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Dr. Tiziana Maiorano
Department of Humanities University of Urbino "Carlo Bo"

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0 Resilience
0 Stress
0 Healthcare workers
0 Hardiness
0 Secondary trauma

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Stress
Resilience
Hardiness
Secondary trauma
Healthcare workers

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Short Biography

Tiziana Maiorano, PhD, is a Psychologist and collaborator of the Center for Research and Education in Forensic Psychology. Her main research interests are in forensic psychology (witness, trauma, suggestibility, coping, sexual abuse) and social psychology.

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Journal article
Published: 18 May 2021 in Social Sciences
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Working as healthcare workers (HCWs) and emergency workers (EWs) during the first wave of COVID-19 has been associated with high levels of stress and burnout, while hardiness, coping strategies and resilience have emerged as protective factors. No studies have so far investigated these psychological factors during the second wave. We aimed to verify the trend of stress levels, burnout, coping strategies and resilience during the pandemic in Italian healthcare and emergency workers by comparing a first sample recruited from the first COVID-19 wave (N = 240) with a second sample relating to the second wave (N = 260). Through an online platform we administered questionnaires to measure stress, burnout, resilience, hardiness and coping strategies. The results showed that in the two waves the total stress levels of HCWs and EWs did not differ, while the physical stress and hardiness scores in the second wave were greater. No differences were found in the coping strategies used. An analysis of burnout levels in the second wave sample found that stress showed a high predictive power in the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scales. Hardiness and resilience emerged as protective factors in reducing stress. The implications for the need to provide support and to improve hardiness for HCWs and EWs are discussed.

ACS Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. Protective Factors against Emergency Stress and Burnout in Healthcare and Emergency Workers during Second Wave of COVID-19. Social Sciences 2021, 10, 178 .

AMA Style

Monia Vagni, Tiziana Maiorano, Valeria Giostra, Daniela Pajardi. Protective Factors against Emergency Stress and Burnout in Healthcare and Emergency Workers during Second Wave of COVID-19. Social Sciences. 2021; 10 (5):178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. 2021. "Protective Factors against Emergency Stress and Burnout in Healthcare and Emergency Workers during Second Wave of COVID-19." Social Sciences 10, no. 5: 178.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2021 in Social Sciences
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Being a victim of abuse in childhood can lead to the development of trauma-related psychopathology, which could affect the testimony of the child victim. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a factor that can increase both the levels of suggestibility and the production of memory errors, such as confabulations, which can be identified in distortions and fabrications. No studies have analyzed the relationship between suggestibility, fabrications, distortions, and PTSD on samples of children and adolescents suspected of being sexually abused. This study aims to verify in a sample of 221 sexually abused children and adolescents the effect of PTSD, measured by Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children, in increasing the levels of immediate and delayed suggestibility and the production of fabrications and distortions in immediate and delayed memory tasks, obtained by Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale 2, controlling age and non-verbal intelligence. Our results show that PTSD increases the levels of immediate and delayed suggestibility, but it has no effect on memory recall in immediate recall tasks. Moreover, PTSD leads to a greater number of distorted and fabricated information inserted in delayed memory. Forensic implications of PTSD consequences on memory tasks and suggestibility levels of sexually abused children are discussed.

ACS Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra. The Relationship between Suggestibility, Fabrication, Distortion, and Trauma in Suspected Sexually Abused Children. Social Sciences 2021, 10, 37 .

AMA Style

Monia Vagni, Tiziana Maiorano, Valeria Giostra. The Relationship between Suggestibility, Fabrication, Distortion, and Trauma in Suspected Sexually Abused Children. Social Sciences. 2021; 10 (2):37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra. 2021. "The Relationship between Suggestibility, Fabrication, Distortion, and Trauma in Suspected Sexually Abused Children." Social Sciences 10, no. 2: 37.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2020 in Sustainability
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During the severe phase of the pandemic, COVID-19 emergency workers were engaged in long and numerous shifts of duty, resulting in exposure to various stress factors. A high stress level is associated with risk of burnout. Resilience and personal accomplishment can effectively help mitigate and reduce emergency stress levels and emotional exhaustion. The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of emergency stress and hardiness with burnout among emergency workers. The participants included 494 emergency volunteers from the Red Cross Committee in Veneto, Italy, engaged in various health, emergency, and social activities aimed at COVID-19 patients and people at risk of contracting the virus. Questionnaires used to measure emergency stress, hardiness and burnout were administered on an online platform. We analyzed the influence of age, sex, weekly hours of service, stress risk factors, and use of personal protective equipment. To verify the predictive effects of risk and protective factors on burnout, correlational and multivariate analyses, and regressions were conducted. Hardiness showed an effect in reducing emergency stress levels, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization and simultaneously increased personal accomplishment.

