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Lorenzo Cotrozzi
Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Review
Published: 14 August 2021 in Journal of Forestry Research
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Sustainable forest management is essential to confront the detrimental impacts of diseases on forest ecosystems. This review highlights the potential of vegetation spectroscopy in improving the feasibility of assessing forest disturbances induced by diseases in a timely and cost-effective manner. The basic concepts of vegetation spectroscopy and its application in phytopathology are first outlined then the literature on the topic is discussed. Using several optical sensors from leaf to landscape-level, a number of forest diseases characterized by variable pathogenic processes have been detected, identified and quantified in many country sites worldwide. Overall, these reviewed studies have pointed out the green and red regions of the visible spectrum, the red-edge and the early near-infrared as the spectral regions most sensitive to the disease development as they are mostly related to chlorophyll changes and symptom development. Late disease conditions particularly affect the shortwave-infrared region, mostly related to water content. This review also highlights some major issues to be addressed such as the need to explore other major forest diseases and geographic areas, to further develop hyperspectral sensors for early detection and discrimination of forest disturbances, to improve devices for remote sensing, to implement long-term monitoring, and to advance algorithms for exploitation of spectral data. Achieving of these goals will enhance the capability of vegetation spectroscopy in early detection of forest stress and in managing forest diseases.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. Spectroscopic detection of forest diseases: a review (1970–2020). Journal of Forestry Research 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. Spectroscopic detection of forest diseases: a review (1970–2020). Journal of Forestry Research. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. 2021. "Spectroscopic detection of forest diseases: a review (1970–2020)." Journal of Forestry Research , no. : 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The Apulian Region (Italy) is a socio-ecological system shaped by the millennial co-evolution between human actions and ecological processes. It is characterized by monumental olive groves protected from Regional Law 14/2007 for the cultural value of the landscape, currently threatened by the spread of a devastating phytopathogen, the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa. The aim of this paper is to apply landscape resilience analysis focusing on ecosystem services to understand the potential effects and trade-offs of regeneration policies in a peri-urban area characterized by monumental olive groves land cover. The study involved land-cover and land-use analysis, supported by a survey on the inhabitants and an ecosystem services analysis. The results showed a mismatch between the agroecosystem and the social and economic use linked to leisure or hospitality. The study area was defined as a peri-urban landscape characterized by tourist use. From the interviews of the users, the cultural heritage of olive groves seems linked to the presence of olive trees like a status quo of the landscape and olive oil productions. The culture aspect could thus be preserved by changing the type of olive trees. In addition, the analysis showed that the microclimate could be preserved and enhanced in terms of air temperature and thermal comfort, by replacing the olive trees with varieties resistant to Xylella, such as cv. Leccino. Therefore, regeneration policies that promote replacing dead olive groves with new olive trees could be efficient to stimulate social components of the landscape and improve the resilience of ecosystem services in peri-urban areas in the interest of the cultural heritage of the users and benefits that they provide. An ecosystem services analysis at a local scale could be a strategy for an integrated regenerate approach between land-use and land-cover with social, ecological, and economic evolutions vision orientated to a sustainable and desirable future.

ACS Style

Teodoro Semeraro; Elisa Gatto; Riccardo Buccolieri; Valentina Catanzaro; Luigi De Bellis; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Marzia Vergine; Andrea Luvisi. How Ecosystem Services Can Strengthen the Regeneration Policies for Monumental Olive Groves Destroyed by Xylella fastidiosa Bacterium in a Peri-Urban Area. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8778 .

AMA Style

Teodoro Semeraro, Elisa Gatto, Riccardo Buccolieri, Valentina Catanzaro, Luigi De Bellis, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Marzia Vergine, Andrea Luvisi. How Ecosystem Services Can Strengthen the Regeneration Policies for Monumental Olive Groves Destroyed by Xylella fastidiosa Bacterium in a Peri-Urban Area. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8778.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teodoro Semeraro; Elisa Gatto; Riccardo Buccolieri; Valentina Catanzaro; Luigi De Bellis; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Marzia Vergine; Andrea Luvisi. 2021. "How Ecosystem Services Can Strengthen the Regeneration Policies for Monumental Olive Groves Destroyed by Xylella fastidiosa Bacterium in a Peri-Urban Area." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8778.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Environmental Research
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Mediterranean plants are particularly threatened by the exacerbation of prolonged periods of summer drought and increasing concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3). The aims of the present study were to (i) test if selected markers (i.e., reactive oxygen species, ROS; malondialdehyde, MDA; photosynthetic pigments) are able to discriminate the oxidative pressure due to single and combined stress conditions, and (ii) elucidate the physiochemical adjustments adopted by Phillyrea angustifolia (evergreen woody species representative of the maquis, also known as narrow-leaved mock privet) to perceive and counter to drought and/or O3. Plants were grown from May to October under the combination of two levels of water irrigation [i.e., well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS)] and three levels of O3 [i.e., 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the ambient air concentrations, i.e. AA (current O3 scenario), 1.5 × AA and 2.0 × AA (future O3 scenarios), respectively], using a new-generation O3 Free Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) system. Overall, this species appeared relatively sensitive to drought (e.g., net CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance significantly decreased, as well as total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents), and tolerant to O3 (e.g., as confirmed by the absence of visible foliar injury, the unchanged values of total carotenoids, and the detrimental effects on stomatal conductance, total chlorophylls and terpene emission only under elevated O3 concentrations). The combination of both stressors led to harsher oxidative stress. Only when evaluated together (i.e., combining the information provided by the analysis of each stress marker), ROS, MDA and photosynthetic pigments, were suitable stress markers to discriminate the differential oxidative stress induced by drought and increasing O3 concentrations applied singly or in combination: (i) all these stress markers were affected under drought per se; (ii) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA increased under O3 per se, following the gradient of O3 concentrations (H2O2: about 2- and 4-fold higher; MDA: +22 and + 91%; in 1.5 × AA_WW and 2.0 × AA_WW, respectively); (iii) joining together the ROS it was possible to report harsher effects under 2.0 × AA_WS and 1.5 × AA_WS (both anion superoxide and H2O2 increased) than under 2.0 × AA_WW (only H2O2 increased); and (iv) MDA showed harsher effects under 2.0 × AA_WS than under 1.5 × AA_WS (increased by 49 and 18%, respectively). Plants activated physiological and biochemical adjustments in order to partially avoid (e.g., stomatal closure) and tolerate (e.g., increased terpene emission) the effects of drought when combined with increasing O3 concentrations, suggesting that the water use strategy (isohydric) and the sclerophyllous habit can further increase the plant tolerance to environmental constraints in the Mediterranean area.

