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Prof. Dr. Young-Jae Kim
Chung-Ang Uinversity

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Journal article
Published: 10 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aims to investigate effects of three factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)—attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—on 233 fencing club members’ intention to continue participation, while considering fencing’s low popularity as a sport in Korea. This study analyzed data from members of fencing clubs in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daegu, and Busan, using frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlational analysis, and multiple regression with SPSS Windows 25.0 software. Results indicate that selected TPB model factors—specifically attitude and subjective norms—positively affected intention to continue participating. Moreover, significant influences of attitude and subjective norms were found in both men and women. Attitude significantly influenced intention in participants in their twenties, thirties, and forties or over; subjective norms significantly influenced intention in participants in their twenties and forties or over; and perceived behavioral control significantly influenced intention in participants in their thirties. Lastly, attitude and subjective norms significantly influenced intention when subjects participated once a week or twice a week and at least three times a week, and perceived behavioral control significantly influenced intention only when they participated at least three times a week. This suggests that members perceived their participation in fencing favorably and that the people around them encouraged them to continue participation in fencing and viewed it as a positive activity. The findings may be useful for understanding how to further popularize fencing in Korea and encourage current club members to maintain or increase their participation levels.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; E-Sack Kim. Analysis of Korean Fencing Club Members’ Participation Intention Using the TPB Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2813 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, E-Sack Kim. Analysis of Korean Fencing Club Members’ Participation Intention Using the TPB Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):2813.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; E-Sack Kim. 2021. "Analysis of Korean Fencing Club Members’ Participation Intention Using the TPB Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2813.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to investigate the difference in people’s perceived crowding and risk perception during leisure activities using the criteria of spatial proximity during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a viral respiratory tract disease that poses an increasing risk of infection through person-to-person transmission in a confined space or close proximity to an infected person. It is thus crucial to maintain a sufficiently safe distance from others during leisure activities. In this study, measures concerning leisure activity spaces and the current status of leisure activities were investigated. Data were gathered from a total of 1078 participants via an online survey conducted from 26 to 29 October 2020. Frequency analysis was performed to investigate the sample characteristics and exploratory factor analysis was performed to analyze the validity of the measurement tools. Results revealed that people’s perceived crowding of leisure activity spaces directly influenced their participation in leisure activities. Regarding age, those in their 20s were more aware of congestion and their risk perception was higher than those in their 40s and 50s. It was found that people perceived cultural and artistic activities to be dangerous as they often take place as part of tourism and leisure activities and amidst crowds. However, their high-risk perception indirectly influenced their participation patterns, making it difficult to enjoy leisure activities. To lower the risk perception of leisure activity spaces, it was necessary to secure more safe distancing than current regulations require. Future research must conduct a longitudinal investigation by objectively stratifying the degree of perceived crowding.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Seung-Woo Kang. Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 457 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Seung-Woo Kang. Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Seung-Woo Kang. 2021. "Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 457.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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An increasing trend among employees has been to engage in leisure activities, which has been proven to be an effective method of overcoming work stress. As a result, employees are doing “Other Things” (i.e., non-work activities) as a way to relieve stress. Based on the existing studies on rumination, this study considered doing “Other Things” as a new concept of “leisure rumination” and identified its influence as a means to help employees recover from work stress. Accordingly, this study provided basic data on the meaning of leisure activities and leisure rumination in office workers who suffer from failure to recover from work stress using partial least squares structural equation modeling. This study was conducted on employees residing in the Seoul metropolitan area and the Gyeongsang-do district in November 2019 through a structured questionnaire. The results of this study verified the significance of leisure rumination and the possibility of it being utilized as a practical research tool for leisure activities. Our findings may be considered when planning interventions for work addiction and burnout through leisure rumination.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Seung-Woo Kang. An Analysis of the Relationship between the Modified Theory of Planned Behavior and Leisure Rumination of Korean Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 320 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Seung-Woo Kang. An Analysis of the Relationship between the Modified Theory of Planned Behavior and Leisure Rumination of Korean Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (1):320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Seung-Woo Kang. 2021. "An Analysis of the Relationship between the Modified Theory of Planned Behavior and Leisure Rumination of Korean Employees." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 320.

