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Dr. Mary Thornbush
York University, Faculty of Environmental Studies

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Review article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Environmental Development
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This paper reviews the emergence and development of “smart energy city” as an academic, normative and applied concept. An examination of the academic literature since the early 2000s reveals the unfolding of spatiotemporal trends relating to this concept. It has been emerging to represent a sector-specified version of its sister concept of smart cities, also popularized in the past decade. However, the idea of the smart energy city has its own historic precursors and nationally specific trajectories. It rose from the concerns with energy efficient/green buildings as well as smart grids for low carbon and distributed energy generation and distribution, which were later scaled up to the whole urban scale and to embrace multiple other urban sectors and urban domains. By so doing and combining the developments in ICT-led smart cities and sustainable energy, the notion of smart energy city has come close to represent a digitally-mediated variant of low carbon cities. It can, thus, be conceptualized as a blend of smart cities and low carbon cities. National and urban case studies help to further distinguish “actually existing” projects, patterns, and conceptualization relating to both smart cities and smart energy cities and barriers to their practical integration. A greater focus on intersystem integration and a multi-stakeholder approach more recently offers a stronger representation of interdisciplinarity and conveys the complexity of the system involved, where humans and social systems become increasingly more central.

ACS Style

Mary Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. Smart energy cities: The evolution of the city-energy-sustainability nexus. Environmental Development 2021, 39, 100626 .

AMA Style

Mary Thornbush, Oleg Golubchikov. Smart energy cities: The evolution of the city-energy-sustainability nexus. Environmental Development. 2021; 39 ():100626.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. 2021. "Smart energy cities: The evolution of the city-energy-sustainability nexus." Environmental Development 39, no. : 100626.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2020 in Smart Cities
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Smart city strategies developed by cities around the world provide a useful resource for insights into the future of smart development. This study examines such strategies to identify plans for the explicit deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. A total of 12 case studies emerged from an online keyword search representing cities of various sizes globally. The search was based on the keywords of “artificial intelligence” (or “AI”), and “robot,” representing robotics and associated terminology. Based on the findings, it is evident that the more concentrated deployment of AI and robotics in smart city development is currently in the Global North, although countries in the Global South are also increasingly represented. Multiple cities in Australia and Canada actively seek to develop AI and robotics, and Moscow has one of the most in-depth elaborations for this deployment. The ramifications of these plans are discussed as part of cyber–physical systems alongside consideration given to the social and ethical implications.

ACS Style

Oleg Golubchikov; Mary Thornbush. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Smart City Strategies and Planned Smart Development. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 1133 -1144.

AMA Style

Oleg Golubchikov, Mary Thornbush. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Smart City Strategies and Planned Smart Development. Smart Cities. 2020; 3 (4):1133-1144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oleg Golubchikov; Mary Thornbush. 2020. "Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Smart City Strategies and Planned Smart Development." Smart Cities 3, no. 4: 1133-1144.

Chapter
Published: 07 August 2019 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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This chapter provides a background on the emergence of low carbon cities from urban planning, eco-city design, and green growth perspectives in the contemporary literature. Low carbon urbanism and eco-cities can be viewed as precursors to the development of smart cities, which—from an urban sustainability standpoint—have evolved through piecemeal automation and increasing integration as part of smart development. It is important to frame such developments from a social justice perspective to acknowledge that technology is working for humanity—to improve human quality of life and well-being.

ACS Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. Low Carbon Cities. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 9 -20.

AMA Style

Mary J. Thornbush, Oleg Golubchikov. Low Carbon Cities. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():9-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. 2019. "Low Carbon Cities." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 9-20.

Chapter
Published: 07 August 2019 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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A literature search was performed to track the development of the concept of smart cities as it appears in known published works. Google Scholar was the chosen search engine as representative of a comprehensive database. Based on this search, the chapter highlights trends in smart city development, beginning at the building scale and working upwards to city, regional, and ultimately national levels. European examples demonstrate how cities have upheld smart development to convey the potential for expansion as well as upscaling and multi-scaling. In addition, rebranding is considered alongside upscaling.