ACS Style

Elisa Pellegrini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Luisa Neri; Rita Baraldi; Elisa Carrari; Cristina Nali; Giacomo Lorenzini; Elena Paoletti; Yasutomo Hoshika. Stress markers and physiochemical responses of the Mediterranean shrub Phillyrea angustifolia under current and future drought and ozone scenarios. Environmental Research 2021, 201, 111615 .

AMA Style

Elisa Pellegrini, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Luisa Neri, Rita Baraldi, Elisa Carrari, Cristina Nali, Giacomo Lorenzini, Elena Paoletti, Yasutomo Hoshika. Stress markers and physiochemical responses of the Mediterranean shrub Phillyrea angustifolia under current and future drought and ozone scenarios. Environmental Research. 2021; 201 ():111615.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisa Pellegrini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Luisa Neri; Rita Baraldi; Elisa Carrari; Cristina Nali; Giacomo Lorenzini; Elena Paoletti; Yasutomo Hoshika. 2021. "Stress markers and physiochemical responses of the Mediterranean shrub Phillyrea angustifolia under current and future drought and ozone scenarios." Environmental Research 201, no. : 111615.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Environmental Research
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Ozone (O3)-induced metabolic changes in leaves are relevant and may have several ecological significances. Here, variations in foliar chemistry of two poplar clones (Populus deltoides × maximowiczii, Eridano, and P. × euramericana, I-214) under a chronic O3 treatment (80 ppb, 5 h d−1 for 10 consecutive days) were investigated. The aim was to elucidate if leaf age and/or O3-sensitivity (considering Eridano and I-214 as O3-sensitive and O3-resistant, respectively) can affect suitability of poplar foliage for Chrysomela populi L. (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae), in terms of palatability. Comparing controls, only low amino acid (AA) contents were reported in Eridano [about 3- and 4-fold in mature and young leaves (ML and YL, respectively)], and all the investigated primary metabolites [i.e. water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), proteins (Prot) and AA] were higher in YL than in ML of I-214 (+23, +54 and + 20%, respectively). Ozone increased WSC only in YL of Eridano (+24%, i.e. highest values among samples; O3 effects are always reported comparing O3-treated plants with the related controls). A concomitant decrease of Prot was observed in both ML and YL of Eridano, while only in YL of I-214 (−41, −45 and −51%, respectively). In addition, O3 decreased AA in YL of Eridano and in ML of I-214 (−40 and −14%, respectively). Comparing plants maintained under charcoal-filtered air, total ascorbate (Asc) was lower in Eridano in both ML and YL (around −22%), and abscisic acid (ABA) was similar between clones; furthermore, higher levels of Asc were reported in YL than in ML of Eridano (+19%). Ozone increased Asc and ABA (about 2- and 3-fold, respectively) in both ML and YL of Eridano, as well as ABA in YL of I-214 (about 2-fold). Comparing leaves maintained under charcoal-filtered air, the choice feeding test showed that the 2nd instar larvae preferred YL, and the quantity of YL consumed was 9 and 4-fold higher than ML in Eridano and I-214, respectively. Comparing leaves exposed to O3-treatment, a significant feeding preference for YL disks was also observed, regardless of the clone. The no-choice feeding test showed that larval growth was slightly higher on untreated YL than on untreated ML (+19 and + 10% in Eridano and I-214, respectively). The body mass of larvae fed with O3-treated YL was also significantly higher than that of larvae fed with untreated YL (3- and 2-fold in Eridano and I-214). This study highlights that realistic O3 concentrations can significantly impact the host/insect interactions, a phenomenon dependent on leaf age and O3-sensitivity of the host.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Barbara Conti; Giacomo Lorenzini; Elisa Pellegrini; Cristina Nali. In the tripartite combination ozone-poplar-Chrysomela populi, the pollutant alters the plant-insect interaction via primary metabolites of foliage. Environmental Research 2021, 201, 111581 .

