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Dr. Birendra Mishra
University of Hawaii at Manoa

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0 Animal Physiology
0 Endocrine
0 Reproduction
0 Heat Stress
0 Egg and meat production

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Research article
Published: 26 July 2021 in PLOS ONE
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Heat stress accounts for substantial economic loss in the poultry industry by altering the health and performance of chickens. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a water and fat-soluble antioxidant which is readily absorbed from the intestine resulting in maximum bioavailability. Moreover, ALA acts as a coenzyme in glucose metabolism and helps generate other antioxidants. Considering these benefits, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation of ALA would help mitigate heat stress in poultry. A total of 72 Day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: no heat stress (NHS), heat stress with basal diet (HS), and heat stress with alpha-lipoic acid (HS+ALA); each treatment group had 6 replicate pens with 4 birds in each pen (n = 24/group). The allocated birds were raised under standard husbandry practices for 3 weeks. After 21 d, birds in the HS and HS+ALA groups were exposed to heat stress (33°C for 8 hours during the day) for 3 weeks, while the NHS group was reared under normal conditions (22–24°C). The HS+ALA group received a basal finisher diet fortified with ALA (500 mg/kg) during the treatment period (22 to 42 d), while other birds were provided with the basal finisher diet. Weekly body weight and feed intake were recorded. The cecum digesta for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing for the gut microbiota analysis; and the ileum tissue samples for histological and gene expression analyses were collected on d 42. Exposure to heat stress decreased (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (FBW) in the HS group compared to the NHS group, the supplementation of ALA improved (P<0.05) ADG and FBW in heat-stressed birds. Furthermore, birds in the HS+ALA group had increased (P<0.05) expression of HSP90, PRDX1, GPX3, SOD2, OCLN, and MUC2 genes and higher (P<0.05) concentrations of major VFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). The dietary ALA supplementation also improved the villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the HS+ALA group. The microbial diversity analysis revealed significant abundance (P<0.05) of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Peptostreptococcaceae in the cecum of the ALA group. These results indicate that dietary ALA supplementation effectively mitigates the negative effects of heat stress in broilers by improving the expression of heat-shock, tight-junction, antioxidants, and immune-related genes in the intestine, improving villus structures, increasing concentration of major VFAs, and enriching the beneficial microbiota.

ACS Style

Sanjeev Wasti; Nirvay Sah; Chin N. Lee; Rajesh Jha; Birendra Mishra. Dietary supplementation of alpha-lipoic acid mitigates the negative effects of heat stress in broilers. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0254936 .

AMA Style

Sanjeev Wasti, Nirvay Sah, Chin N. Lee, Rajesh Jha, Birendra Mishra. Dietary supplementation of alpha-lipoic acid mitigates the negative effects of heat stress in broilers. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (7):e0254936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanjeev Wasti; Nirvay Sah; Chin N. Lee; Rajesh Jha; Birendra Mishra. 2021. "Dietary supplementation of alpha-lipoic acid mitigates the negative effects of heat stress in broilers." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7: e0254936.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in Foods
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Approximately 17 million people suffer from cardiovascular diseases caused by hyperlipidemia, making it a serious global health concern. Among others, resistant starch (RS) has been widely used as a prebiotic in managing hyperlipidemia conditions. However, some studies have reported limited effects of RS on body weight and blood lipid profile of the host, suggesting further investigation on the synergistic effects of RS in combination with probiotics as gut microbes plays a role in lipid metabolism. This study evaluated the effects of jackfruit seed sourced resistant starch (JSRS) as a novel RS on mice gut microbes and hyperlipidemia by performing 16s rRNA and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that 10% JSRS had a limited preventive effect on bodyweight and serum lipid levels. However, the JSRS promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, which indicated the ability of B. pseudolongum for JSRS utilization. In the validation experiment, B. pseudolongum interacted with JSRS to significantly reduce bodyweight and serum lipid levels and had a therapeutic effect on hepatic steatosis in mice. Collectively, this study revealed the improvements of hyperlipidemia in mice by the synergistic effects of JSRS and B. pseudolongum, which will help in the development of “synbiotics” for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in the future.