ACS Style

Monia Vagni; Valeria Giostra; Tiziana Maiorano; Giuliano Santaniello; Daniela Pajardi. Personal Accomplishment and Hardiness in Reducing Emergency Stress and Burnout among COVID-19 Emergency Workers. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9071 .

AMA Style

Monia Vagni, Valeria Giostra, Tiziana Maiorano, Giuliano Santaniello, Daniela Pajardi. Personal Accomplishment and Hardiness in Reducing Emergency Stress and Burnout among COVID-19 Emergency Workers. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monia Vagni; Valeria Giostra; Tiziana Maiorano; Giuliano Santaniello; Daniela Pajardi. 2020. "Personal Accomplishment and Hardiness in Reducing Emergency Stress and Burnout among COVID-19 Emergency Workers." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9071.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The COVID-19 crisis has placed a heavy burden on medical staff and emergency workers, who may be at risk of developing psychological distress and secondary trauma. Coping and resilience to stress during a pandemic are protective factors that can mitigate the potential adverse psychological effects. Here, we investigated the direct and mediated effects of coping strategies and hardiness on secondary trauma among Italian medical staff (physicians and nurses, n = 140) and emergency workers (firefighters, civil protection, and ambulance personnel, n = 100) involved in the first phase of the pandemic. For this purpose, we collected data from participants through online questionnaires to measure emergency stress, coping strategies, hardiness, and secondary trauma. Other variables analyzed were age, sex, direct contact with COVID-19 patients, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). We performed a correlational analysis, regressions, and a mediation analysis. The results show that nurses and physicians experienced higher levels of emergency stress than emergency workers. Direct contact with COVID-19 patients, female sex, unexpected events, and lack of PPE were risk factors for emergency stress, while resilience and coping strategies played a protective role. Mediation analysis shows that coping strategies and hardiness are protective factors and reduce the effect of stress on secondary trauma.

ACS Style

Tiziana Maiorano; Monia Vagni; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. COVID-19: Risk Factors and Protective Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies for Emergency Stress and Secondary Trauma in Medical Staff and Emergency Workers—An Online-Based Inquiry. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9004 .

AMA Style

Tiziana Maiorano, Monia Vagni, Valeria Giostra, Daniela Pajardi. COVID-19: Risk Factors and Protective Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies for Emergency Stress and Secondary Trauma in Medical Staff and Emergency Workers—An Online-Based Inquiry. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiziana Maiorano; Monia Vagni; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. 2020. "COVID-19: Risk Factors and Protective Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies for Emergency Stress and Secondary Trauma in Medical Staff and Emergency Workers—An Online-Based Inquiry." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9004.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2020 in Social Sciences
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Knowing the factors that influence children’s suggestibility is important in implementing the psychological variables to be evaluated during a forensic evaluation. In the interrogative suggestibility model, coping strategies intervene in determining the acceptance or rejection of the leading question. However, studies that investigated the relationship between interrogative suggestibility and coping strategies had mixed results. Avoidance-oriented coping is associated with high level to immediate suggestibility and problem-focused with low levels. In this study, we measured immediate suggestibility, delayed suggestibility, and coping strategies in a sample of 100 children. We hypothesized that avoidance-oriented coping strategies have a predictive effect in increasing immediate suggestibility levels, in particular avoidance-oriented coping oriented towards the tendency to accept leading questions. No effect of coping strategies was expected on delayed suggestibility. All children completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS 2), a non-verbal IQ test, and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Coping strategies were not related to delayed suggestibility, but avoidance-oriented coping correlated positively with immediate suggestibility. Avoidance-oriented coping emerged as the only significant predictive model for shift and total suggestibility, and its subscale distraction emerged as a predictor for Yield 1 and Yield 2. No predictors emerged for delayed suggestibility. Results are discussed for their theoretical implications.