Original research article
Published: 09 December 2020 in Frontiers in Psychology
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This study assessed the demographic characteristics of Koreans engaged in leisure sports activities during the COVID-19 pandemic and the differences in their preventive health behaviors and constraints on leisure activities. For this study, the demographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, level of participation in leisure sports, years of participation, companions with whom individuals participating in these sports, type of space used for performing the sports, occupation, and average monthly income) of 544 leisure sport participants (men: 46.0%, women: 54.0%; average age: 36.8 and 33.5 years, respectively), who were recruited on a nationwide basis, were examined through an online survey. Then, comparisons between groups were performed using independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multivariate analysis of variance. Women who participated in both indoor and outdoor leisure sports showed higher adoption of health prevention behaviors than their male counterparts, and married individuals who participated in indoor leisure sports showed higher adoption of health prevention behaviors than unmarried participants. Moreover, individuals who participated in both indoor and outdoor leisure sports by themselves had many interpersonal constraints overall, and the group of married individuals who participated in indoor leisure sports showed structural constraints. In conclusion, leisure sports participants have adopted many health prevention behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, but this had led to some interpersonal constraints. These results indicate that, in the case of future pandemics, personal and institutional efforts will need to be made to promote participation in leisure sports and prevent excessive social isolation.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho; Yeon-Ji Park. Leisure Sports Participants’ Engagement in Preventive Health Behaviors and Their Experience of Constraints on Performing Leisure Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology 2020, 11, 589708 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Jeong-Hyung Cho, Yeon-Ji Park. Leisure Sports Participants’ Engagement in Preventive Health Behaviors and Their Experience of Constraints on Performing Leisure Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11 ():589708.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho; Yeon-Ji Park. 2020. "Leisure Sports Participants’ Engagement in Preventive Health Behaviors and Their Experience of Constraints on Performing Leisure Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Frontiers in Psychology 11, no. : 589708.

Journal article
Published: 14 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the public is unable to maintain a proper balance between work and leisure, and an increase in community-based infections is causing severe phobic anxiety. Therefore, the present study investigated the differences in phobic anxiety between work and leisure activities according to optimistic bias among 533 South Korean citizens. Frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, t-tests, and a one-way analysis of variance were conducted to examine the data. The results showed that for leisure activities, women showed a higher perception of phobic anxiety. In addition, the group showing high optimistic bias had a higher perception of phobic anxiety in both work and leisure activity situations. Therefore, support measures to lower phobic anxiety among women are needed at the government level, while support and interest from family members are needed at home. Moreover, local governments must ensure active involvement to mitigate phobic anxiety among individuals, and measures are needed to more actively implement infectious disease prevention behaviors.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; E-Sack Kim. Relationship between Phobic Anxiety in Work and Leisure Activity Situations, and Optimistic Bias Associated with COVID-19 among South Koreans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8436 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, E-Sack Kim. Relationship between Phobic Anxiety in Work and Leisure Activity Situations, and Optimistic Bias Associated with COVID-19 among South Koreans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (22):8436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; E-Sack Kim. 2020. "Relationship between Phobic Anxiety in Work and Leisure Activity Situations, and Optimistic Bias Associated with COVID-19 among South Koreans." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8436.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables—including “attitude,” “subjective norms,” and “perceived behavioral control”—to understand the relationship between mask-wearing behavior and physical/non-physical leisure activity participation in Koreans as well as the tendencies behind mask-wearing intentions within leisure activities. The measurement tools used attitude, subjective norms, control, and mask use intention factors based on the TPB. Overall, 545 individuals participated, and the non-overlapping regions, sex, and age were considered through the stratified sampling method. The survey was conducted online owing to COVID-19, and collected data were derived through descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses. First, a difference in mask-wearing intention based on physical and non-physical leisure activities was identified; second, attitudes and perceived behaviors were considered in light of the dangers posed by COVID-19. It was found that control influences the tendency of intention to wear a mask depending on whether the group was engaged in physical or non-physical activity. Therefore, it can be stated that mask-wearing must be mandatory during physical and non-physical activities owing to respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. It is also important to simultaneously promote a positive attitude toward mask-wearing to enable people to believe that they can stay in full control of their own health.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho; Seung-Woo Kang. Study on the Relationship between Leisure Activity Participation and Wearing a Mask among Koreans during COVID-19 Crisis: Using TPB Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7674 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Jeong-Hyung Cho, Seung-Woo Kang. Study on the Relationship between Leisure Activity Participation and Wearing a Mask among Koreans during COVID-19 Crisis: Using TPB Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7674.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho; Seung-Woo Kang. 2020. "Study on the Relationship between Leisure Activity Participation and Wearing a Mask among Koreans during COVID-19 Crisis: Using TPB Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7674.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2020 in Sustainability
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This study investigated how social support influences the job engagement and job retention intention of nurses struggling in the continuing scenes of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, 382 nurses were the participants, data from 377 of whom were analyzed in total, with the following results. First, it showed that nurses’ job engagement and job retention intention were high, depending on their age and work experience. Second, in terms of the factors related to COVID-19, the group with experience in nursing patients infected with COVID-19 and nurses working in COVID-19 divisions had low job retention intention. Lastly, it appeared that there were differences in job engagement and job retention intention depending on the category and type of social support. These results suggest that social support should be provided strategically to ensure nurses’ job retention.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; So-Young Lee; Jeong-Hyung Cho. A Study on the Job Retention Intention of Nurses Based on Social Support in the COVID-19 Situation. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7276 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, So-Young Lee, Jeong-Hyung Cho. A Study on the Job Retention Intention of Nurses Based on Social Support in the COVID-19 Situation. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; So-Young Lee; Jeong-Hyung Cho. 2020. "A Study on the Job Retention Intention of Nurses Based on Social Support in the COVID-19 Situation." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7276.

