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Dr. Nagesh Kumar
Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Network Security Implementation
0 Networking
0 Routing Protocols
0 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
0 Internet Of Things (IoT)

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Routing Protocols

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Chapter
Published: 30 July 2021 in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Internet of Things (IoT)
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Small sized drones and devices which can fly and collect or deliver data from parts of area under consideration are referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles. These devices are now a days emerging into multiple defense and civil applications like surveillance, crop monitoring etc. UAV devices communicate with each other as well as with source and destination with help of certain communication methods. These communication techniques must be energy efficient as most of these devices are battery powered and have multiple operations to perform in flight. This article focuses on mostly used communication techniques in UAVs. The aim is to present a literature and summarize the same in form of challenges and issues arise when developing communication methods for UAVs. The performance comparison has been made at the end of literature study. This article may help new researchers to cope up with existing challenges and issues in UAV communication protocols.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar. Energy Efficient Communication Methods for Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs): Last Five Years' Study. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Internet of Things (IoT) 2021, 73 -88.

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar. Energy Efficient Communication Methods for Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs): Last Five Years' Study. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Internet of Things (IoT). 2021; ():73-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar. 2021. "Energy Efficient Communication Methods for Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs): Last Five Years' Study." Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Internet of Things (IoT) , no. : 73-88.

Article
Published: 18 May 2021 in Wireless Personal Communications
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The need for reliable transmission of data packets is becoming more critical as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) gain popularity. Reliable delivery of data packets is possible only when the protocols for routing the data packets are secure and efficient. Due to the constrained nature of the WSN, the current cryptosystems may not be used to provide WSN security. The trust-based intelligent routing, however, may provide security with fewer resources, and it has become common in the last five years. In this paper, a new Trust-Based Secure Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Protocol(TBSIOP) has been proposed. The proposed protocol uses three distinct WSN attributes to compute a node's likelihood of being malicious(Pm). These attributes are sincerity in forwarding data packets(Fs), sincerity in acknowledgment (ACKs), and Energy Depletion (Ed), and these attributes are used for trust computation. Based on the trust factor computed, the relay selection algorithm of the proposed protocol prevents malicious nodes from being chosen as relay nodes. The proposed protocol is applied on the forwarder node list that is formed by Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Protocol. The proposed protocol is simulated and compared with the existing trust-based routing protocols present in the literature. The proposed TBSIOP has better performance in terms of Average Risk Level, Packet Delivery Ratio, End-to-End delay, Energy Consumption, and Network Lifetime than the comparative protocols present in the literature.

ACS Style

Deep Kumar Bangotra; Yashwant Singh; Arvind Selwal; Nagesh Kumar; Pradeep Kumar Singh. A Trust Based Secure Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Personal Communications 2021, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Deep Kumar Bangotra, Yashwant Singh, Arvind Selwal, Nagesh Kumar, Pradeep Kumar Singh. A Trust Based Secure Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Personal Communications. 2021; ():1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deep Kumar Bangotra; Yashwant Singh; Arvind Selwal; Nagesh Kumar; Pradeep Kumar Singh. 2021. "A Trust Based Secure Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Personal Communications , no. : 1-22.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control
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Introduction: Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are of major concern because of the important factors like energy efficiency and reliability. Opportunistic Routing (OR) is the simplest and reliable routing technique for ad-hoc networks and WSN. The OR protocol guarantees data delivery in the network. As WSN need energy-efficient routing, therefore, energy- efficient OR protocols gained popularity in the last three years. Objectives: Opportunistic routing improves the performance of the network by utilizing the broadcasting abilities of wireless channels. In this paper, a new energy-efficient and reliable routing protocol has been proposed that is based on the opportunistic routing technique. Methods: The proposed protocol is based on the energy-efficient routing metric. The proposed OR protocol prioritizes among the candidate forwarders on the basis of energy-efficient routing metric and this will lead to the achievement of improved network lifetime. Results: The end-to-end delay is reduced because of the selection of candidate forwarders from the neighbor list of each node. The proposed protocol uses selective acknowledgment mechanisms. The simulation results of the proposed protocol depict the improved performance as compared to other recent OR protocols. Conclusion: The proposed protocol can directly be used with existing WSN applications. Further improvements can be made by utilizing more parameters like distance and the quality of transmission.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar. An Energy-Efficient and Reliable Opportunistic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 2021, 11, 72 -80.

