considered in research for hybridization and downsizing of vehicles is to employ waste heat recovery systems. In this paper, the addition of a turbo-compound system with an air Brayton cycle (ABC) to a naturally aspirated engine was studied in AVL BOOST software. In addition, a supercharger was modeled to charge extra air into the engine and ABC. The engine was first validated against the experimental data prior to turbo-compounding. The energy and exergy analysis was performed to understand the effects of the proposed design at engine rated speed. Results showed that between 16 and 18% increase in engine mechanical power can be achieved by adding turbo-compressor. Furthermore, the recommended ABC system can recover up to 1.1 kW extra electrical power from the engine exhaust energy. The energy and exergy efficiencies were both improved slightly by turbo-compounding and BSFC reduced by nearly 1% with the proposed system. Furthermore, installing the proposed system resulted in increase in backpressure up to approximately 23.8 kPa.
Farhad Salek; Meisam Babaie; Ali Ghodsi; Seyed Vahid Hosseini; Ali Zare. Energy and exergy analysis of a novel turbo-compounding system for supercharging and mild hybridization of a gasoline engine. Journal of thermal analysis 2020, 145, 817 -828.
AMA StyleFarhad Salek, Meisam Babaie, Ali Ghodsi, Seyed Vahid Hosseini, Ali Zare. Energy and exergy analysis of a novel turbo-compounding system for supercharging and mild hybridization of a gasoline engine. Journal of thermal analysis. 2020; 145 (3):817-828.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarhad Salek; Meisam Babaie; Ali Ghodsi; Seyed Vahid Hosseini; Ali Zare. 2020. "Energy and exergy analysis of a novel turbo-compounding system for supercharging and mild hybridization of a gasoline engine." Journal of thermal analysis 145, no. 3: 817-828.
India is a nation with a diverse economy that requires tremendous resources to completely meet the desires of its compatriots in various sectors. In terms of energy resources and requirements, coal-based power plants can fulfill the bulk of these electricity needs. India is very reliant on coal, which is used in power plants as a primary energy source. However, the usage of coal energy at a higher level continuously pollutes the atmosphere. The Indian power market alone accounts for half of the country’s CO2 emissions, which implies that significant action is needed to contain environmental pollution. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a bridging technique and feasible alternative for the carbon fired plant processing of CO2. However, the application of CCS in coal-fired power stations is still uncommon in the nation. At the UNFCCC Paris Summit, India committed to reduce its carbon emission intensity by approximately 30–33% by 2030. In this work, several CCS systems, possible CO2 origins, and emission levels in India are discussed. Various advanced methods for CO2 capture and separation are also highlighted. Furthermore, the current work discusses CCS situations and the applications of CCS in India along with its manifold challenges.
Anoop Kumar Shukla; Zoheb Ahmad; Meeta Sharma; Gaurav Dwivedi; Tikendra Nath Verma; Siddharth Jain; Puneet Verma; Ali Zare. Advances of Carbon Capture and Storage in Coal-Based Power Generating Units in an Indian Context. Energies 2020, 13, 4124 .
AMA StyleAnoop Kumar Shukla, Zoheb Ahmad, Meeta Sharma, Gaurav Dwivedi, Tikendra Nath Verma, Siddharth Jain, Puneet Verma, Ali Zare. Advances of Carbon Capture and Storage in Coal-Based Power Generating Units in an Indian Context. Energies. 2020; 13 (16):4124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoop Kumar Shukla; Zoheb Ahmad; Meeta Sharma; Gaurav Dwivedi; Tikendra Nath Verma; Siddharth Jain; Puneet Verma; Ali Zare. 2020. "Advances of Carbon Capture and Storage in Coal-Based Power Generating Units in an Indian Context." Energies 13, no. 16: 4124.