Journal article
Published: 06 August 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to create new classifications for occupations that have emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea, based on Reich’s classifications for the United States. We examined Korean workers’ occupational calling, psychological health, and quality of life. An online questionnaire was administered and data from 1029 Korean workers were analyzed. The questionnaire comprised the Korean version of the Multidimensional Calling Measure to assess occupational calling, the Psychosocial Well-being Index-short form for psychological health, and the Control, Autonomy, Self-realization, and Pleasure (CASP-19) scale for quality of life. We created a Korean-adapted version of the classes of occupation based on those created by the COVID-19 situation in the USA. Our results showed that Korean workers had a high perceived calling to work, and different classes showed different levels of quality of life and psychological health. We need a health concentration management system for essential groups or personal safety protection equipment should be provided. Education on infection control should be offered and effective medical system processes should be in place. We need to develop technology to respond to medical needs online, remotely, or telephonically. The government should implement policies to ensure job security and to improve wages and welfare.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Seung-Woo Kang. The Quality of Life, Psychological Health, and Occupational Calling of Korean Workers: Differences by the New Classes of Occupation Emerging Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5689 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Seung-Woo Kang. The Quality of Life, Psychological Health, and Occupational Calling of Korean Workers: Differences by the New Classes of Occupation Emerging Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (16):5689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Seung-Woo Kang. 2020. "The Quality of Life, Psychological Health, and Occupational Calling of Korean Workers: Differences by the New Classes of Occupation Emerging Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5689.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Korea’s Daegu Metropolitan City once had the second highest rate of COVID-19 infection after Wuhan in China. Following the outbreak, the government provided the first national disaster relief fund to citizens as financial aid. This study investigated whether the sense of regional belonging, pride, and mental health among 550 citizens of Daegu differed between the times before and after COVID-19, based on the presence or absence of the disaster relief fund. Frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, and t-tests were conducted using the SPSS 25.0 program. Results showed that the sense of belonging was higher after COVID-19 than before, while pride was lower. Individuals who received the disaster relief fund showed higher levels of regional belonging and pride with statistical significance. The prevalence of melancholy and depression increased after COVID-19, but the presence or absence of the fund did not lead to a significant difference. Thus, in case of a future national disaster level, provision of the disaster relief fund can raise the sense of regional belonging and pride, in order to elicit communication among local residents toward overcoming difficulties. Furthermore, during challenging disaster situations, central and local governments should provide diverse programs for the citizens’ mental health care.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho; E-Sack Kim. Differences in Sense of Belonging, Pride, and Mental Health in the Daegu Metropolitan Region due to COVID-19: Comparison between the Presence and Absence of National Disaster Relief Fund. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4910 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Jeong-Hyung Cho, E-Sack Kim. Differences in Sense of Belonging, Pride, and Mental Health in the Daegu Metropolitan Region due to COVID-19: Comparison between the Presence and Absence of National Disaster Relief Fund. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (13):4910.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho; E-Sack Kim. 2020. "Differences in Sense of Belonging, Pride, and Mental Health in the Daegu Metropolitan Region due to COVID-19: Comparison between the Presence and Absence of National Disaster Relief Fund." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4910.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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COVID-19 has caused unprecedented damage worldwide, and quarantine and lockdown measures have been undertaken globally. This study focused on the differences in preventive behaviors and psycho-social health of South Koreans, as people continue engaging in leisure activities under self-regulation without a lockdown measure imposed by the government. For the sample, the frame of the “2018 Population and Housing Census” in South Korea was applied, and data from 1770 people were analyzed. The results showed that the groups participating in culture and arts and social activities displayed characteristics with high prevention. Additionally, the groups that continued leisure activities for more than five years and with family showed high preventive behaviors. Meanwhile, participation in leisure activities with friends of the opposite sex lowered preventive behavior. In terms of psycho-social health, all groups were affiliated to the potential stress group and there were no differences in the period and participation time for leisure activities. Furthermore, the group participating in leisure activities with their school and group experienced psychological stability. When lockdown measures are eased, the aforementioned characteristics should be considered to design government policy; they can also be used as a reference for public health in case of a future outbreak of an epidemic.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho. Correlation between Preventive Health Behaviors and Psycho-Social Health Based on the Leisure Activities of South Koreans in the COVID-19 Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4066 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Jeong-Hyung Cho. Correlation between Preventive Health Behaviors and Psycho-Social Health Based on the Leisure Activities of South Koreans in the COVID-19 Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):4066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jeong-Hyung Cho. 2020. "Correlation between Preventive Health Behaviors and Psycho-Social Health Based on the Leisure Activities of South Koreans in the COVID-19 Crisis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4066.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Successful adjustment of student-athletes to their school is an internationally relevant issue. In Korea, school-athletes abandon their athletic activity at a rate of over 40%, suggesting an urgent need to develop measures that allow them to balance sports and academic life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of physical self-concept on school adaptation among student-athletes. We analyzed data from 589 student-athletes, including sex and award-winning career as covariates. Then, reliability and validity of scales were obtained. The results showed that student-athletes with higher physical self-concept are more likely to be successful in school adjustment. The effects of physical self-concept on school adjustment were proven to be mediated by sex and award-winning career of student-athletes. This result provides the basis for the importance of recognizing the concept of physical self as a way for student athletes to adapt well to school life. As differences depending on gender and award experience exist, they should be taken into account when teaching student athletes.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jin-Hoon Jang; Jeong-Hyung Cho. High Physical Self-Concept Benefits on School Adjustment of Korean Student-Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2653 .