ACS Style

Zeng Zhang; Yuanyuan Wang; Yanjun Zhang; Kaining Chen; Haibo Chang; Chenchen Ma; Shuaiming Jiang; Dongxue Huo; Wenjun Liu; Rajesh Jha; Jiachao Zhang. Synergistic Effects of the Jackfruit Seed Sourced Resistant Starch and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. globosum on Suppression of Hyperlipidemia in Mice. Foods 2021, 10, 1431 .

AMA Style

Zeng Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Yanjun Zhang, Kaining Chen, Haibo Chang, Chenchen Ma, Shuaiming Jiang, Dongxue Huo, Wenjun Liu, Rajesh Jha, Jiachao Zhang. Synergistic Effects of the Jackfruit Seed Sourced Resistant Starch and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. globosum on Suppression of Hyperlipidemia in Mice. Foods. 2021; 10 (6):1431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zeng Zhang; Yuanyuan Wang; Yanjun Zhang; Kaining Chen; Haibo Chang; Chenchen Ma; Shuaiming Jiang; Dongxue Huo; Wenjun Liu; Rajesh Jha; Jiachao Zhang. 2021. "Synergistic Effects of the Jackfruit Seed Sourced Resistant Starch and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. globosum on Suppression of Hyperlipidemia in Mice." Foods 10, no. 6: 1431.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in BMC Genomics
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Background The mechanism of egg formation in the oviduct of laying hens is tightly controlled; each segment of the oviduct contributes a unique component of the egg. Several genes/proteins are involved in the synthesis of a completely healthy egg. This implies a time- and tissue-specific expression of genes and proteins in the different oviductal segments. We used hens at different physiological stages and time points to understand the transcriptional regulation of egg-white (albumen) synthesis and secretion onto the eggs in the magnum of laying hens. This study used Next-Generation Sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to detect the novel genes and the cognate biological pathways that regulate the major events during the albumen formation. Results Magnum tissues collected from laying (n = 5 each at 3 h post-ovulation, p.o. and 15–20 h p.o.), non-laying (n = 4), and molting (n = 5) hens were used for differential gene expression analyses. A total of 540 genes (152 upregulated and 388 down-regulated) were differentially expressed at 3 h p.o. in the magnum of laying hens. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways analysis of the 152 upregulated genes revealed that glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism was the most-enriched biological pathway. Furthermore, the top two most enriched keywords for the upregulated genes were amino-acid biosynthesis and proteases. Nine candidate genes associated with albumen formation were validated with qPCR to have differential expression in laying, non-laying, and molting hens. Proteases such as TMPRSS9, CAPN2, MMP1, and MMP9 (protein maturation, ECM degradation, and angiogenesis); enzymes such as PSPH, PHGDH, and PSAT1 (amino-acid biosynthesis); RLN3, ACE, and REN (albumen synthesis, secretion and egg transport); and AVD, AvBD11, and GPX3 (antimicrobial and antioxidants) were recognized as essential molecules linked to albumen deposition in the magnum. Conclusions This study revealed some novel genes that participate in the signaling pathways for egg-white synthesis and secretion along with some well-known functional genes. These findings help to understand the mechanisms involved in albumen biosynthesis.