A comprehensive analysis of combustion behaviour during cold, intermediately cold, warm and hot start stages of a diesel engine are presented. Experiments were conducted at 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm, and the discretisation of engine warm up into stages was facilitated by designing a custom drive cycle. Advanced injection timing, observed during the cold start period, led to longer ignition delay, shorter combustion duration, higher peak pressure and a higher peak apparent heat release rate (AHRR). The peak pressure was ~30% and 20% and the AHRR was ~2 to 5% and ±1% higher at 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively, during cold start, compared to the intermediate cold start. A retarded injection strategy during the intermediate cold start phase led to shorter ignition delay, longer combustion duration, lower peak pressure and lower peak AHRR. At 2000 rpm, an exceptional combustion behaviour led to a ~27% reduction in the AHRR at 25% load. Longer ignition delays and shorter combustion durations at 25% load were observed during the intermediately cold, warm and hot start segments. The mass fraction burned (MFB) was calculated using a single zone combustion model to analyse combustion parameters such as crank angle (CA) at 50% MFB, [email protected] and CA duration for 10–90% MFB.
Faisal Lodi; Ali Zare; Priyanka Arora; Svetlana Stevanovic; Mohammad Jafari; Zoran Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Timothy Bodisco. Combustion Analysis of a Diesel Engine during Warm up at Different Coolant and Lubricating Oil Temperatures. Energies 2020, 13, 3931 .
AMA StyleFaisal Lodi, Ali Zare, Priyanka Arora, Svetlana Stevanovic, Mohammad Jafari, Zoran Ristovski, Richard J. Brown, Timothy Bodisco. Combustion Analysis of a Diesel Engine during Warm up at Different Coolant and Lubricating Oil Temperatures. Energies. 2020; 13 (15):3931.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaisal Lodi; Ali Zare; Priyanka Arora; Svetlana Stevanovic; Mohammad Jafari; Zoran Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Timothy Bodisco. 2020. "Combustion Analysis of a Diesel Engine during Warm up at Different Coolant and Lubricating Oil Temperatures." Energies 13, no. 15: 3931.
Presented in this paper is an in-depth analysis of the impact of engine start during various stages of engine warm up (cold, intermediate, and hot start stages) on the performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The experiments were performed at constant engine speeds of 1500 and 2000 rpm on a custom designed drive cycle. The intermediate start stage was found to be longer than the cold start stage. The oil warm up lagged the coolant warm up by approximately 10 °C. During the cold start stage, as the coolant temperature increased from ~25 to 60 °C, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased by approximately 2% to 10%. In the intermediate start stage, as the coolant temperature reached 70 °C and the injection retarded, the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) decreased by approximately 2% to 3%, while the friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) decreased by approximately 60%. In this stage, the NOx emissions decreased by approximately 25% to 45%, while the HC emissions increased by approximately 12% to 18%. The normalised FMEP showed that higher energy losses at lower loads were most likely contributing to the heating of the lubricating oil.
Faisal Lodi; Ali Zare; Priyanka Arora; Svetlana Stevanovic; Mohammad Jafari; Zoran Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Timothy Bodisco. Engine Performance and Emissions Analysis in a Cold, Intermediate and Hot Start Diesel Engine. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleFaisal Lodi, Ali Zare, Priyanka Arora, Svetlana Stevanovic, Mohammad Jafari, Zoran Ristovski, Richard J. Brown, Timothy Bodisco. Engine Performance and Emissions Analysis in a Cold, Intermediate and Hot Start Diesel Engine. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaisal Lodi; Ali Zare; Priyanka Arora; Svetlana Stevanovic; Mohammad Jafari; Zoran Ristovski; Richard J. Brown; Timothy Bodisco. 2020. "Engine Performance and Emissions Analysis in a Cold, Intermediate and Hot Start Diesel Engine." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 1.