AMA Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Barbara Conti, Giacomo Lorenzini, Elisa Pellegrini, Cristina Nali. In the tripartite combination ozone-poplar-Chrysomela populi, the pollutant alters the plant-insect interaction via primary metabolites of foliage. Environmental Research. 2021; 201 ():111581.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Barbara Conti; Giacomo Lorenzini; Elisa Pellegrini; Cristina Nali. 2021. "In the tripartite combination ozone-poplar-Chrysomela populi, the pollutant alters the plant-insect interaction via primary metabolites of foliage." Environmental Research 201, no. : 111581.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2021 in Industrial Crops and Products
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Eliciting plants consists in the application of chemical, physical, and biological factors that induce stressful conditions, and so trigger defense mechanisms and the production of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. In this study, the phenolic and volatile organic compound (VOCs) profiles of sage leaves under a chronic ozone (O3) exposure (120 ppb 5 h day−1 for 36 consecutive days) were investigated, elucidating also their antioxidant activity. The composition, yield, and antioxidant capacity of essential oils (EOs) obtained from sage leaves were also evaluated. Ozone exposure resulted in an overall increase of phenolic compounds. In terms of VOCs, O3 mainly reduced monoterpene emissions, while increased the production of sesquiterpenes (in both leaves and EOs). These O3-induced accumulations were triggered during the first weeks of exposure, whereas they disappeared at the last time of analysis, suggesting that sage plants lost their ability (or interest) in activating secondary metabolism under high doses of O3. The antioxidant capacity of all tested extracts resulted increased by O3 exposure. These outcomes support our speculation that the application of O3 for a limited period (i.e., a maximum of four weeks, at the investigated concentration) may become an effective biotechnological tool to improve the quality of sage leaf extracts.

ACS Style

Alessandra Marchica; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Mariagrazia Tonelli; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. Ozone as eustress for enhancing secondary metabolites and bioactive properties in Salvia officinalis. Industrial Crops and Products 2021, 170, 113730 .

AMA Style

Alessandra Marchica, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Mariagrazia Tonelli, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini. Ozone as eustress for enhancing secondary metabolites and bioactive properties in Salvia officinalis. Industrial Crops and Products. 2021; 170 ():113730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandra Marchica; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Mariagrazia Tonelli; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. 2021. "Ozone as eustress for enhancing secondary metabolites and bioactive properties in Salvia officinalis." Industrial Crops and Products 170, no. : 113730.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Scientia Horticulturae
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Molecular mechanisms underlying plant functioning under salt conditions have not been completely elucidated, especially in a recalcitrant and less studied fruit trees such as pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Here, we identified and characterized the expression of NHX1, HKT1 and SOS1 to understand their role in mediating Na+ and K+ transport, translocation and intracellular compartmentation in two pomegranate cultivars (Wonderful and Parfianka) during the first hours of a moderate salt stress (100 mM). In Wonderful, salt treatment significantly increased the Na+ content only in mature leaves (ML) at 3 h after the beginning of the irrigation (2-fold higher than controls), however a concomitant decrease of K+ content was observed (-33%). A significant decrease of NHX1 and SOS1 levels was observed in ML of Wonderful starting from 10 h. Salt irrigation significantly increased expression levels of these genes at all time points in young leaves of Wonderful (YL; with the exception of NHX1 at 24 h) and led to a 7-fold induction of HKT1 in roots. In Parfianka, salt treatment did not affect the Na+ content, irrespective of leaf age. A significant increase of K+ content was observed only in ML at 3 h (+46%). However, NHX1 gene expression was downregulated at the same time in ML of Parfianka, while it was upregulated in YL. An opposite trend was observed in relation to SOS1 expression. Our finding reinforces the idea that difference between cultivars in ion homeostasis and salt tolerance is associated with transcriptional regulation of NHX1, HKT1 and SOS1 genes, these being members of three major Na+ transporters gene families.

ACS Style

Antonella Calzone; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Elisa Pellegrini; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Frans Maathuis. Can the transcriptional regulation of NHX1, SOS1 and HKT1 genes handle the response of two pomegranate cultivars to moderate salt stress? Scientia Horticulturae 2021, 288, 110309 .

AMA Style

Antonella Calzone, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Elisa Pellegrini, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Frans Maathuis. Can the transcriptional regulation of NHX1, SOS1 and HKT1 genes handle the response of two pomegranate cultivars to moderate salt stress? Scientia Horticulturae. 2021; 288 ():110309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonella Calzone; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Elisa Pellegrini; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Frans Maathuis. 2021. "Can the transcriptional regulation of NHX1, SOS1 and HKT1 genes handle the response of two pomegranate cultivars to moderate salt stress?" Scientia Horticulturae 288, no. : 110309.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2021 in Agronomy
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Advancements in the ability to detect plant responses to salinity are mandatory to improve crop yield, quality, and management practices. The present study shows the capability of hyperspectral reflectance (400–2400 nm) to rapidly and non-destructively detect and monitor the responses of two pomegranate cultivars (Parfianka, P, and Wonderful, W) under salt treatment (i.e., 200 mL of 100 mM NaCl solution every day) for 35 days. Analyzing spectral signatures from asymptomatic leaves, the two cultivars, as well as salinity conditions were discriminated. Furthermore, using a partial least squares regression approach, we constructed predictive models to concomitantly estimate (goodness-of-fit model, R2: 0.61–0.79; percentage of the root mean square error over the data range, %RMSE: 9–14) from spectra of various physiological leaf parameters commonly investigated in plant/salinity studies. The analyses of spectral signatures enabled the early detection of salt stress (i.e., from 14 days from the beginning of treatment, FBT), even in the absence of visible symptoms, but they did not allow the identification of the different degrees of salt tolerance between cultivars; this cultivar-specific tolerance to salt was instead reported by analyzing variations of leaf parameters estimated from spectra (W was less tolerant than P), which, in turn, allowed the detection of salt stress only at later times of analysis (i.e., slightly from 21 day FBT and, evidently, at the end of treatment). The proposed approach could be used in precision agriculture, high-throughput plant phenotyping, and smart nursery management to enhance crop quality and yield.