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar. An Energy-Efficient and Reliable Opportunistic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control. 2021; 11 (1):72-80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar. 2021. "An Energy-Efficient and Reliable Opportunistic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 11, no. 1: 72-80.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Sensors
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The lifetime of a node in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is directly responsible for the longevity of the wireless network. The routing of packets is the most energy-consuming activity for a sensor node. Thus, finding an energy-efficient routing strategy for transmission of packets becomes of utmost importance. The opportunistic routing (OR) protocol is one of the new routing protocol that promises reliability and energy efficiency during transmission of packets in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this paper, we propose an intelligent opportunistic routing protocol (IOP) using a machine learning technique, to select a relay node from the list of potential forwarder nodes to achieve energy efficiency and reliability in the network. The proposed approach might have applications including e-healthcare services. As the proposed method might achieve reliability in the network because it can connect several healthcare network devices in a better way and good healthcare services might be offered. In addition to this, the proposed method saves energy, therefore, it helps the remote patient to connect with healthcare services for a longer duration with the integration of IoT services.

ACS Style

Deep Kumar Bangotra; Yashwant Singh; Arvind Selwal; Nagesh Kumar; Pradeep Kumar Singh; Wei-Chiang Hong. An Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Application Towards e-Healthcare. Sensors 2020, 20, 3887 .

AMA Style

Deep Kumar Bangotra, Yashwant Singh, Arvind Selwal, Nagesh Kumar, Pradeep Kumar Singh, Wei-Chiang Hong. An Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Application Towards e-Healthcare. Sensors. 2020; 20 (14):3887.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deep Kumar Bangotra; Yashwant Singh; Arvind Selwal; Nagesh Kumar; Pradeep Kumar Singh; Wei-Chiang Hong. 2020. "An Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Application Towards e-Healthcare." Sensors 20, no. 14: 3887.

Chapter
Published: 09 February 2020 in Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
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Study of a smart environment is very common these days. The techniques for building smart applications, consist of manufacturing devices and sensors, which can communicate with each other to monitor their surrounding conditions. These conditions may be environmental conditions like pollutant gases, radiations, noise and waste etc. Basically, useful information is generated by the sensor nodes deployed in the environment and decision implementation is done by the controller to control the conditions according to requirement of the users or applications. Wireless sensor networks are able to accumulate the information from the environment. This may be done with the help of tiny sensors nodes which can communicate with the other sensor nodes wirelessly and are not harmful to the environment. These tiny sensor nodes operate on low power to perform various operations like sensing and any type of calculations. The communication process between the sensor nodes also consumes low power which will ensure the long life of the networks. The architecture of the sensor nodes gives the advantage to program the micro-controllers associated with these, depending upon the applications. There are numerous of applications of wireless sensor networks which include applications in healthcare, defense, smart cities, event detection and underwater monitoring applications. Also in the field of smart agriculture, sensors play a vital role in different applications like soil quality checking, precision agriculture and irrigation control. In this chapter, a study of wireless sensor networks for smart applications is conducted. The main focus of the chapter is on smart applications in agriculture. The chapter answers questions like how to design and develop smart techniques for agriculture, how can the wireless sensor networks help in precision agriculture.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar; Brij Bhushan Sharma. Opportunities and Challenges with WSN’s in Smart Technologies: A Smart Agriculture Perspective. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 2020, 441 -463.

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar, Brij Bhushan Sharma. Opportunities and Challenges with WSN’s in Smart Technologies: A Smart Agriculture Perspective. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2020; ():441-463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar; Brij Bhushan Sharma. 2020. "Opportunities and Challenges with WSN’s in Smart Technologies: A Smart Agriculture Perspective." Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing , no. : 441-463.

Review
Published: 22 November 2019 in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
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Smart agriculture with IoT (Internet of things) gives rise to agribusiness and may fulfill the demand of food in the world. Agribusiness will become more productive when IoT is introduced. As the farmers are becoming more aware to IoT, the possibility of introducing new technologies is gaining momentum in agribusiness. The IoT is highly efficient, accessible, persistent and of exposed nature. The farmers may use sensors for monitoring the crops, soil and also analyze the crop production. This will give boost up to precision agriculture. The information about farms like temperature, moisture level and soil mineral level, pH value of soil and air quality can be collected remotely by using IoT on smartphones or computer systems. Today’s IoT techniques and devices are so advanced and are mainly application dependent providing smart systems to be deployed in specific areas. In this paper, a review of IoT devices and protocols is presented and it also throws light on issues arise during the implementation of IoT in agriculture.

ACS Style

Brij Bhushan Sharma; Nagesh Kumar. Internet of Things-Based Hardware and Software for Smart Agriculture: A Review. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 2019, 151 -157.