This study investigates the effect of engine temperature during cold start and hot start engine operation on particulate matter emissions and engine performance parameters. In addition to a fundamental study on cold start operation and the effect of lubricating oil during combustion, this research introduces important knowledge about regulated particulate number emissions and particulate size distribution during cold start, which is an emerging area in the literature. A further aspect of this work is to introduce waste lubricating oil as a fuel. By using diesel and two blends of diesel with 1 and 5% waste lubricating oil in a 6-cylinder turbocharged engine on a cold start custom test, this investigation studied particle number (PN), friction losses and combustion instability with diesel and waste lubricating oil fuel blends. In order to understand and explain the results the following were also studied: particle size distribution and median diameter, engine oil, coolant and exhaust gas temperatures, start of injection, friction mean effective pressure (FMEP), mechanical efficiency, coefficient of variation (CoV) of engine speed, CoV of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and maximum rate of pressure rise were also studied. The results showed that during cold start the increase in engine temperature was associated with an increase in PN and size of particles, and a decrease in FMEP and maximum rate of pressure rise. Compared to a warmed up engine, during cold start, PN, start of injection and mechanical efficiency were lower; while FMEP, CoV of IMEP and maximum rate of pressure rise were higher. Adding 5% waste lubricating oil to the fuel was associated with a decrease in PN (during cold start), decreased particle size, maximum rate of pressure rise and CoV of IMEP and was associated with an increase in PN and nucleation mode particles (during hot start) and FMEP.
Ali Zare; Timothy A. Bodisco; Puneet Verma; Mohammad Jafari; Meisam Babaie; Liping Yang; Mostafizur Rahman; Andrew Banks; Zoran D. Ristovski; Russell Brown; Svetlana Stevanovic. Emissions and performance with diesel and waste lubricating oil: A fundamental study into cold start operation with a special focus on particle number size distribution. Energy Conversion and Management 2020, 209, 112604 .
AMA StyleAli Zare, Timothy A. Bodisco, Puneet Verma, Mohammad Jafari, Meisam Babaie, Liping Yang, Mostafizur Rahman, Andrew Banks, Zoran D. Ristovski, Russell Brown, Svetlana Stevanovic. Emissions and performance with diesel and waste lubricating oil: A fundamental study into cold start operation with a special focus on particle number size distribution. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020; 209 ():112604.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Zare; Timothy A. Bodisco; Puneet Verma; Mohammad Jafari; Meisam Babaie; Liping Yang; Mostafizur Rahman; Andrew Banks; Zoran D. Ristovski; Russell Brown; Svetlana Stevanovic. 2020. "Emissions and performance with diesel and waste lubricating oil: A fundamental study into cold start operation with a special focus on particle number size distribution." Energy Conversion and Management 209, no. : 112604.
Rising concerns over environmental and health issues of internal combustion engines, along with growing energy demands, have motivated investigation into alternative fuels derived from biomasses, such as biodiesel. Investigating engine and exhaust emission behaviour of such alternative fuels is vital in order to assess suitability for further utilisation. Since many parameters are relevant, an effective multivariate analysis tool is required to identify the underlying factors that affect the engine performance and exhaust emissions. This study utilises principal component analysis (PCA) to present a comprehensive correlation of various engine performance and emission parameters in a compression ignition engine using diesel, biodiesel and triacetin. The results show that structure-borne acoustic emission is strongly correlated with engine parameters. Brake specific NOx, primary particle diameter and fringe length increases by increasing the rate of pressure rise. Longer ignition delay and higher engine speeds can increase the nucleation particle emissions. Higher air-fuel equivalence ratio can increase the oxidative potential of the soot by increasing fringe distance and tortuosity. The availability of oxygen in the cylinder, from the intake air or fuel, can increase soot aggregate compactness. Fuel oxygen content reduces particle mass and particle number in the accumulation mode; however, they increase the proportion of oxygenated organic species. PCA results for particle chemical and physical characteristics show that soot particles reactivity increases with fuel oxygen content.
Mohammad Jafari; Puneet Verma; Timothy A. Bodisco; Ali Zare; Nicholas C. Surawski; Pietro Borghesani; Svetlana Stevanovic; Yi Guo; Joel Alroe; Chiemeriwo Godday Osuagwu; Andelija Milic; Branka Miljevic; Zoran D. Ristovski; Richard J Brown. Multivariate analysis of performance and emission parameters in a diesel engine using biodiesel and oxygenated additive. Energy Conversion and Management 2019, 201, 112183 .