ACS Style

Antonella Calzone; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. Hyperspectral Detection and Monitoring of Salt Stress in Pomegranate Cultivars. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1038 .

AMA Style

Antonella Calzone, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini. Hyperspectral Detection and Monitoring of Salt Stress in Pomegranate Cultivars. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonella Calzone; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. 2021. "Hyperspectral Detection and Monitoring of Salt Stress in Pomegranate Cultivars." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1038.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Environmental Research
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Date palms are highly economically important species in hot arid regions, which may suffer ozone (O3) pollution equivalently to heat and water stress. However, little is known about date palm sensitivity to O3. Therefore, to identify their resistance mechanisms against elevated O3, physiological parameters (leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf pigments) and biomass growth responses to realistic O3 exposure were tested in an isoprene-emitting date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Nabut Saif) by a Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) facility with three levels of O3 (ambient [AA, 45 ppb as 24-h average], 1.5 x AA and 2 x AA). We found a reduction of photosynthesis only at 2 x AA although some foliar traits known as early indicators of O3 stress responded already at 1.5 x AA, such as increased dark respiration, reduced leaf pigment content, reduced maximum quantum yield of PSII, inactivation of the oxygen evolving complex of PSII and reduced performance index PITOT. As a result, O3 did not affect most of the growth parameters although significant declines of root biomass occurred only at 2 x AA. The major mechanism in date palm for reducing the severity of O3 impacts was a restriction of stomatal O3 uptake due to low stomatal conductance and O3-induced stomatal closure. In addition, an increased respiration in elevated O3 may indicate an enhanced capacity of catabolizing metabolites for detoxification and repair. Interestingly, date palm produced low amounts of monoterpenes, whose emission was stimulated in 2 x AA, although isoprene emission declined at both 1.5 and 2 x AA. Our results warrant more research on a biological significance of terpenoids in plant resistance against O3 stress.

ACS Style

Elena Paoletti; Yasutomo Hoshika; Leila Arab; Sofia Martini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Daniel Weber; Peter Ache; Luisa Neri; Rita Baraldi; Elisa Pellegrini; Heike M. Müller; Rainer Hedrich; Saleh Alfarraj; Heinz Rennenberg. Date palm responses to a chronic, realistic ozone exposure in a FACE experiment. Environmental Research 2021, 195, 110868 .

AMA Style

Elena Paoletti, Yasutomo Hoshika, Leila Arab, Sofia Martini, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Daniel Weber, Peter Ache, Luisa Neri, Rita Baraldi, Elisa Pellegrini, Heike M. Müller, Rainer Hedrich, Saleh Alfarraj, Heinz Rennenberg. Date palm responses to a chronic, realistic ozone exposure in a FACE experiment. Environmental Research. 2021; 195 ():110868.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Paoletti; Yasutomo Hoshika; Leila Arab; Sofia Martini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Daniel Weber; Peter Ache; Luisa Neri; Rita Baraldi; Elisa Pellegrini; Heike M. Müller; Rainer Hedrich; Saleh Alfarraj; Heinz Rennenberg. 2021. "Date palm responses to a chronic, realistic ozone exposure in a FACE experiment." Environmental Research 195, no. : 110868.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2020 in Antioxidants
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Specialized metabolites constitute a major antioxidant system involved in plant defence against environmental constraints, such as tropospheric ozone (O3). The objective of this experiment was to give a thorough description of the effects of an O3 pulse (120 ppb, 5 h) on the phenylpropanoid metabolism of sage, at both biochemical and molecular levels. Variable O3-induced changes were observed over time among the detected phenylpropanoid compounds (mostly identified as phenolic acids and flavonoids), likely because of their extraordinary functional diversity. Furthermore, decreases in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), phenol oxidase (PPO), and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) activities were reported during the first hours of treatment, probably due to an O3-induced oxidative damage to proteins. Both PAL and PPO activities were also suppressed at 24 h from the beginning of exposure, whereas enhanced RAS activity occurred at the end of treatment and at the recovery time, suggesting that specific branches of the phenolic pathways were activated. The increased RAS activity was accompanied by the up-regulation of the transcript levels of genes like RAS, tyrosine aminotransferase, and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase. In conclusion, sage faced the O3 pulse by regulating the activation of the phenolic biosynthetic route as an integrated defence mechanism.

ACS Style

Alessandra Marchica; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Rebecca Detti; Giacomo Pellegrini; Maike Petersen; Cristina Nali. The Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds is an Integrated Defence Mechanism to Prevent Ozone Injury in Salvia officinalis. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 1274 .

AMA Style

Alessandra Marchica, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Rebecca Detti, Giacomo Pellegrini, Maike Petersen, Cristina Nali. The Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds is an Integrated Defence Mechanism to Prevent Ozone Injury in Salvia officinalis. Antioxidants. 2020; 9 (12):1274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandra Marchica; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Rebecca Detti; Giacomo Pellegrini; Maike Petersen; Cristina Nali. 2020. "The Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds is an Integrated Defence Mechanism to Prevent Ozone Injury in Salvia officinalis." Antioxidants 9, no. 12: 1274.