AMA Style

Brij Bhushan Sharma, Nagesh Kumar. Internet of Things-Based Hardware and Software for Smart Agriculture: A Review. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. 2019; ():151-157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brij Bhushan Sharma; Nagesh Kumar. 2019. "Internet of Things-Based Hardware and Software for Smart Agriculture: A Review." Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering , no. : 151-157.

Review
Published: 22 November 2019 in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
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Internet of things (IoT) is the hot point in the Internet field. The concepts help to intercommunicate physical objects furnished with sensing, actuating, computing power and hence connect to Internet. With the help of sensor, actuators and embedded microcontrollers, the verdict of smart object is realized. Wherein these smart objects colligate data from the environment of development, process them, and take reasonable actions. Thus, the IoT may generate unbelievable benefits and helps human beings in living a smart and luxurious life. Due to the potential utilizations of Internet of things (IoT), it has ended up being an unmistakable subject of logical research. The significance and the utility of these advances are in sizzling exchange and research, yet on the field of agribusiness and ranger service, it is very less. In this paper, utilizations of IoT on farming and silviculture has been well perused and broke down; additionally, this paper briefly presented the innovation IoT, agribusiness IoT, rundown of some potential applications areas where IoT is exercisable in the horticulture part, advantages of IoT in farming, and displays a survey of some literature survey.

ACS Style

Deep Rani; Nagesh Kumar. A Review of IoT Techniques and Devices: Smart Agriculture Perspective. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 2019, 113 -123.

AMA Style

Deep Rani, Nagesh Kumar. A Review of IoT Techniques and Devices: Smart Agriculture Perspective. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. 2019; ():113-123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deep Rani; Nagesh Kumar. 2019. "A Review of IoT Techniques and Devices: Smart Agriculture Perspective." Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering , no. : 113-123.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2017 in 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC)
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Opportunistic routing in wireless networks has grown the popularity because it utilizes the broadcasting abilities of wireless links. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) also adopted opportunistic routing in recent years. In WSN, most important objectives of the researchers are to maintain the data integrity, availability and reliability with minimum energy consumption. If any WSN user have to achieve all of these objectives than, he has to ensure the security of the network first. Existing cryptographic schemes are not efficient for WSN, because of high energy consumption. This paper presents a new trust and packet load balancing based opportunistic routing (TPBOR) protocol. The proposed protocol is energy efficient and secure by utilizing the trusted nodes in the routing process. Also the proposed protocol balance the overall network traffic and distribute the traffic load equally in the network. The simulation results show that proposed OR protocol has significantly improves the network performance and reduces the end-to-end delays as compared to existing packet load balancing trust based routing protocols for WSN.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. Trust and packet load balancing based secure opportunistic routing protocol for WSN. 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC) 2017, 463 -467.

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar, Yashwant Singh. Trust and packet load balancing based secure opportunistic routing protocol for WSN. 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC). 2017; ():463-467.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. 2017. "Trust and packet load balancing based secure opportunistic routing protocol for WSN." 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC) , no. : 463-467.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2017 in International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design
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As the wireless sensor networks (WSN) are gaining popularity the need of reliable delivery of data packets becomes more important. The reliable delivery is only possible when the routing protocols are efficient and secure. Because of lack of resources it is not possible to use existing cryptosystems to provide security in WSN. But, trust aware routing can provide the security with lesser resources, which become popular in last three to four years. In this paper, a new energy efficient and trust aware reliable opportunistic routing (TAEROR) protocol is proposed. The protocol consists of a trust metric and also a relay selection algorithm. The trust aware metric detects the malicious nodes on the basis of forwarding sincerity, energy consumption and acknowledgement sincerity. Relay selection algorithms avoid these malicious nodes to get selected in the routing process. The protocol is simulated and compared to existing trust aware routing protocols. Proposed protocol TEAROR presents better results than the other compared protocols.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh; Pradeep Kumar Singh. An Energy Efficient Trust Aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 2017, 8, 30 -44.

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar, Yashwant Singh, Pradeep Kumar Singh. An Energy Efficient Trust Aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design. 2017; 8 (2):30-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh; Pradeep Kumar Singh. 2017. "An Energy Efficient Trust Aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 8, no. 2: 30-44.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Design Methodologies and Tools for 5G Network Development and Application
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In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the routing protocols have been given attention because most of the routing protocols are application and architecture dependent. This chapter presents routing protocols for wireless sensor networks and also classifies routing in WSN. Chapter gives five main classifications of routing protocols in WSN which are data-centric, hierarchical, location-based, network flow and QoS aware and opportunistic routing protocols. The focus has been given on advancement of routing in WSN in form of opportunistic routing, in which the sensor nodes utilize broadcasting nature of wireless links and the data packets can be transmitted through different paths. The routing protocols for WSN are described and discussed under the appropriate classification. A table of comparison of routing protocols on the basis of power usage, data aggregation, scalability, query basis, overhead, data delivery model and QoS parameters has been presented.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. Design Methodologies and Tools for 5G Network Development and Application 2017, 86 -128.