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Jin-Hoon Jang, Jeong-Hyung Cho. High Physical Self-Concept Benefits on School Adjustment of Korean Student-Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2653.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Jin-Hoon Jang; Jeong-Hyung Cho. 2020. "High Physical Self-Concept Benefits on School Adjustment of Korean Student-Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2653.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2020 in Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park
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ACS Style

Yeon-Ji Park; Young-Jae Kim. Analysis of Differences in Experience Factors(4Es) of K-Pop Concerts and Leisure Satisfaction: Focusing on Persons to Accompany During the Visit and the Frequency of Attendances. Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park 2020, 44, 59 -70.

AMA Style

Yeon-Ji Park, Young-Jae Kim. Analysis of Differences in Experience Factors(4Es) of K-Pop Concerts and Leisure Satisfaction: Focusing on Persons to Accompany During the Visit and the Frequency of Attendances. Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park. 2020; 44 (1):59-70.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeon-Ji Park; Young-Jae Kim. 2020. "Analysis of Differences in Experience Factors(4Es) of K-Pop Concerts and Leisure Satisfaction: Focusing on Persons to Accompany During the Visit and the Frequency of Attendances." Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park 44, no. 1: 59-70.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2019 in Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park
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ACS Style

Yeon-Ji Park; Young-Jae Kim. Meaning of the Physical Activity Experience Spaces for the Elderly: Focus on Collatek. Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park 2019, 43, 113 -124.

AMA Style

Yeon-Ji Park, Young-Jae Kim. Meaning of the Physical Activity Experience Spaces for the Elderly: Focus on Collatek. Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park. 2019; 43 (1):113-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeon-Ji Park; Young-Jae Kim. 2019. "Meaning of the Physical Activity Experience Spaces for the Elderly: Focus on Collatek." Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park 43, no. 1: 113-124.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2017 in Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park
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ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim. An Analysis on Leisure Value Systems Applying Means-end Chain(MEC). Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park 2017, 41, 55 -73.

