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The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive econometrical framework based on a multilevel random effect logistic model that could highlight important contributors to carpool users among different cities with various attributes. The data was collected from the three cities of Tucson, AZ, USA; El Paso, TX, USA; and Austin, TX, USA and was based on register-based travel trip data from the Metropia platform and American Community Survey information from 2016 to 2017. The empirical results indicated there were statistically significant differences among carpool users in different cities due to the transportation mode, number of vehicles available, total number of males driving alone, and number of single-parent households. The individual level result showed that incentives had a significant effect on the promotion of carpool passenger and driver behavior. In addition, the time of finding the parking space at work, living situation of the household, flexibility to change departure times, gender, and age could effectively increase the possibility of carpool usage. The results of this study give a better understanding of the events in the initial factors of carpooling behavior and can be used by the government or commercial company to design an effective solution for traffic congestion.
Tzu-Ying Chen; Rong-Chang Jou; Yi-Chang Chiu. Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 937 .
AMA StyleTzu-Ying Chen, Rong-Chang Jou, Yi-Chang Chiu. Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):937.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTzu-Ying Chen; Rong-Chang Jou; Yi-Chang Chiu. 2021. "Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 937.
This study estimates the productivity loss cost according to the severity of vehicle crash injury. A contingent valuation survey was conducted to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of vehicle crash offenders in Taiwan. In addition, a Double-Hurdle model was used to deal with the large number of zero WTP responses. The results show that the estimated productivity loss cost of vehicle crash ranges from 2,000 USD to 47,000 USD. In addition, as expected, the individuals’ WTP is positively related with education, average monthly income, share of vehicle crash responsibility, experience of moderate or worse vehicle crash injury, work days lost after a vehicle crash, and experience of receiving compensation for productivity loss from a vehicle crash. This study also demonstrates that the Double-Hurdle model was statistically superior to the Tobit model.
Rong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. Estimating Productivity Loss Cost according to Severity of Vehicle Crash Injury. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019, 2019, 1 -14.
AMA StyleRong-Chang Jou, Tzu-Ying Chen. Estimating Productivity Loss Cost according to Severity of Vehicle Crash Injury. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2019; 2019 ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. 2019. "Estimating Productivity Loss Cost according to Severity of Vehicle Crash Injury." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019, no. : 1-14.
Public transportation is relatively safe and secure, although less convenient than private modes of transport. However, current trends indicate that, by 2030, road traffic injuries will be the fifth leading cause of death globally. This study proposes an approach for identifying hidden contributors to traffic risk in the major metropolitan cities of Taiwan. Our purpose is to offer a comprehensive econometrical framework, using Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM), which highlights important contributors to traffic accident risk at different levels of injuries for public transportation. Four models underlying HLM are used to characterize the traffic accident risk. Our empirical results indicate that random intercept and random slope with interaction of HLM (model 4) is the best model. In addition, there are significant regional differences in traffic accident risk depending on the use of public and private transportation, the length of bus routes, daily average number of bus frequency per route, gender, driving habits, and behaviour. Results show that, when the length of bus routes increases by 50% in a city with well-developed infrastructure, such as Taipei, the accident risk would reduce the crash risk from 1.66 to 1.43 (decreases by 0.23), corresponding to 3450 casualties, and the total accident expense can be reduced by NT$13 billion. If daily average number of bus frequency per route in Taichung increases by 50%, there are almost 3000 fewer casualties, and the accident expense decreases by NT$9.6 billion. The results of this study provide suggestions to the government that developing public transportation can effectively decrease road traffic accident risk and accident expense.
Tzu-Ying Chen; Rong-Chang Jou. Using HLM to investigate the relationship between traffic accident risk of private vehicles and public transportation. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2018, 119, 148 -161.
AMA StyleTzu-Ying Chen, Rong-Chang Jou. Using HLM to investigate the relationship between traffic accident risk of private vehicles and public transportation. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2018; 119 ():148-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTzu-Ying Chen; Rong-Chang Jou. 2018. "Using HLM to investigate the relationship between traffic accident risk of private vehicles and public transportation." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 119, no. : 148-161.