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar, Yashwant Singh. Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. Design Methodologies and Tools for 5G Network Development and Application. 2017; ():86-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. 2017. "Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks." Design Methodologies and Tools for 5G Network Development and Application , no. : 86-128.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2016 in Indian Journal of Science and Technology
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Objectives: Opportunistic Routing (OR) algorithms depends on metric design applied to the forwarder selection and prioritization. The objective is to define new OR metric, which reduces energy consumption in WSN. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), sensor nodes have been supplied with a small amount of energy, using small size battery. Opportunistic Routing (OR) can minimize energy consumption by reducing delay and providing real time data delivery. OR reduces number of retransmissions in network by increasing the number of tentative forwarders. But most of the OR algorithms depends on metric design applied to the forwarder candidate selection and prioritization. Findings: In this paper, a new energy aware opportunistic routing metric called as Energy Depletion Factor (EDF) is proposed for WSN. This metric takes into consideration energy as well as delay. This metric can directly be used with existing opportunistic routing protocols. This metric extends the lifetime of the network by distributing energy consumption load equally in the network. It tells the routing algorithm that which forwarder node is having what impact on its battery life. EDF is local opportunistic routing metric, which reduces end-to-end delay in the network and also increases the network lifetime. To calculate EDF, the concept of residual energy of each node has been used. Application/Improvements: This metric can directly be used with existing opportunistic routing protocols. Simulation results presented the improvement of network lifetime and throughput by using EDF as a routing metric in WSN.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. An Energy Efficient Opportunistic Routing Metric for Wireless Sensor Networks. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2016, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar, Yashwant Singh. An Energy Efficient Opportunistic Routing Metric for Wireless Sensor Networks. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2016; 9 (32):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. 2016. "An Energy Efficient Opportunistic Routing Metric for Wireless Sensor Networks." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 32: 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2016 in 2016 Fourth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC)
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Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) require reliable delivery of unaltered data. Data security in transit is an important issue for reliable delivery of data in WSN. Existing cryptographic methods are not meet the requirements for WSN because of their limited resources and opportunistic behavior of wireless nodes. In last four years, reputation and trust aware methods are used to solve the issue of security in WSN. In this paper, we have defined a novel opportunistic routing (OR) metric for sensor networks. The metric is derived by using energy consumption and trustworthiness of sensor nodes. The simulation result shows that the metric is able to detect a malicious activity in the network segment. This metric effectively and efficiently prevent from malicious activities and maintain data integrity.

ACS Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. An energy efficient and trust management based opportunistic routing metric for wireless sensor networks. 2016 Fourth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC) 2016, 611 -616.

AMA Style

Nagesh Kumar, Yashwant Singh. An energy efficient and trust management based opportunistic routing metric for wireless sensor networks. 2016 Fourth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC). 2016; ():611-616.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nagesh Kumar; Yashwant Singh. 2016. "An energy efficient and trust management based opportunistic routing metric for wireless sensor networks." 2016 Fourth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC) , no. : 611-616.

Conference paper
Published: 01 December 2015 in 2015 Third International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP)
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has gained attention as it has been useful in warning about disasters. Predicting natural disasters like hailstorm, fire, rainfall etc. by WSN are infrequent and stochastic. This is an important topic of research. Detection of these disasters should be fast and accurate as they may cause damage and destruction at a large scale. In this paper, comparison of various machine learning techniques such as SVM, regression, decision trees, neural networks etc. has been done for prediction of forest fires. The proposed approach in this paper presents how regression works best for detection of forest fires with high accuracy by dividing the dataset. Fast detection of forest fires is done in this paper by taking less time as compared to other machine learning techniques.

ACS Style

Aditi Kansal; Yashwant Singh; Nagesh Kumar; Vandana Mohindru. Detection of forest fires using machine learning technique: A perspective. 2015 Third International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP) 2015, 241 -245.

AMA Style

Aditi Kansal, Yashwant Singh, Nagesh Kumar, Vandana Mohindru. Detection of forest fires using machine learning technique: A perspective. 2015 Third International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP). 2015; ():241-245.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aditi Kansal; Yashwant Singh; Nagesh Kumar; Vandana Mohindru. 2015. "Detection of forest fires using machine learning technique: A perspective." 2015 Third International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP) , no. : 241-245.