ACS Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. Introduction. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Mary J. Thornbush, Oleg Golubchikov. Introduction. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. 2019. "Introduction." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 1-8.

Chapter
Published: 07 August 2019 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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The focus of this chapter is on reducing energy consumption in cities, including through decarbonisation efforts and transitions as well as improved energy efficiency. Continued investments in the production of renewable energy sources and the transmission (or distribution) of green energy are needed in order to sustain a low carbon supply as for instance in district heating and cooling (DHC) and as combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration. In addition to investing in such technologies, it is also pertinent to reduce energy consumption and promote energy conservation. City challenges regarding emissions are addressed. It helps to have building standards in place and building code guiding sustainable homes as well as effective planning to direct development, even amid rapid development. Spatial planning has potential when deployed alongside building control. Decisions regarding density building, suburbs, and transport are vital to examine in the context of the New Urban Design as well as sustainable development.

ACS Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. Energy-Based Transitions. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 21 -34.

AMA Style

Mary J. Thornbush, Oleg Golubchikov. Energy-Based Transitions. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():21-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. 2019. "Energy-Based Transitions." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 21-34.

Chapter
Published: 07 August 2019 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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Based on the strategies of smart cities from around the world, an initial study and results are relayed here based on a sample of 30 cities. Subsequently, more case studies were added to the roster representing 50 strategies. A selection of 10 studies was then identified for a more in-depth focus on actually existing case studies. This chapter conveys a diversity of cases based on actually existing plans for smart development based on smart strategies. In this way, it is possible to pinpoint ‘actually existing smart cities’ from around the world. Inherent in the unique cases is a sense of the disparate priorities evident in smart strategies and cases contingent on their location.

ACS Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. Becoming Smart. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 35 -47.

AMA Style

Mary J. Thornbush, Oleg Golubchikov. Becoming Smart. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():35-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. 2019. "Becoming Smart." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 35-47.

Chapter
Published: 07 August 2019 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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In this final chapter, the problems posed by smart development are considered from an ethical perspective. Here, the business model and entrepreneurial smart growth are examined for implications to unchecked development based on artificial intelligence (AI) as being centrally-controlled by computer technicians and corporations. Caveats are presented for consideration of potential developments stemming from information technology or IT corporations and their involvement in the expansion of robotics, including those directly involved in smart cities.

ACS Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. Conclusion. Rethinking Map Literacy 2019, 59 -62.

AMA Style

Mary J. Thornbush, Oleg Golubchikov. Conclusion. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2019; ():59-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Oleg Golubchikov. 2019. "Conclusion." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 59-62.