ACS Style

Nirvay Sah; Donna Lee Kuehu; Vedbar Singh Khadka; Youping Deng; Rajesh Jha; Sanjeev Wasti; Birendra Mishra. RNA sequencing-based analysis of the magnum tissues revealed the novel genes and biological pathways involved in the egg-white formation in the laying hen. BMC Genomics 2021, 22, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Nirvay Sah, Donna Lee Kuehu, Vedbar Singh Khadka, Youping Deng, Rajesh Jha, Sanjeev Wasti, Birendra Mishra. RNA sequencing-based analysis of the magnum tissues revealed the novel genes and biological pathways involved in the egg-white formation in the laying hen. BMC Genomics. 2021; 22 (1):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nirvay Sah; Donna Lee Kuehu; Vedbar Singh Khadka; Youping Deng; Rajesh Jha; Sanjeev Wasti; Birendra Mishra. 2021. "RNA sequencing-based analysis of the magnum tissues revealed the novel genes and biological pathways involved in the egg-white formation in the laying hen." BMC Genomics 22, no. 1: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2021 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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This study investigated the effects of xylanase and fiber on growth response, cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, and cecal microbiota diversity in broilers. A total of 180 day-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed in 30 pens (6 birds/pen). Six dietary treatments were tested using a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (n = 5). The treatments included 3 levels of wheat bran (WB) as an additional fiber source in corn soybean meal-based diet, supplemented without or with xylanase (0.1 g/kg Econase-XT) besides 500 FTU/kg phytase and fed in 2 phases (starter, d 0–21 and finisher, d 22–35) in mash form. The three levels of WB used in this study were included at the concentration of 0 g/kg (WB 0%), 50 g/kg (WB 5%), and 100 g/kg (WB 10 %) in diet. Xylanase supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the average daily gain (ADG) in the finisher phase and total period and increased (P < 0.05) average total gain in broilers (2025 vs 1943 g). Xylanase improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter phase while a significant interaction (P < 0.05) was found between WB and xylanase on FCR in the finisher phase and total period. A greater improvement in FCR in WB 5% and WB 10 % in response to xylanase compared with WB 0% indicated that high fiber diets were more responsive to supplemental xylanase. Independent of fiber level, xylanase increased (P < 0.01) cecal SCFA (86.6 vs. 63.4 μmol/g) compared to no xylanase group. Amplicon sequencing of V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from cecal samples of d 35 revealed that xylanase had a trend (P = 0.08) for a greater number of operational taxonomic units and exhibited a trend (P = 0.054) for greater beta diversity compared to no xylanase group. Xylanase also increased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus salivarius compared with no xylanase groups (P < 0.05). It is concluded that xylanase can enhance the productive performance of broilers by improving feed efficiency and that some but not all responses are related to increased cecal SCFA and enhanced abundance of beneficial gut microbiota.

ACS Style

A.K. Singh; R.K. Mandal; M.R. Bedford; R. Jha. Xylanase improves growth performance, enhances cecal short chain fatty acids production, and increases the relative abundance of fiber fermenting cecal microbiota in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2021, 277, 114956 .

AMA Style

A.K. Singh, R.K. Mandal, M.R. Bedford, R. Jha. Xylanase improves growth performance, enhances cecal short chain fatty acids production, and increases the relative abundance of fiber fermenting cecal microbiota in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2021; 277 ():114956.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.K. Singh; R.K. Mandal; M.R. Bedford; R. Jha. 2021. "Xylanase improves growth performance, enhances cecal short chain fatty acids production, and increases the relative abundance of fiber fermenting cecal microbiota in broilers." Animal Feed Science and Technology 277, no. : 114956.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Poultry Science
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This study investigated the taxonomic profile and abundance distribution of the bacterial community in the ceca of feral and pasture-raised broiler (commercial) chickens. Cecal content from feral and commercial chickens (n = 7 each) was collected, and total DNA was isolated. Next-Generation Sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) was performed to characterize the cecal microbiota. Specific bacteria explored were: Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Escherichia, and Clostridium. At the phylum level, 92% of the bacteria belonged to Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria for both feral and commercial chickens. The proportional abundance of Firmicutes was 55.3% and 63.3%, Bacteroidetes was 32.5% and 24.4%, and Proteobacteria was 7.0% and 5.9% in the feral and commercial chickens, respectively. The alpha-diversity Shannon index (P = 0.017) and Simpson index (P = 0.038) were significantly higher for commercial than for feral chickens. Predictive functional profiling by PICRUSt showed enriched microbial metabolic pathways for L-proline biosynthesis in the feral group (P < 0.01). There were a greater percentage of specific bacteria in the feral than commercial chickens, albeit with lower diversity but a more functional microbiota. In conclusion, feral birds have distinguished microbial communities, and further microbiome analysis is mandated to know the specific functional role of individual microbiota. The difference in microbiota level between feral and commercial birds could be accounted to the scavenging nature, diverse feed ingredients, and distinct rearing localities.