AMA StyleMohammad Jafari, Puneet Verma, Timothy A. Bodisco, Ali Zare, Nicholas C. Surawski, Pietro Borghesani, Svetlana Stevanovic, Yi Guo, Joel Alroe, Chiemeriwo Godday Osuagwu, Andelija Milic, Branka Miljevic, Zoran D. Ristovski, Richard J Brown. Multivariate analysis of performance and emission parameters in a diesel engine using biodiesel and oxygenated additive. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019; 201 ():112183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Jafari; Puneet Verma; Timothy A. Bodisco; Ali Zare; Nicholas C. Surawski; Pietro Borghesani; Svetlana Stevanovic; Yi Guo; Joel Alroe; Chiemeriwo Godday Osuagwu; Andelija Milic; Branka Miljevic; Zoran D. Ristovski; Richard J Brown. 2019. "Multivariate analysis of performance and emission parameters in a diesel engine using biodiesel and oxygenated additive." Energy Conversion and Management 201, no. : 112183.
Puneet Verma; Edmund Pickering; Natascha Savic; Ali Zare; Richard J Brown; Zoran Ristovski. Comparison of manual and automatic approaches for characterisation of morphology and nanostructure of soot particles. Journal of Aerosol Science 2019, 136, 91 -105.
AMA StylePuneet Verma, Edmund Pickering, Natascha Savic, Ali Zare, Richard J Brown, Zoran Ristovski. Comparison of manual and automatic approaches for characterisation of morphology and nanostructure of soot particles. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2019; 136 ():91-105.
Chicago/Turabian StylePuneet Verma; Edmund Pickering; Natascha Savic; Ali Zare; Richard J Brown; Zoran Ristovski. 2019. "Comparison of manual and automatic approaches for characterisation of morphology and nanostructure of soot particles." Journal of Aerosol Science 136, no. : 91-105.
Emissions from ships at berth are small compared to the total ship emissions; however, they are one of the main contributors to pollutants in the air of densely-populated areas, consequently heavily affecting public health. This is due to auxiliary marine engines being used to generate electric power and steam for heating and providing services. The present study has been conducted on an engine representative of a marine auxiliary, which was a heavy duty, six-cylinder, turbocharged and after-cooled engine with a high pressure common rail injection system. Engine performance and emission characterisations during cold start are the focus of this paper, since cold start is significantly influential. Three tested fuels were used, including the reference diesel and two IMO (International Maritime Organization) compliant spiked fuels. The research engine was operated at a constant speed and 25% load condition after 12 h cooled soak. Results show that during cold start, significant heat generated from combustion is used to heat the engine block, coolant and lubricant. During the first minute, compared to the second minute, emissions of particle number (PN), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were approximately 10, 4, 2 and 1.5 times higher, respectively. The engine control unit (ECU) plays a vital role in reducing engine emissions by changing the engine injection strategy based on the engine coolant temperature. IMO-compliant fuels, which were higher viscosity fuels associated with high sulphur content, resulted in an engine emission increase during cold start. It should be taken into account that auxiliary marine diesel engines, working at partial load conditions during cold start, contribute considerably to emissions in coastal areas. It demonstrates a need to implement practical measures, such as engine pre-heating, to obtain both environmental and public health advantages in coastal areas.
Thuy Chu Van; Ali Zare; Mohammad Jafari; Timothy A. Bodisco; Nicholas Surawski; Puneet Verma; Kabir Suara; Zoran Ristovski; Thomas Rainey; Svetlana Stevanovic; Richard J. Brown. Effect of cold start on engine performance and emissions from diesel engines using IMO-Compliant distillate fuels. Environmental Pollution 2019, 255, 113260 .
AMA StyleThuy Chu Van, Ali Zare, Mohammad Jafari, Timothy A. Bodisco, Nicholas Surawski, Puneet Verma, Kabir Suara, Zoran Ristovski, Thomas Rainey, Svetlana Stevanovic, Richard J. Brown. Effect of cold start on engine performance and emissions from diesel engines using IMO-Compliant distillate fuels. Environmental Pollution. 2019; 255 ():113260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThuy Chu Van; Ali Zare; Mohammad Jafari; Timothy A. Bodisco; Nicholas Surawski; Puneet Verma; Kabir Suara; Zoran Ristovski; Thomas Rainey; Svetlana Stevanovic; Richard J. Brown. 2019. "Effect of cold start on engine performance and emissions from diesel engines using IMO-Compliant distillate fuels." Environmental Pollution 255, no. : 113260.