Book chapter
Published: 04 October 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Erratum to: Adaptation to Coastal Storms in Atlantic Canada. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, E1 -E1.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Erratum to: Adaptation to Coastal Storms in Atlantic Canada. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():E1-E1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Erratum to: Adaptation to Coastal Storms in Atlantic Canada." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : E1-E1.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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The main research objective of this study and the approaches used to collect the data are outlined in this chapter. In particular, it focuses on the participatory action research (PAR) and multiple site (multisite) approaches used in this project. It also conveys the longitudinal aspect of the project. The long-term perspective adopted here serves from a sustainability standpoint to inform planning and policy. In particular, one of the greatest contributions so far in the published literature from this project has been that of gender-based adaptation. Using demographics, the consideration of gender roles and experiences as well as specific impacts and responses, it has been possible to examine how men and women are both affected and responded to the winter storms and the implications for gender mainstreaming in climate change adaptation research.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Background Research. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 17 -27.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Background Research. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():17-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Background Research." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 17-27.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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The Coastal Community Challenges-Community-University Research Alliance (CCC-CURA) project was a longitudinal project that encompassed a second series of interviews in 2014 in order to determine whether there were changes over time in these communities that were related to awareness and actions to adaptation and resilience. The second interviews also examined the role that the CCC-CURA project played in enhancing resilience and governance in these studied communities. The results suggested that, in general, perceptions and attitudes toward extreme events did not really change over time. While, in general, people were more aware of the risks, this did not necessarily translate into action. In both provinces (Québec and New Brunswick), people believed that governments were ready in case of emergency; however, communication for some remained a challenge. Contrary to the first interviews, most people understood resilience and believed that they were resilient. In terms of knowledge of the CCC-CURA project, few were involved and, therefore, benefited from the interventions. The second series of interviews have demonstrated the importance of sustained interventions in order to enhance resilience capacity in a community. Without continuous efforts, people tend to revert back to old habits and few changes occur.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Findings from Follow-up Interviews. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 55 -63.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Findings from Follow-up Interviews. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():55-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Findings from Follow-up Interviews." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 55-63.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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This chapter introduces this brief as part of an interdisciplinary framework from an integrated social-ecological systems (SES) perspective. The described project used a participatory action approach (PAR) along with a longitudinal multisite case study to help 10 Atlantic Canada communities enhance their resilience to climate change. Interviews were conducted prior to and after a series of interventions to investigate people’s perceptions at individual and community levels to the 2010 winter storms in Atlantic Canada as a basis for assessing the impacts and adaptation associated with climate change. The longitudinal approach here necessitated re-interviewing actors in 2014 to examine the changes in their perceptions over time when communities are accompanied in a process of planning for adaptation. In addition to the study scope, some of the existing knowledge-base is briefly highlighted at the end as an initial contribution to the findings of the study.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Introduction. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Introduction. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Introduction." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 1-5.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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In this chapter, we describe the methodological approach that was selected in order to better understand how communities affected by interventions on climate change adaptation change over time and whether these interventions were effective or not. The project was based on two main elements: a longitudinal study and participatory action research (PAR). The main goal of the longitudinal component of the project was to examine changes over time, while PAR aimed to co-produce knowledge and co-construct solutions with the communities. This was important in order to consider existing knowledge with scientific knowledge for more socially acceptable solutions. To do so, different tools were employed in the communities, depending on their interests and the issues that the communities wanted to work on in priority.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Methodology. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 29 -40.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Methodology. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():29-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Methodology." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 29-40.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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In this final chapter, a summary of the overall findings across the years of this study is presented along with a discussion of its main conclusions and contributions. Among these, has been a general sentiment among participants of enhanced (social) resilience and improved emergency action. Although the short-term response is somewhat better, work is still needed to grasp any opportunities to benefit the longer term response and results when working with small rural coastal communities, such as those presented for Atlantic Canada.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Conclusions. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 77 -88.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Conclusions. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():77-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Conclusions." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 77-88.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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The initial set of interviews took place soon after the winter storms, in December 2010 and January 2011. The elaboration of the scheme of interview was collectively executed with Coastal Community Challenges-Community-University Research Alliance (CCC-CURA) partners (researchers, municipalities, citizens, nongovernmental organizations or NGOs, etc.) and pretested in the Acadian Peninsula, with the participation of the Coastal Zones Research Institute Inc. (CZRI) and the Université de Moncton, Shippagan Campus (New Brunswick). Residents of rural coastal communities were interviewed in their native tongue (French or English). Based on semi-directed interviews held both singly and in couples, data analysis revealed several findings from the initial interviews that are relayed in this chapter. In particular, those affected by the 2010 winter storms in the Atlantic provinces (Québec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) of Canada reported experiences and impacts that were mainly associated with storm surge and flooding as well as high waves and coastal erosion. The impacts affected personal property as well as businesses and public infrastructure, including roads, graveyards, and bridges, influencing evacuation points and the emergency response. Even though most people lived at the coast most of their lives and this was not the only major storm that they had experienced, their responses mainly included emotional reactions (of fear, stress or worry, panic, powerlessness), especially for those who were cut off from the mainland. The elderlies were particularly fearful of having to leave their homes and/or communities and this is indicative of the importance of demographics affecting experiences and responses. Various stressors were expressed by people and panic set in when people realized the extreme damages. In some cases, participants expressed powerlessness. There was a tendency to forget past storms, potentially as a psychological coping mechanism.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Findings from Initial Interviews. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 41 -54.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Findings from Initial Interviews. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():41-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Findings from Initial Interviews." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 41-54.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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The population sample of 10 small rural coastal communities in Atlantic Canada is described, spanning the provinces of Québec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Interviews of 74 people (both singly and in couples) were completed in 2011–2012 soon after the 2010 winter storms and another one was also done in 2014 as part of a follow-up survey. The focus of this chapter is to highlight the characteristics of the participants in this research, including demographics, such as gender, age, education, and occupation, which are outlined. Generally, more men than women were sampled (33 men and 22 women). The age range of interviewees was 26–90 years, with women commonly 45–54 and men with an older age range of 55–65 years old. Some traditional occupations for these communities are represented by fishers and farmers. Most of the participants resided at the coast all of their lives, with only a couple relocated there within the past 5 years at the time of interview.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Coastal Communities in Atlantic Canada. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 7 -15.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Coastal Communities in Atlantic Canada. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():7-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Coastal Communities in Atlantic Canada." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 7-15.