ACS Style

Tiziana Maiorano; Monia Vagni. Coping Strategies, Immediate and Delayed Suggestibility among Children and Adolescents. Social Sciences 2020, 9, 186 .

AMA Style

Tiziana Maiorano, Monia Vagni. Coping Strategies, Immediate and Delayed Suggestibility among Children and Adolescents. Social Sciences. 2020; 9 (11):186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiziana Maiorano; Monia Vagni. 2020. "Coping Strategies, Immediate and Delayed Suggestibility among Children and Adolescents." Social Sciences 9, no. 11: 186.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The work environment of emergency workers is an important factor related to stress. Coping with the COVID-19 emergency is a factor that is highly related to stress, and severe stress is a risk factor for developing secondary trauma. Coping and resilience can help rescue workers to better respond in emergency situations and could protect them from secondary trauma. We aimed to explore the relationship of emergency stress, hardiness, coping strategies, and secondary trauma among emergency workers and the mediating roles of coping strategies and hardiness on the effect of stress in producing secondary trauma. The study involved 513 emergency workers from the Red Cross Committee in Veneto, one of the Italian regions most affected by the COVID-19. Participants completed questionnaires online to measure emergency stress (physical, emotional, cognitive, organizational‒relational, COVID-19, and inefficacy decisional), hardiness, coping strategies, and secondary trauma. Other variables analyzed were age, gender, weekly hours of service, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). We performed t-tests, a correlational analysis, regressions, and a mediation analysis. Hardiness and coping strategies, in particular, which stop unpleasant emotions and thoughts and problem-focused, emerged as mediators in reducing the predicted effect of stress on secondary trauma. The mediating effects of hardiness and coping strategies were found to reduce the effect of stress on arousal by 15% and the effect on avoidance by 25%.

ACS Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. Hardiness and Coping Strategies as Mediators of Stress and Secondary Trauma in Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7561 .

AMA Style

Monia Vagni, Tiziana Maiorano, Valeria Giostra, Daniela Pajardi. Hardiness and Coping Strategies as Mediators of Stress and Secondary Trauma in Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. 2020. "Hardiness and Coping Strategies as Mediators of Stress and Secondary Trauma in Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7561.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Emergency situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic can lead healthcare and emergency workers to undergo severe stress reactions that increase the risk of developing secondary trauma. Hardiness is a protective factor that reduces the likelihood of negative outcomes such as secondary trauma. In this study, we analyzed the responses to physical, emotional, cognitive, organizational‒relational and COVID-19 stress of 140 healthcare and 96 emergency workers. Decision-making difficulties due to high uncertainty and the fear of contracting the virus and infecting others were also considered. We aimed to detect which stressors caused secondary trauma and to assess the protective power of hardiness. Participants completed the questionnaire online measuring stress, secondary trauma and resilience. We performed a t-test, correlational analysis and hierarchical regression. The healthcare workers had higher levels of stress and arousal than the emergency workers group and those involved in the treatment of COVID-19 were exposed to a large degree of stress and were at high risk of developing secondary trauma. Commitment is associated with high levels of stress, arousal and intrusion, while control shows a protective function. Stress and hardiness result in 37% and 17% of the variance of arousal and intrusion, respectively.

ACS Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. Hardiness, Stress and Secondary Trauma in Italian Healthcare and Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5592 .

AMA Style

Monia Vagni, Tiziana Maiorano, Valeria Giostra, Daniela Pajardi. Hardiness, Stress and Secondary Trauma in Italian Healthcare and Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Valeria Giostra; Daniela Pajardi. 2020. "Hardiness, Stress and Secondary Trauma in Italian Healthcare and Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5592.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA
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ACS Style

Daniela Pajardi; Monia Vagni; Valeria Giostra; Viviana La Spada; Tiziana Maiorano. Stress e competenze genitoriali nelle separazioni giudiziarie. Analisi dei fattori protettivi e di rischio nelle relazioni parentali. RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA 2019, 693 -712.