Traffic violations, particularly drink driving, are a menace to the drivers themselves, and to other road users. Drink driving crashes often cause death or serious injury to the driver. Understanding the recidivism effect factor of drink driving is essential for designing effective countermeasures. This study is based on register-based data from the National Police Agency, Ministry of the Interior of Taiwan and monthly administrative area information from 2012 to 2015 for the entire population. Hence, this study not only focuses on the effect factor and violation differences between recidivists and non-recidivists, but discusses the entire regional characteristics effect for recidivism. The purpose of this study is to offer a comprehensive econometrical framework, using a multilevel random effect logistic model, which highlights important contributors to drink driving recidivism from regional attributes. As the study findings from our empirical results indicate, there are statistically significant differences with drink driving in administrative areas, depending on the number of report on drink driving by police, divorce rate of the population, alcohol consumption, number of community security patrol teams, number of bus trips, and level of education. The results of this study provide suggestions to the government for enhancing community security and developing public transportation, both of which can effectively decrease drink driving recidivism and improve public road safety.
Tzu-Ying Chen; Rong-Chang Jou. Estimating factors of individual and regional characteristics affecting the drink driving recidivism. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2018, 119, 16 -22.
AMA StyleTzu-Ying Chen, Rong-Chang Jou. Estimating factors of individual and regional characteristics affecting the drink driving recidivism. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2018; 119 ():16-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTzu-Ying Chen; Rong-Chang Jou. 2018. "Estimating factors of individual and regional characteristics affecting the drink driving recidivism." Accident Analysis & Prevention 119, no. : 16-22.
Highlights•Compensations for productivity loss and consolation in road traffic accidents were examined.•Five injury levels were designed to analyse the compensations.•Tobit model was used to overcome zero willingness to pay.•Results showed compensations were increased as injury severity increased. AbstractIn this study, willingness to pay (WTP) for loss of productivity and consolation compensation by parties to traffic accidents is investigated using the Tobit model. In addition, WTP is compared to compensation determined by Taiwanese courts. The modelling results showed that variables such as education, average individual monthly income, traffic accident history, past experience of severe traffic accident injuries, the number of working days lost due to a traffic accident, past experience of accepting compensation for traffic accident-caused productivity loss and past experience of accepting consolation compensation caused by traffic accidents have a positive impact on WTP. In addition, average WTP for these two accident costs were obtained. We found that parties to traffic accidents were willing to pay more than 90% of the compensation determined by the court in the scenario of minor and moderate injuries. Parties were willing to pay approximately 80% of the compensation determined by the court for severe injuries, disability and fatality. Therefore, related agencies can use our study findings as the basis for determining the compensation that parties should pay for productivity losses caused by traffic accidents of different types.
Rong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. The willingness to pay of parties to traffic accidents for loss of productivity and consolation compensation. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2015, 85, 1 -12.
AMA StyleRong-Chang Jou, Tzu-Ying Chen. The willingness to pay of parties to traffic accidents for loss of productivity and consolation compensation. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2015; 85 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. 2015. "The willingness to pay of parties to traffic accidents for loss of productivity and consolation compensation." Accident Analysis & Prevention 85, no. : 1-12.
This study explores highway travellers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for external costs caused by traffic accidents. There are a number of further external costs, the paper focuses on two externalities: air pollution and time delays. Data collection was performed using the face-to-face survey method, and the surveys were carried out at highway rest areas. Air pollution and time delays were divided into three levels of severity (light, moderate and severe) to obtain the interviewees’ WTP according to each level of severity. The result of this study demonstrates that there are many samples with zero WTP because penalties for pollution caused by traffic accidents are not currently enforced in Taiwan. Thus, the spike model was adopted in this study to overcome any estimation error that might be caused by excessive NT$0 WTP samples. The results show that variables such as age, education, income and willingness to participate in activities of environmental protection have a positive effect on WTP for air pollution, whereas variables such as occupation, travel purpose, traveller identity, travel time and travel distance have a significantly positive effect on WTP for time delays. WTP for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is NT$8862–11,502/metric ton (US$1 = NT$30) and WTP for carbon dioxide (CO2) is NT$1070–2693/metric ton. Moreover, WTP for time delays is NT$960–1320/h. The findings of this study not only demonstrate WTP for air pollution and time delays in the minds of parties to traffic accidents but also help to provide agencies with a basis to formulate applicable penalties in the future.