ACS Style

Sudhir Yadav; Kayla D. Caliboso; Jannel E. Nanquil; Jiachao Zhang; Helmut Kae; Kabi Neupane; Birendra Mishra; Rajesh Jha. Cecal microbiome profile of Hawaiian feral chickens and pasture-raised broiler (commercial) chickens determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Poultry Science 2021, 100, 101181 .

AMA Style

Sudhir Yadav, Kayla D. Caliboso, Jannel E. Nanquil, Jiachao Zhang, Helmut Kae, Kabi Neupane, Birendra Mishra, Rajesh Jha. Cecal microbiome profile of Hawaiian feral chickens and pasture-raised broiler (commercial) chickens determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Poultry Science. 2021; 100 (7):101181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sudhir Yadav; Kayla D. Caliboso; Jannel E. Nanquil; Jiachao Zhang; Helmut Kae; Kabi Neupane; Birendra Mishra; Rajesh Jha. 2021. "Cecal microbiome profile of Hawaiian feral chickens and pasture-raised broiler (commercial) chickens determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing." Poultry Science 100, no. 7: 101181.

Review
Published: 19 April 2021 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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Dietary fiber (DF) was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. However, with increasing evidence, scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, digestive physiology, including nutrient digestion, fermentation, and absorption processes of poultry. It may help maintain the small and large intestine’s integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the GIT. Increasing DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme production. And the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth performance. It improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune functions. However, determining the source, type, form, and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted benefits. This paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization, GIT development, gut health, and poultry performance. Understanding these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization, overall health, and improved poultry growth performance. Thus, this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources, type, form, and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly poultry production.

ACS Style

Rajesh Jha; Pravin Mishra. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021, 12, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Rajesh Jha, Pravin Mishra. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12 (1):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajesh Jha; Pravin Mishra. 2021. "Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 12, no. 1: 1-16.

Original research article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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The present study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of Enteromorpha polysaccharides (EP) on carcass traits of broilers and potential molecular mechanisms associated with it. This study used RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) to detect modification in mRNA transcriptome and the cognate biological pathways affecting the carcass traits. A total of 396 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments containing EP at 0 (CON), 1000 (EP_1000), 2500 (EP_2500), 4000 (EP_4000), 5500 (EP_5500), and 7000 (EP_7000) mg/kg levels for a 35-d feeding trial with 6 replicates/treatment. At the end of the feeding trial, six birds (one bird from each replicate cage) were randomly selected from each treatment and slaughtered for carcass traits analysis. The results showed that the dietary supplementation of EP_7000 improved the breast muscle yield (p < 0.05). Subsequently, six breast muscle samples from CON and EP_7000 groups (three samples from each group) were randomly selected for RNA-Seq analysis. Based on the RNA-Seq results, a total of 154 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (p < 0.05). Among the DEGs, 112 genes were significantly upregulated, whereas 42 genes were significantly down-regulated by EP_7000 supplementation. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways, macromolecule biosynthetic, DNA-templated, RNA biosynthetic, and metabolic process (p < 0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in signaling pathways related to viral infectious diseases and cell adhesion molecules (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of EP_7000 improves the breast muscle yield, which may be involved in improving the immunity and the cell differentiation of broilers, thus promoting the muscle growth of broilers. These findings could help understand the molecular mechanisms that enhance breast muscle yield by dietary supplementation of EP in broilers.