Meta analysis
Published: 27 November 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Tropospheric ozone (O3) levels are still elevated in many regions of the world including Northern Hemisphere forests areas, and are predicted to increase further due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. Oaks are major woody angiosperms in the Northern Hemisphere in terms of biodiversity, ecological dominance, and economic values. This meta-analysis shows overwhelming evidence of the O3 effects on 51 growth, anatomical, biomass, physiological and biochemical parameters of 14 deciduous or evergreen oak species distributed all around the Northern Hemisphere. Although no large impacts were observed on biomass, suggesting an O3 tolerance by oaks, some impairments were found at physiological level that might negatively affect carbon sequestration and water vapour transfer to the atmosphere. This outcome suggests the need to incorporate this phenomenon into future projection studies dealing with how atmospheric change and forest biomes will interact in effecting climatic change. Among the antioxidants used by oaks to respond to O3, phenols seem to have a crucial role. Deciduous species resulted more affected by O3 than evergreen ones, as well as oaks native to Eurasia, in comparison with those from North-America. Experiments performed in less controlled environments showed more O3 deleterious effects, especially under higher AOT40 levels, but negative impacts were also reported for acute O3 exposures. Most of the reviewed studies with additional treatments to O3 exposure investigated the interaction(s) between O3 and drought, but the negative effects induced by drought seemed not to be exacerbated by the pollutant. However, more combined experiments on the impact of O3 and co-occurring stressors on woody species are necessary. Another major issue is the lack of experiments on adult trees. To better understand O3 impacts, and to reinforce the strength of O3 impact predictions, O3 controlled experiments on young individuals should be combined with long-term experiments on mature trees grown in open-air conditions.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. The effects of tropospheric ozone on oaks: A global meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 756, 143795 .

AMA Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. The effects of tropospheric ozone on oaks: A global meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 756 ():143795.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. 2020. "The effects of tropospheric ozone on oaks: A global meta-analysis." Science of The Total Environment 756, no. : 143795.

Journal article
Published: 04 November 2020 in Environmental and Experimental Botany
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Techniques to monitor oxidative stress pre-visually are essential to optimize plant management. Here, we investigated the capability of hyperspectral reflectance (350-2500 nm) to characterize responses of two pomegranate cultivars (Parfianka and Wonderful) under ozone (O3) episodes at a gradient of concentrations (50, 100 and 200 ppb for 5 h). Analyzing spectral signatures collected rapidly and non-destructively from asymptomatic leaves, we accurately discriminated the two cultivars, as well as controls from plants exposed to O3, in particular those under the higher oxidative stress (i.e. 200 ppb). These discriminations were especially accurate in Wonderful at the end of the exposure (5 h from the beginning of exposure; FBE), and at 24 h FBE. Furthermore, using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach, we constructed predictive spectral models to estimate from spectra an array of commonly used physiological and biochemical leaf traits related to plant/oxidative stress interaction (photosynthesis, lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants). Most traits were relatively well predicted by spectroscopic models (model goodness-of fit for validation, R2: 0.77-0.50). Finally, variations of spectra-derived vegetation indices and leaf traits derived from spectra confirmed the lower O3-tolerance of the Wonderful cultivar, when exposed to 200 ppb. Overall, the present study shows that the proposed spectroscopic approach can rapidly and non-destructively assess early oxidative stress conditions in plants, and consequently it can help in increasing plant yield and quality. Limitations of the approach are also presented and discussed.

ACS Style

Antonella Calzone; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Damiano Remorini; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. Oxidative stress assessment by a spectroscopic approach in pomegranate plants under a gradient of ozone concentrations. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2020, 182, 104309 .

AMA Style

Antonella Calzone, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Damiano Remorini, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini. Oxidative stress assessment by a spectroscopic approach in pomegranate plants under a gradient of ozone concentrations. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2020; 182 ():104309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonella Calzone; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Damiano Remorini; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. 2020. "Oxidative stress assessment by a spectroscopic approach in pomegranate plants under a gradient of ozone concentrations." Environmental and Experimental Botany 182, no. : 104309.

Article
Published: 09 October 2020 in European Journal of Plant Pathology
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Verticillium dahliae (Kleb.) is a soil-borne pathogen able to cause yield losses in eggplant, Solanum melongena L., one of the most important vegetable crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, an experiment was conducted to assess physiological and biochemical mechanisms modulating the interactions between S. melongena cv. Violetta di Rimini and V. dahliae strain VdGL16 in leaves at different age (mature, intermediate and young; ML, IL and YL) up to 25 days post artificial root inoculation (dpi). At 8 dpi, infected ML showed a marked reduction of photosynthetic rate (4-fold lower than controls) associated with stomatal (reduced stomatal conductance) and mesophyll (concomitant increase of intercellular CO2 concentration) limitations. Cell membrane integrity was compromised, and phylloptosis/death occurred. At 8 and 18 dpi, stomatal closure (−40 and − 53%, respectively) and biochemical alterations occurred in IL. At 18 dpi, the consumption of secondary metabolites suggested that antioxidant- and antimicrobial-defence responses were activated. However, photoinhibition, oxidative stress and water deficit were observed at the end of the experiment. These mechanisms were observed also in YL, as confirmed by the strong increase of tannins (+46%) followed by accumulation of other phenylpropanoids. Despite plant growth being maintained, reduction of leaf area and water deficit occurred. This study highlights the capacity of eggplant to activate dynamic biochemical mechanisms in response to fungal infection, even in susceptible genotypes, a starting point for comparisons with resistant material for selection.

ACS Style

C. Pisuttu; E. Pellegrini; L. Cotrozzi; C. Nali; G. Lorenzini. Ecophysiological and biochemical events associated with the challenge of Verticillium dahliae to eggplant. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2020, 158, 879 -894.