This study uses the first and second laws of thermodynamics to investigate the effect of oxygenated fuels on the quality and quantity of energy in a turbo-charged, common-rail six-cylinder diesel engine. This work was performed using a range of fuel oxygen content based on diesel, waste cooking biodiesel, and a triacetin. The experimental engine performance and emission data was collected at 12 engine operating modes. Energy and exergy parameters were calculated, and results showed that the use of oxygenated fuels can improve the thermal efficiency leading to lower exhaust energy loss. Waste cooking biodiesel (B100) exhibited the lowest exhaust loss fraction and highest thermal efficiency (up to 6% higher than diesel). Considering the exergy analysis, lower exhaust temperatures obtained with oxygenated fuels resulted in lower exhaust exergy loss (down to 80%) and higher exergetic efficiency (up to 10%). Since the investigated fuels were oxygenated, this study used the oxygen ratio (OR) instead of the equivalence ratio to provide a better understanding of the concept. The OR has increased with decreasing engine load and increasing engine speed. Increasing the OR decreased the fuel exergy, exhaust exergy and destruction efficiency. With the use of B100, there was a very high exergy destruction (up to 55%), which was seen to decrease with the addition of triacetin (down to 29%).
Chukwuka Odibi; Meisam Babaie; Ali Zare; Nurun Nabi; Timothy A. Bodisco; Richard J Brown. Exergy analysis of a diesel engine with waste cooking biodiesel and triacetin. Energy Conversion and Management 2019, 198, 111912 .
AMA StyleChukwuka Odibi, Meisam Babaie, Ali Zare, Nurun Nabi, Timothy A. Bodisco, Richard J Brown. Exergy analysis of a diesel engine with waste cooking biodiesel and triacetin. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019; 198 ():111912.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChukwuka Odibi; Meisam Babaie; Ali Zare; Nurun Nabi; Timothy A. Bodisco; Richard J Brown. 2019. "Exergy analysis of a diesel engine with waste cooking biodiesel and triacetin." Energy Conversion and Management 198, no. : 111912.
Diesel emissions contain high levels of particulate matter (PM) which can have a severe effect on the airways. Diesel PM can be effectively reduced with the substitution of diesel fuel with a biofuel such as vegetable oil. Unfortunately, very little is known about the cellular effects of these alternative diesel emissions on the airways. The aim of this study was to test whether coconut oil substitution in diesel fuel reduces the adverse effect of diesel emission exposure on human bronchial epithelial cells. Human bronchial epithelial cells were cultured at air-liquid interface for 7 days and exposed to diesel engine emissions from conventional diesel fuel or diesel fuel blended with raw coconut oil at low (10%), moderate (15%) and high (20%) proportions. Cell viability, inflammation, antioxidant production and xenobiotic metabolism were measured. Compared to conventional diesel, low fractional coconut oil substitution (10% and 15%) reduced inflammation and increased antioxidant expression, whereas higher fractional coconut oil (20%) reduced cell viability and increased inflammation. Therefore, cellular responses after exposure to alternative diesel emission are dependent on fuel composition.
Annalicia Vaughan; Svetlana Stevanovic; Andrew Banks; Ali Zare; Mostafizur Rahman; Rayleen V. Bowman; Kwun Fong; Zoran Ristovski; Ian Yang. The cytotoxic, inflammatory and oxidative potential of coconut oil-substituted diesel emissions on bronchial epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 26, 27783 -27791.
AMA StyleAnnalicia Vaughan, Svetlana Stevanovic, Andrew Banks, Ali Zare, Mostafizur Rahman, Rayleen V. Bowman, Kwun Fong, Zoran Ristovski, Ian Yang. The cytotoxic, inflammatory and oxidative potential of coconut oil-substituted diesel emissions on bronchial epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26 (27):27783-27791.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnalicia Vaughan; Svetlana Stevanovic; Andrew Banks; Ali Zare; Mostafizur Rahman; Rayleen V. Bowman; Kwun Fong; Zoran Ristovski; Ian Yang. 2019. "The cytotoxic, inflammatory and oxidative potential of coconut oil-substituted diesel emissions on bronchial epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 27: 27783-27791.