Chapter
Published: 28 July 2017 in Rethinking Map Literacy
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In order to improve the resilience of social-ecological systems of small rural coastal communities in Atlantic Canada, we used different methodologies to not only increase awareness and understanding of what is climate change, but also to enhance public engagement and find solutions that are more appropriate to these communities. This entailed, for example, integrating scientific and existing knowledge. Communities need to be a part of planning and governance in order to identify the most important impacts and response measures. Local governance, from local service districts to municipal and support from the provincial government, are also considered essential in order to improve resilience in the study region. It is necessary to have both short-term (emergency) plans in effect as well as longer term planning for improved adaptation to increasing major storms. Adaptation measures have to consider any physicosocial aspects of hazards, with social responses integrated into physical and environmental hazard-proofing initiatives. Other suggestions are included here based on lessons learned from the research.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. Implications and Lessons Learned. Rethinking Map Literacy 2017, 65 -75.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush, Steve Plante. Implications and Lessons Learned. Rethinking Map Literacy. 2017; ():65-75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary J. Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Implications and Lessons Learned." Rethinking Map Literacy , no. : 65-75.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2017 in Sustainability
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Small rural coastal communities located in Atlantic Canada are vulnerable to the effects of climate and environmental changes. Major storms have impounded the coastline, causing much physical damage and affecting the socioeconomics of these communities that are composed of an aging population. The current study relays findings based on interviews completed in 2011–2012, following the 2010 winter storms in Atlantic Canada. It portrays the physical and social–ecological impacts affecting 10 coastal communities located in the provinces of Québec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Semi-structured interviews held in these provinces are the basis for the contributions of this research. The findings reveal physical changes related to coastal erosion from high-wave impacts and storm surge causing flooding of the coastal zone. Also considered are strategies preferred and actually implemented by residents, such as building of protection walls, although undesirable. Due to funding constraints, however, many of these large-scale flood protection projects are not possible without governmental support. Instead, it is suggested that development be controlled and some respondents in this study upheld that relocation be used to alleviate the situation. Finally, more work is required to improve emergency planning. Better concerted short- and long-term responses need to be coordinated by local authorities and higher up in the government in order to ensure the sustainability of these coastal communities.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary Thornbush; Steve Plante. Climatic and Environmental Changes Affecting Communities in Atlantic Canada. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1293 .

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Mary Thornbush, Steve Plante. Climatic and Environmental Changes Affecting Communities in Atlantic Canada. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (8):1293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Mary Thornbush; Steve Plante. 2017. "Climatic and Environmental Changes Affecting Communities in Atlantic Canada." Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1293.