AMA Style

C. Pisuttu, E. Pellegrini, L. Cotrozzi, C. Nali, G. Lorenzini. Ecophysiological and biochemical events associated with the challenge of Verticillium dahliae to eggplant. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2020; 158 (4):879-894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Pisuttu; E. Pellegrini; L. Cotrozzi; C. Nali; G. Lorenzini. 2020. "Ecophysiological and biochemical events associated with the challenge of Verticillium dahliae to eggplant." European Journal of Plant Pathology 158, no. 4: 879-894.

Journal article
Published: 09 September 2020 in Plant Physiology
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Advancements in phenotyping techniques capable of rapidly and non-destructively detecting impacts of drought on crops are necessary to meet the twenty-first century challenge of food security. Here, we describe the use of hyperspectral reflectance to predict variation in physiological and anatomical leaf traits related with water status under varying water availability in six maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids that differ in yield stability under drought. We also assessed relationships among traits and collections of traits with yield stability. Measurements were collected in both greenhouse and field environments, with plants exposed to different levels of water stress or to natural water availability, respectively. Leaf spectral measurements were paired with a number of physiological and anatomical reference measurements, and predictive spectral models were constructed using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach. All traits were relatively well predicted by spectroscopic models, with external validation (i.e., by applying PLSR-coefficients on a dataset distinct from the one used for calibration) goodness-of-fit (R2) ranging from 0.37 to 0.89 and normalized error ranging from 12-21%. Correlations between reference and predicted data were statistically similar for both greenhouse and field data. Our findings highlight the capability of vegetation spectroscopy to rapidly and non-destructively identify a number of foliar functional traits affected by drought that can be used as indicators of plant water status. Although we did not detect trait coordination with yield stability in the hybrids used in the current study, expanding the range of functional traits estimated by hyperspectral data can help improve trait-based breeding approaches.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Raquel Peron; Mitchell R. Tuinstra; Michael V. Mickelbart; John J. Couture. Spectral Phenotyping of Physiological and Anatomical Leaf Traits Related with Maize Water Status. Plant Physiology 2020, 184, 1363 -1377.

AMA Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Raquel Peron, Mitchell R. Tuinstra, Michael V. Mickelbart, John J. Couture. Spectral Phenotyping of Physiological and Anatomical Leaf Traits Related with Maize Water Status. Plant Physiology. 2020; 184 (3):1363-1377.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Raquel Peron; Mitchell R. Tuinstra; Michael V. Mickelbart; John J. Couture. 2020. "Spectral Phenotyping of Physiological and Anatomical Leaf Traits Related with Maize Water Status." Plant Physiology 184, no. 3: 1363-1377.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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High-throughput and large-scale measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) are of great interest to investigate the photosynthetic performance of plants in the field. Here, we tested the capability to rapidly, precisely, and simultaneously estimate the number of pulse-amplitude-modulation ChlF parameters commonly calculated from both dark- and light-adapted leaves (an operation which usually takes tens of minutes) from the reflectance of hyperspectral data collected on light-adapted leaves of date palm seedlings chronically exposed in a FACE facility to three ozone (O3) concentrations (ambient air, AA; target 1.5 × AA O3, named as moderate O3, MO; target 2 × AA O3, named as elevated O3, EO) for 75 consecutive days. Leaf spectral measurements were paired with reference measurements of ChlF, and predictive spectral models were constructed using partial least squares regression. Most of the ChlF parameters were well predicted by spectroscopic models (average model goodness-of-fit for validation, R2: 0.53–0.82). Furthermore, comparing the full-range spectral profiles (i.e., 400–2400 nm), it was possible to distinguish with high accuracy (81% of success) plants exposed to the different O3 concentrations, especially those exposed to EO from those exposed to MO and AA. This was possible even in the absence of visible foliar injury and using a moderately O3-susceptible species like the date palm. The latter view is confirmed by the few variations of the ChlF parameters, that occurred only under EO. The results of the current study could be applied in several scientific fields, such as precision agriculture and plant phenotyping.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini; Vincenzo Saponaro; Yasutomo Hoshika; Leila Arab; Heinz Rennenberg; Elena Paoletti. Hyperspectral Reflectance of Light-Adapted Leaves Can Predict Both Dark- and Light-Adapted Chl Fluorescence Parameters, and the Effects of Chronic Ozone Exposure on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 6441 .

AMA Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini, Vincenzo Saponaro, Yasutomo Hoshika, Leila Arab, Heinz Rennenberg, Elena Paoletti. Hyperspectral Reflectance of Light-Adapted Leaves Can Predict Both Dark- and Light-Adapted Chl Fluorescence Parameters, and the Effects of Chronic Ozone Exposure on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (17):6441.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini; Vincenzo Saponaro; Yasutomo Hoshika; Leila Arab; Heinz Rennenberg; Elena Paoletti. 2020. "Hyperspectral Reflectance of Light-Adapted Leaves Can Predict Both Dark- and Light-Adapted Chl Fluorescence Parameters, and the Effects of Chronic Ozone Exposure on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17: 6441.