One of the most important sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the exhaust emissions from passenger cars. New European emissions regulations, to minimize the gap between manufacturer-reported emissions and those emitted on the road, require new vehicles to undergo emission testing on public roads during the certification process. Outlined in the new regulation are specific boundary conditions to which the route on which the vehicle is driven must comply during a legal test. These boundary conditions, as they relate to the design and subsequent driving of a compliant route, are discussed in detail. The practicality of designing a compliant route is discussed in the context of developing a route on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, in a prescriptive manner. The route itself was driven 5 times and the results compared against regulation boundary conditions.
Timothy Bodisco; Ali Zare. Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test. Energies 2019, 12, 2306 .
AMA StyleTimothy Bodisco, Ali Zare. Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test. Energies. 2019; 12 (12):2306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimothy Bodisco; Ali Zare. 2019. "Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test." Energies 12, no. 12: 2306.
Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives. There are stringent regulations around the world to control the particulate matter (PM) emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different measures to reduce PM emissions such as using modern combustion techniques, after-treatment systems such as diesel particulate filter (DPF) and gasoline particulate filter (GPF), and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel (derived from edible, nonedible, and waste resources), alcohol fuels (ethanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol), and fuel additives have been investigated over the last decade. PM characterization and toxicity analysis is still growing as researchers are developing methodologies to reduce particle emissions using various approaches such as fuel modification and after-treatment devices. To address these aspects, this review paper studies the PM characteristics, health issues, PM physical and chemical properties, and the effect of alternative fuels such as biodiesel, alcohol fuels, and oxygenated additives on PM emissions from diesel engines. In addition, the correlation between physical and chemical properties of alternate fuels and the characteristics of PM emissions is explored.
Puneet Verma; Svetlana Stevanovic; Ali Zare; Gaurav Dwivedi; Thuy Chu Van; Morgan Davidson; Thomas Rainey; Richard J. Brown; Zoran D. Ristovski. An Overview of the Influence of Biodiesel, Alcohols, and Various Oxygenated Additives on the Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel Engines. Energies 2019, 12, 1987 .
AMA StylePuneet Verma, Svetlana Stevanovic, Ali Zare, Gaurav Dwivedi, Thuy Chu Van, Morgan Davidson, Thomas Rainey, Richard J. Brown, Zoran D. Ristovski. An Overview of the Influence of Biodiesel, Alcohols, and Various Oxygenated Additives on the Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel Engines. Energies. 2019; 12 (10):1987.
Chicago/Turabian StylePuneet Verma; Svetlana Stevanovic; Ali Zare; Gaurav Dwivedi; Thuy Chu Van; Morgan Davidson; Thomas Rainey; Richard J. Brown; Zoran D. Ristovski. 2019. "An Overview of the Influence of Biodiesel, Alcohols, and Various Oxygenated Additives on the Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel Engines." Energies 12, no. 10: 1987.
The nonlinear dynamics of a combustion system in a modern common-rail dual-fuel engine has been studied. Using nonlinear dynamic data analysis (phase space reconstruction, recurrence plots, recurrence qualification analysis and wavelet analysis), the effect of ethanol fumigation on the dynamic behaviour of a combustion system has been examined at an engine speed of 2000 rpm with engine load rates of 50%, 75% and 100% and ethanol substitutions up to 40% (by energy) in 10% increments for each engine load. The results show that the introduction of ethanol has a significant effect on inter-cycle combustion variation (ICV) and the dynamics of the combustion system for all of the studied engine loads. For pure diesel mode and lower ethanol substitutions, the ICV mainly exhibits multiscale dynamics: strongly periodic and/or intermittent fluctuations. As the ethanol substitution is increased, the combustion process gradually transfers to more persistent low-frequency variations. At different engine loads, we can observe the bands with the strongest spectral power density that persist over the entire 4000 engine cycles. Compared to high engine loads (75% and 100%), the dynamics of the combustion system at a medium engine load (50%) was more sensitive to the introduction of ethanol. At higher ethanol substitutions, the increased ICV and the complexity of the combustion system at the medium load are attributable to the enhanced cooling caused by the excessive ethanol evaporation, while the low-frequency large-scale combustion fluctuations for the higher engine loads are likely caused by cyclic excitation oscillation during the transition of the combustion mode.