AMA Style

Daniela Pajardi, Monia Vagni, Valeria Giostra, Viviana La Spada, Tiziana Maiorano. Stress e competenze genitoriali nelle separazioni giudiziarie. Analisi dei fattori protettivi e di rischio nelle relazioni parentali. RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA. 2019; (4):693-712.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniela Pajardi; Monia Vagni; Valeria Giostra; Viviana La Spada; Tiziana Maiorano. 2019. "Stress e competenze genitoriali nelle separazioni giudiziarie. Analisi dei fattori protettivi e di rischio nelle relazioni parentali." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA , no. 4: 693-712.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA
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Nei casi di presunto abuso sessuale i minori possono essere ascoltati in ambito giudiziario come testimoni. Secondo la letteratura l’aver vissuto esperienze traumatiche aumenta la suggestionabilità e interferisce sull’accuratezza mnestica. Lo studio si propone di: 1) rilevare eventuali differenze sulla suggestionabilità immediata e differita tra un gruppo di 80 minori presunte vittime di abuso sessuale e un gruppo di 80 minori non coinvolti in contesti giudiziari. 2) esplorare nel solo gruppo delle presunte vittime l’incidenza dell’abuso intrafamiliare vs extrafamiliare, del numero degli epsiodi e dell’invasività dell’abuso sulla memoria e sulla suggestionabilità. I risultati mostrano come le presunte vittime presentino maggiore suggestionabilità e inferiori prestazioni mnestiche. L’abuso intrafamiliare e l’invasività aumentano la suggestionabilità. Il numero degli episodi non sembrerebbe avere incidenza

ACS Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Daniela Maria Pajardi. Memoria e suggestionabilità interrogativa nei minori testimoni in casi di presunto abuso sessuale. MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA 2017, 141 -161.

AMA Style

Monia Vagni, Tiziana Maiorano, Daniela Maria Pajardi. Memoria e suggestionabilità interrogativa nei minori testimoni in casi di presunto abuso sessuale. MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA. 2017; (2):141-161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Daniela Maria Pajardi. 2017. "Memoria e suggestionabilità interrogativa nei minori testimoni in casi di presunto abuso sessuale." MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA , no. 2: 141-161.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Personality and Individual Differences
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The main aim of this study was to investigate age, gender and memory effects on ‘immediate’ and ‘delayed’ suggestibility among children, and the relationship between immediate and delayed suggestibility. The participants were 1183 children aged between 7 and 16 years, who had been divided into three age band groups (7–9, 10–12, and 13–16 years). All children completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS 2) and a non-verbal IQ test. Delayed suggestibility was measured after a one week delay. There were significant memory and suggestibility effects across the three age groups. Girls had significantly higher immediate and delayed memory scores than boys, but did not differ on suggestibility. Suggestibility predicted age after controlling for immediate recall, indicating significant incremental effects. Immediate and delayed suggestibility were significantly correlated in the two older age groups, but the effect sizes were small. The results suggest that immediate and delayed suggestibility are poorly correlated, and the effects of age and immediate recall are largely confined to immediate suggestibility, indicating that immediate and delayed suggestibility are underpinned by different processes. What they have in common is poor source monitoring (discrepancy detection), but differ in terms of how the interviewee processes the flawed source monitoring over time.

ACS Style

Gisli Gudjonsson; Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Daniela Pajardi. Age and memory related changes in children's immediate and delayed suggestibility using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Personality and Individual Differences 2016, 102, 25 -29.

AMA Style

Gisli Gudjonsson, Monia Vagni, Tiziana Maiorano, Daniela Pajardi. Age and memory related changes in children's immediate and delayed suggestibility using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 102 ():25-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gisli Gudjonsson; Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Daniela Pajardi. 2016. "Age and memory related changes in children's immediate and delayed suggestibility using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale." Personality and Individual Differences 102, no. : 25-29.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2015 in Personality and Individual Differences
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ACS Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Daniela Pajardi; Gisli Gudjonsson. Immediate and delayed suggestibility among suspected child victims of sexual abuse. Personality and Individual Differences 2015, 79, 129 -133.

AMA Style

Monia Vagni, Tiziana Maiorano, Daniela Pajardi, Gisli Gudjonsson. Immediate and delayed suggestibility among suspected child victims of sexual abuse. Personality and Individual Differences. 2015; 79 ():129-133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monia Vagni; Tiziana Maiorano; Daniela Pajardi; Gisli Gudjonsson. 2015. "Immediate and delayed suggestibility among suspected child victims of sexual abuse." Personality and Individual Differences 79, no. : 129-133.