Review
Published: 30 July 2020 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi, which can cause toxicity in animal species, including humans. Because of their high toxicological impacts, mycotoxins have received significant consideration, leading to the definition of strict legislative thresholds and limits in many areas of the world. Mycotoxins can reduce farm profits not only through reduced crop quality and product refusal, but also through a reduction in animal productivity and health. This paper briefly addresses the impacts of mycotoxin contamination of feed and food on animal and human health, and describes the main pre- and post-harvest systems to control their levels, including genetic, agronomic, biological, chemical, and physical methods. It so highlights (i) the lack of effective and straightforward solutions to control mycotoxin contamination in the field, at pre-harvest, as well as later post-harvest; and (ii) the increasing demand for novel methods to control mycotoxin infections, intoxications, and diseases, without leaving toxic chemical residues in the food and feed chain. Thus, the broad objective of the present study was to review the literature on the use of ozone for mycotoxin decontamination, proposing this gaseous air pollutant as a powerful tool to detoxify mycotoxins from feed and food.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Conte; Marco Fontanelli; Francesca Galli; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Lorenzo Pagni; Elisa Pellegrini. Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update. Toxins 2020, 12, 486 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Conte, Marco Fontanelli, Francesca Galli, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Lorenzo Pagni, Elisa Pellegrini. Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update. Toxins. 2020; 12 (8):486.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Conte; Marco Fontanelli; Francesca Galli; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Lorenzo Pagni; Elisa Pellegrini. 2020. "Mycotoxins in Feed and Food and the Role of Ozone in Their Detoxification and Degradation: An Update." Toxins 12, no. 8: 486.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2020 in Industrial Crops and Products
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To decipher the role of low molecular weight antioxidants in the sensitivity of Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm, an aromatic plant, widely cultivated for pharmaceutical, food, beverage and cosmetic purposes) to realistic ozone (O3) concentrations, plants of this species were exposed to the gaseous pollutant (80 ppb for 5 h), and investigated for their antioxidative systems and stress tolerance. Ozone treated leaves tried to cope with the increased oxidative pressure by improving the synthesis of most of the tested antioxidant compounds (e.g. superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, phenols and total carotenoids), whereas catalase and proline were not increased. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (i.e. the dominant active phenolic compound of the investigated species) was also triggered by O3. These cellular processes were orchestrated during and after the exposure, inducing a partial and transient control of the reactive oxygen species (i.e. hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion) and an increase of the antioxidant capacity throughout the recovery phase (12–48 h from the beginning of the exposure). However, they were not able to protect the cell structure, as demonstrated by the macroscopic damages observed on both leaf surfaces of fumigated plants.

ACS Style

Anne S. Döring; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Maike Petersen; Elisa Pellegrini. Deciphering the role of low molecular weight antioxidants in the sensitivity of Melissa officinalis L. to realistic ozone concentrations. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 150, 112369 .

AMA Style

Anne S. Döring, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Maike Petersen, Elisa Pellegrini. Deciphering the role of low molecular weight antioxidants in the sensitivity of Melissa officinalis L. to realistic ozone concentrations. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 150 ():112369.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne S. Döring; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Maike Petersen; Elisa Pellegrini. 2020. "Deciphering the role of low molecular weight antioxidants in the sensitivity of Melissa officinalis L. to realistic ozone concentrations." Industrial Crops and Products 150, no. : 112369.

Oxidative stress
Published: 14 February 2020 in Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
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To compare the phenolic responses under oxidative stressors, plants of two Italian cultivars of durum wheat (Claudio and Mongibello) were (a) exposed to ozone (O3) (80 ppb, 5 hr/day for 70 consecutive days), with the aim to investigate the changes of phenolic compound contents in their leaves, or (b) flooded (seven consecutive days). Plants showed O3‐induced visible injury, but their photosynthetic performance was not affected by the pollutant. Specifically, Claudio showed a higher O3 tolerance than Mongibello. The major value of the present study is undoubtedly the pioneering investigation of phenolic metabolism of durum wheat under O3. We identified 12 foliar phenolic compounds in all leaf samples (i.e. controls, exposed to O3 and flooded): ten phenolic acids, a flavanol (catechin hydrate) and a phenolic aldehyde (syringaldehyde). Overall, O3 exposure resulted in accumulations of phenolic compounds, especially in Claudio. These responses can be likely considered a fine‐regulated repair process that equipped Claudio stressed plants with an antioxidant system capable of scavenging oxidative stress. Different phenolic variations were found in flooded plants, suggesting that phenolic response to environmental constraints is stress specific. Our study confirms that investigations and characterization of specific phenolic profiles of crop cultivars under oxidative stress may be helpful in breeding programmes.

ACS Style

Chong Chen; Songsong Chen; Rohit Kumar Jha; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Cristina Nali; Giacomo Lorenzini; Limin Ma. Phenol metabolism of two cultivars of durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.) as affected by ozone and flooding stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 2020, 206, 338 -351.

AMA Style

Chong Chen, Songsong Chen, Rohit Kumar Jha, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Cristina Nali, Giacomo Lorenzini, Limin Ma. Phenol metabolism of two cultivars of durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.) as affected by ozone and flooding stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 2020; 206 (3):338-351.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chong Chen; Songsong Chen; Rohit Kumar Jha; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Cristina Nali; Giacomo Lorenzini; Limin Ma. 2020. "Phenol metabolism of two cultivars of durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.) as affected by ozone and flooding stress." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 206, no. 3: 338-351.