Rong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. External Costs to Parties Involved in Highway Traffic Accidents: The Perspective of Highway Users. Sustainability 2015, 7, 7310 -7332.
AMA StyleRong-Chang Jou, Tzu-Ying Chen. External Costs to Parties Involved in Highway Traffic Accidents: The Perspective of Highway Users. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (6):7310-7332.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. 2015. "External Costs to Parties Involved in Highway Traffic Accidents: The Perspective of Highway Users." Sustainability 7, no. 6: 7310-7332.
An important source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is the air transport sector, which accounts for approximately 2% of global GHG emissions. Therefore, reducing GHG emissions from aircrafts has become a major challenge for transportation authorities worldwide. In recent years, much research has focused on tax ideas related to the CO2 emissions produced by air transport, such as the voluntary carbon offset (VCO). This study investigates the willingness of economy class air passengers to pay to compensate for the CO2 emissions produced during their journeys from Taiwan to Hong Kong. Together with the Spike model, a framework known as the contingent valuation (CV) method offers a way to investigate how much the air passenger would be willing to pay to offset a journey’s airplane-generated CO2 emissions. The Spike model was applied to address the problem of zero willingness to pay (WTP). The results obtained in this study are consistent with the results found in previous studies and therefore can provide valuable insights into pricing strategies for airlines.
Rong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. Willingness to Pay of Air Passengers for Carbon-Offset. Sustainability 2015, 7, 3071 -3085.
AMA StyleRong-Chang Jou, Tzu-Ying Chen. Willingness to Pay of Air Passengers for Carbon-Offset. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (3):3071-3085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. 2015. "Willingness to Pay of Air Passengers for Carbon-Offset." Sustainability 7, no. 3: 3071-3085.
Rong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. Factors affecting public transportation, car, and motorcycle usage. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2014, 61, 186 -198.
AMA StyleRong-Chang Jou, Tzu-Ying Chen. Factors affecting public transportation, car, and motorcycle usage. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2014; 61 ():186-198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong-Chang Jou; Tzu-Ying Chen. 2014. "Factors affecting public transportation, car, and motorcycle usage." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 61, no. : 186-198.
This paper investigates the relationship between medical treatment costs and the length of hospital stays resulting from motorcycle crashes involving the elderly. The World Health Organization defines 'elderly' as people more than 65 years old. The sample for this study consisted of data for the year 2007 collected by the Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taiwan. We develop models for predicting medical costs and the length of hospital stays based on diagnosis, hospital and user types. The seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) model was applied first to investigate the relationship between medical costs and the length of hospital stays. The SURE model shows that the type of injury (e.g. head injury) is statistically significant and has positive effects on medical costs for motorcycle crashes involving the elderly in Taiwan. Due to the statistical insignificance of the dependency between medical costs and length of hospital stays, two separate simple linear regression models were subsequently estimated. For motorcycle crashes, patients over 80 years old had the highest medical costs. The findings reinforce the need for transportation authorities to focus on preventing certain types of injuries that are particularly serious and costly for the elderly in Taiwan.
Rong-Chang Jou; David A. Hensher; Tzu-Ying Chen; Ming-Che Chao. Hospitalisation costs and duration of elderly motorcyclists’ non-fatality crashes in Taiwan. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 2013, 20, 158 -168.
AMA StyleRong-Chang Jou, David A. Hensher, Tzu-Ying Chen, Ming-Che Chao. Hospitalisation costs and duration of elderly motorcyclists’ non-fatality crashes in Taiwan. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 2013; 20 (2):158-168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong-Chang Jou; David A. Hensher; Tzu-Ying Chen; Ming-Che Chao. 2013. "Hospitalisation costs and duration of elderly motorcyclists’ non-fatality crashes in Taiwan." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 20, no. 2: 158-168.