Perspective
Published: 22 April 2017 in Ambio
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Sustainable development aims at addressing economic, social, and environmental concerns, but the current lack of responsive environmental governance hinders progress. Short-term economic development has led to limited actions, unsustainable resource management, and degraded ecosystems. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) may continue to fall short of achieving significant progress without a better understanding of how ecosystems contribute to achieving sustainability for all people. Ecosystem governance is an approach that integrates the social and ecological components for improved sustainability and includes principles such as adaptive ecosystem co-management, subsidiarity, and telecoupling framework, as well as principles of democracy and accountability. We explain the importance of ecosystem governance in achieving the SDGs, and suggest some ways to ensure that ecosystem services are meaningfully considered. This paper reflects on how integration of these approaches into policies can enhance the current agenda of sustainability.

ACS Style

Liette Vasseur; Darwin Horning; Mary Thornbush; Emmanuelle Cohen-Shacham; Angela Andrade; Ed Barrow; Steve R. Edwards; Piet Wit; Mike Jones. Complex problems and unchallenged solutions: Bringing ecosystem governance to the forefront of the UN sustainable development goals. Ambio 2017, 46, 731 -742.

AMA Style

Liette Vasseur, Darwin Horning, Mary Thornbush, Emmanuelle Cohen-Shacham, Angela Andrade, Ed Barrow, Steve R. Edwards, Piet Wit, Mike Jones. Complex problems and unchallenged solutions: Bringing ecosystem governance to the forefront of the UN sustainable development goals. Ambio. 2017; 46 (7):731-742.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liette Vasseur; Darwin Horning; Mary Thornbush; Emmanuelle Cohen-Shacham; Angela Andrade; Ed Barrow; Steve R. Edwards; Piet Wit; Mike Jones. 2017. "Complex problems and unchallenged solutions: Bringing ecosystem governance to the forefront of the UN sustainable development goals." Ambio 46, no. 7: 731-742.

Editorial
Published: 17 February 2017 in Geosciences
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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page. With increasing interdisciplinarity, more studies are examining environmental problems from an integrated perspective. This is apparent in the geological sciences and physical geography, which incorporate various disciplinary approaches, including biology, pedology, hydrology, geomorphology, and climatology. This Special Issue of Geosciences is comprised of studies relevant to the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere, with terrestrial systems also considered. This Issue takes a geoscience perspective, embracing both geology (Earth science) and physical geography.

ACS Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Nir Y. Krakauer. Introduction to the Special Issue on Climate Change and Geosciences. Geosciences 2017, 7, 8 .

AMA Style

Mary J. Thornbush, Nir Y. Krakauer. Introduction to the Special Issue on Climate Change and Geosciences. Geosciences. 2017; 7 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary J. Thornbush; Nir Y. Krakauer. 2017. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Climate Change and Geosciences." Geosciences 7, no. 1: 8.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Geology & Geophysics
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This review considers the current literature on sinkhole formation and occurrence. It incorporates several examples from around the world in order to gain a broader geographical scope on the problem. Challenges associated with sinkholes center around atmospheric acidification (pollution) and the formation of dissolution sinkholes. In addition, urbanization and its imposed changes on surface drainage as well as aquifer contamination also bear upon this geohazard. Solutions have been grasped through the deployment of geophysical techniques, in particular GPR. Engineering solutions are presented and critically discussed. Preventative planning based on early detection (through geophysical, GIS and multivariate analysis plus modeling, and possibly remote sensing techniques) are among the most effective available solutions. More research is needed to investigate the effects of increasing surface temperatures and interactions (synergies) with pollution.

ACS Style

Thornbush Mj. Part 1: Contemporary Challenges and Current Solutions in Sinkhole Occurrence and Mitigation. Journal of Geology & Geophysics 2017, 6, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Thornbush Mj. Part 1: Contemporary Challenges and Current Solutions in Sinkhole Occurrence and Mitigation. Journal of Geology & Geophysics. 2017; 6 (3):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thornbush Mj. 2017. "Part 1: Contemporary Challenges and Current Solutions in Sinkhole Occurrence and Mitigation." Journal of Geology & Geophysics 6, no. 3: 1-9.