Li-Ping Yang; Timothy A. Bodisco; Ali Zare; Norbert Marwan; Thuy Chu Van; Richard J. Brown. Analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of inter-cycle combustion variations in an ethanol fumigation-diesel dual-fuel engine. Nonlinear Dynamics 2019, 95, 2555 -2574.
AMA StyleLi-Ping Yang, Timothy A. Bodisco, Ali Zare, Norbert Marwan, Thuy Chu Van, Richard J. Brown. Analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of inter-cycle combustion variations in an ethanol fumigation-diesel dual-fuel engine. Nonlinear Dynamics. 2019; 95 (3):2555-2574.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi-Ping Yang; Timothy A. Bodisco; Ali Zare; Norbert Marwan; Thuy Chu Van; Richard J. Brown. 2019. "Analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of inter-cycle combustion variations in an ethanol fumigation-diesel dual-fuel engine." Nonlinear Dynamics 95, no. 3: 2555-2574.
Using a six-cylinder turbocharged common rail compression ignition engine, this study investigated the effect of oxygenated fuels on transient and steady-state performance. This paper considers the effect of oxygenated fuels on both cold- and hot-start operation. A range of fuel oxygen contents between 0% and 13.57% was derived from diesel, waste cooking biodiesel and two other blends, containing triacetin as a fuel additive. A custom test was designed to investigate engine performance parameters using acceleration, load increase and steady-state modes of operation. For each fuel, the cold-start test was conducted after an overnight engine-off time. In this study, different parameters related to engine performance were studied, such as engine coolant and lubricant temperatures and their rise rate, boost pressure, injected fuel, turbocharger lag, engine speed and torque, start of injection, maximum in-cylinder pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, cyclic variability, FMEP, mechanical and thermal efficiencies, and BSFC. In comparison with hot-start, the cold-start results indicated a higher injected fuel, indicated torque, maximum in-cylinder pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, FMEP, BSFC and CoV of IMEP, and a lower SOI, ME and BTE. During cold-start, using oxygenated fuels, instead of diesel, resulted in a lower rate of lubricant temperature rise and a higher BSFC, while decreasing the FMEP. Using oxygenated fuels, instead of diesel, during the idle and transient modes resulted in lower indicated torque and maximum in-cylinder pressure under cold-start whilst, under hot-start, it resulted in higher indicated torque and maximum in-cylinder pressure, because during hot-start, the fuel oxygen is significantly influential in torque build-up during turbocharger lag. While, during cold-start there are some other influential factors. In addition, oxygenated fuels—compared to diesel—experienced higher CoV of IMEP during cold-start while, during hot-start, they had lower values.
Ali Zare; Timothy Bodisco; Nurun Nabi; Farhad M Hossain; Zoran Ristovski; Richard J. Brown. A comparative investigation into cold-start and hot-start operation of diesel engine performance with oxygenated fuels during transient and steady-state operation. Fuel 2018, 228, 390 -404.
AMA StyleAli Zare, Timothy Bodisco, Nurun Nabi, Farhad M Hossain, Zoran Ristovski, Richard J. Brown. A comparative investigation into cold-start and hot-start operation of diesel engine performance with oxygenated fuels during transient and steady-state operation. Fuel. 2018; 228 ():390-404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Zare; Timothy Bodisco; Nurun Nabi; Farhad M Hossain; Zoran Ristovski; Richard J. Brown. 2018. "A comparative investigation into cold-start and hot-start operation of diesel engine performance with oxygenated fuels during transient and steady-state operation." Fuel 228, no. : 390-404.