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim. An Analysis on Leisure Value Systems Applying Means-end Chain(MEC). Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park. 2017; 41 (3):55-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim. 2017. "An Analysis on Leisure Value Systems Applying Means-end Chain(MEC)." Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park 41, no. 3: 55-73.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2015 in Journal of Functional Foods
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Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases and cigarette smoking is known to be one of the major sources of oxidants. In this study, we investigated whether Korean black raspberry (BR) supplementation could reduce smoke-induced oxidative stress in healthy male smokers. Thirty nine healthy male smokers received either 30 g of freeze-dried BR or placebo for four weeks. Anthropometric and dietary data, smoking history, blood lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed at baseline and after supplementation. There was no difference of age, smoking history, anthropometry, and nutrient intake between groups. BR supplementation had no effect on plasma lipid profiles, LDL oxidation, and DNA damage. However, it significantly increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and reduced plasma lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, BR supplementation may decrease cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress through increase of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities.

ACS Style

Eunkyo Park; SooMuk Cho; Jung Eun Lee; Seung Min Lee; Yesl Kim; Min-Sun Go; Young-Jae Kim; In-Kyung Jung; Joong Hyuck Auh; Hyung-Kyoon Choi; Jung-Hyun Kim. Effects of Korean black raspberry supplementation on oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant capacity in healthy male smokers. Journal of Functional Foods 2015, 16, 393 -402.

AMA Style

Eunkyo Park, SooMuk Cho, Jung Eun Lee, Seung Min Lee, Yesl Kim, Min-Sun Go, Young-Jae Kim, In-Kyung Jung, Joong Hyuck Auh, Hyung-Kyoon Choi, Jung-Hyun Kim. Effects of Korean black raspberry supplementation on oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant capacity in healthy male smokers. Journal of Functional Foods. 2015; 16 ():393-402.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eunkyo Park; SooMuk Cho; Jung Eun Lee; Seung Min Lee; Yesl Kim; Min-Sun Go; Young-Jae Kim; In-Kyung Jung; Joong Hyuck Auh; Hyung-Kyoon Choi; Jung-Hyun Kim. 2015. "Effects of Korean black raspberry supplementation on oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant capacity in healthy male smokers." Journal of Functional Foods 16, no. : 393-402.

Conference paper
Published: 01 July 2012 in 2012 Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN)
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The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of e-sports participation on self-confidence and social development of mentally retarded students. To collect the data, retarded male students between and old were tested. They attend a special-education school located in Ha- am, young- i and they too part in the test for times. The test is about the e-sports(FIFA) and during wee s, from January th to February th, the five students too it for hours. before the five students participated in the e-sports, they had the self-confidence and social development tests and wees later they had the same tests again. According to the results of this participation, statistically, there was no effect of e-sports participation for mentally retarded students in their self-confidence and social development. However, there are some drawbacks first, there were only participants and among them only were capable to complete the questionnaire. Second, seven wees were not over analysed this case. y the way, the observation results of their behavioral changes are lie the followings with the personal characteristics, the results of the questionnaire, and the period of the participation. First of all, according to the personal characteristics of each retarded student, their preferences in the e-sports were different respectively. Thus, due to these dissimilar preferences, there was a difference in their results of confidence measurement. Second, there was no correlation between e-sports participation and social development. Based on the content and the interview of a specially trained teacher, reported that the participation of e-sports had a positive effect on the social development of mentally retarded students. On the contrary, based on the results of this case, participating e-sports itself had no effect on social development, However, the meeting during the e-sports lie an interaction to cooperated in games, or an competitive experience in on-line has an influence on social development.

ACS Style

Young-Jae Kim; Myoung Jin Choi; Yoon Suk Cha. A study on the impact of e-sports participation by students with mental retardation on their self-confidence and social skills. 2012 Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN) 2012, 471 -475.

AMA Style

Young-Jae Kim, Myoung Jin Choi, Yoon Suk Cha. A study on the impact of e-sports participation by students with mental retardation on their self-confidence and social skills. 2012 Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). 2012; ():471-475.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Young-Jae Kim; Myoung Jin Choi; Yoon Suk Cha. 2012. "A study on the impact of e-sports participation by students with mental retardation on their self-confidence and social skills." 2012 Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN) , no. : 471-475.