Research article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Phytopathology®
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Wheat blast is a devastating disease caused by the Triticum pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae. M. oryzae Triticum is capable of infecting leaves and spikes of wheat. Although symptoms of wheat spike blast (WSB) are quite distinct in the field, symptoms on leaves (WLB) are rarely reported because they are usually inconspicuos. Two field experiments were conducted in Bolivia to characterize the change in WLB and WSB intensity over time and determine whether multispectral imagery can be used to accurately assess WSB. Disease progress curves (DPCs) were plotted from WLB and WSB data, and regression models were fitted to describe the nature of WSB epidemics. WLB incidence and severity changed over time; however, the mean WLB severity was inconspicuous before wheat began spike emergence. Overall, both Gompertz and logistic models helped to describe WSB intensity DPCs fitting classic sigmoidal shape curves. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients were estimated to measure agreement between visual estimates and digital measurements of WSB intensity and to estimate accuracy and precision. Our findings suggest that the change of wheat blast intensity in a susceptible host population over time does not follow a pattern of a monocyclic epidemic. We have also demonstrated that WSB severity can be quantified using a digital approach based on nongreen pixels. Quantification was precise (0.96 < r> 0.83) and accurate (0.92 < ρ > 0.69) at moderately low to high visual WSB severity levels. Additional sensor-based methods must be explored to determine their potential for detection of WLB and WSB at earlier stages.

ACS Style

C. Gongora-Canul; J. D. Salgado; D. Singh; A. P. Cruz; L. Cotrozzi; J. Couture; M. G. Rivadeneira; G. Cruppe; B. Valent; T. Todd; J. Poland; C. D. Cruz. Temporal Dynamics of Wheat Blast Epidemics and Disease Measurements Using Multispectral Imagery. Phytopathology® 2020, 110, 393 -405.

AMA Style

C. Gongora-Canul, J. D. Salgado, D. Singh, A. P. Cruz, L. Cotrozzi, J. Couture, M. G. Rivadeneira, G. Cruppe, B. Valent, T. Todd, J. Poland, C. D. Cruz. Temporal Dynamics of Wheat Blast Epidemics and Disease Measurements Using Multispectral Imagery. Phytopathology®. 2020; 110 (2):393-405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Gongora-Canul; J. D. Salgado; D. Singh; A. P. Cruz; L. Cotrozzi; J. Couture; M. G. Rivadeneira; G. Cruppe; B. Valent; T. Todd; J. Poland; C. D. Cruz. 2020. "Temporal Dynamics of Wheat Blast Epidemics and Disease Measurements Using Multispectral Imagery." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2: 393-405.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2019 in Atmospheric Pollution Research
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Although air pollution usually leads to a reduction in the overall growth and development of plants, its effects on leaf demography have not been well examined so far. The present study was designed to highlight the capability of the demographic approach, together with traditional growth and other leaf trait analyses, to assess the impact of air pollution on vegetation by exposing plants of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) to a long-term gradient of sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppb, for 45 consecutive days). This study shows that (i) alfalfa plants tolerated only the lower SO2 concentration, while detrimental effects on leaf demography and growth were imposed by higher SO2 levels, with a less efficient strategy in carbon gain and allocation found in plants under 60 ppb; (ii) leaf demography and traditional growth analysis leaded to agreeing outcomes, but the demographic approach detected the stress induced by SO2 sooner; and more generally (iii) demography can be a powerful and non-destructive tool for monitoring plant responses to air pollution, especially considering that the feasibility of this approach will likely increase with the reduction of its operational time related to the rapid expansion of several automated phenotyping techniques.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. Leaf demography and growth analysis to assess the impact of air pollution on plants: A case study on alfalfa exposed to a gradient of sulphur dioxide concentrations. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2019, 11, 186 -192.

AMA Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. Leaf demography and growth analysis to assess the impact of air pollution on plants: A case study on alfalfa exposed to a gradient of sulphur dioxide concentrations. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019; 11 (1):186-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Cotrozzi. 2019. "Leaf demography and growth analysis to assess the impact of air pollution on plants: A case study on alfalfa exposed to a gradient of sulphur dioxide concentrations." Atmospheric Pollution Research 11, no. 1: 186-192.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2019 in Plants
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Advancements in techniques to rapidly and non-destructively detect the impact of tropospheric ozone (O3) on crops are required. This study demonstrates the capability of full-range (350–2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy to characterize responses of asymptomatic sage leaves under an acute O3 exposure (200 ppb for 5 h). Using partial least squares regression, spectral models were developed for the estimation of several traits related to photosynthesis, the oxidative pressure induced by O3, and the antioxidant mechanisms adopted by plants to cope with the pollutant. Physiological traits were well predicted by spectroscopic models (average model goodness-of-fit for validation (R2): 0.65–0.90), whereas lower prediction performances were found for biochemical traits (R2: 0.42–0.71). Furthermore, even in the absence of visible symptoms, comparing the full-range spectral profiles, it was possible to distinguish with accuracy plants exposed to charcoal-filtered air from those exposed to O3. An O3 effect on sage spectra was detectable from 1 to 5 h from the beginning of the exposure, but ozonated plants quickly recovered after the fumigation. This O3-tolerance was confirmed by trends of vegetation indices and leaf traits derived from spectra, further highlighting the capability of reflectance spectroscopy to early detect the responses of crops to O3.

ACS Style

Alessandra Marchica; Silvia Loré; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini; Damiano Remorini. Early Detection of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Responses to Ozone Using Reflectance Spectroscopy. Plants 2019, 8, 346 .

AMA Style

Alessandra Marchica, Silvia Loré, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini, Damiano Remorini. Early Detection of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Responses to Ozone Using Reflectance Spectroscopy. Plants. 2019; 8 (9):346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandra Marchica; Silvia Loré; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini; Damiano Remorini. 2019. "Early Detection of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Responses to Ozone Using Reflectance Spectroscopy." Plants 8, no. 9: 346.