ACS Style

Yue Zhao; Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian; Yan Guo; Sheng-Jian Qiu; Rajesh Jha; Wen-Chao Liu. Dietary Enteromorpha Polysaccharides Supplementation Improves Breast Muscle Yield and Is Associated With Modification of mRNA Transcriptome in Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Yue Zhao, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Yan Guo, Sheng-Jian Qiu, Rajesh Jha, Wen-Chao Liu. Dietary Enteromorpha Polysaccharides Supplementation Improves Breast Muscle Yield and Is Associated With Modification of mRNA Transcriptome in Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yue Zhao; Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian; Yan Guo; Sheng-Jian Qiu; Rajesh Jha; Wen-Chao Liu. 2021. "Dietary Enteromorpha Polysaccharides Supplementation Improves Breast Muscle Yield and Is Associated With Modification of mRNA Transcriptome in Broiler Chickens." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2021 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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Background Due to presence of drug-resistant Eimeria strains and raised public health safety concerns about drug residues in the meat, there is renewed interest in the search for natural alternatives to the coccidiosis control agents. This study was conducted to test the anticoccidial efficacy of oregano and C itrus spp.-based essential oils for broilers. Methods A total of 280 7-day-old broiler chicks were fed a control diet or diets with salinomycin or essential oils for up to 35 d of age. On d 14, half of the control groups and the treated groups were orally challenged with a coccidiosis vaccine at 25 times higher than the recommended vaccine dose. Control diet-fed chickens that were gavaged with phosphate-buffered saline were considered non-challenged control group. Results Eimeria challenge or dietary additives failed to affect growth performance during the 7 to 20 d growth period although essential oil-fed chickens exhibited the lowest body wight gain (P = 0.332) and the highest feed conversion ratio (P = 0.062). Oocysts in the litter were detected in the challenged control diet group and the challenged/essential oil-fed groups at 21 and 35 d, respectively. Superoxide dismutase activity in the serum was elevated (P = 0.059) in the salinomycin-fed chickens compared to the challenged controls. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein was decreased by 28.7% in the salinomycin-fed chickens but increased by 38.1% in the essential oil group compared with the challenged control group. Challenged control group exhibited a significantly higher cooking loss of the thigh meat, compared to the non-challenged control diet group, which was marginally mitigated by dietary supplementation with essential oils. Chickens fed essential oil-added diet had the highest branched-chain fatty acids contents in the cecum. Conclusions In conclusion, this study shows that oregano and Citrus-based essential oil preparation did not affect growth performance in broiler chickens challenged with the coccidiosis vaccine nor did Eimeria-specific duodenal lesion. However, dietary essential oil preparation lowered oocysts present in litter materials and altered branched-chain fatty acids in cecal digesta. Beneficial findings of the essential oil preparation on volatile fatty acids and oocysts output may warrant further research into assessing its effectiveness and its efficacy in pathogenic field-isolate Eimeria spp.-induced coccidiosis disease model.

ACS Style

Francisco Xavier Gordillo Jaramillo; Da-Hye Kim; Sang Hyeok Lee; Sun-Kwan Kwon; Rajesh Jha; Kyung-Woo Lee. Role of oregano and Citrus species-based essential oil preparation for the control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021, 12, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Francisco Xavier Gordillo Jaramillo, Da-Hye Kim, Sang Hyeok Lee, Sun-Kwan Kwon, Rajesh Jha, Kyung-Woo Lee. Role of oregano and Citrus species-based essential oil preparation for the control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Xavier Gordillo Jaramillo; Da-Hye Kim; Sang Hyeok Lee; Sun-Kwan Kwon; Rajesh Jha; Kyung-Woo Lee. 2021. "Role of oregano and Citrus species-based essential oil preparation for the control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 12, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2021 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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Background Heat stress is a significant problem in the poultry industry, causing a severe economic loss due to its detrimental effects on chickens’ health and performance. Dried plum (DP) is a good source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. Studies have suggested that DP has several health benefits, such as maintaining the body’s redox system, immune status, and calcium hemostasis. Based on the health benefits of DP, we hypothesized that the dietary supplementation of DP would alleviate the detrimental effects of heat stress on broiler chickens. Results To test the hypothesis, day-old broiler chicks (n = 72) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n = 24/group): no heat stress (NHS), heat stress (HS), and heat stress with dried plum (HS + DP), and reared under standard conditions. The inclusion of 2.5% DP in the feed of the HS + DP group was made during the treatment period, while birds in other groups were provided with a standard finisher diet. After 21 days, birds in the HS and HS + DP groups were exposed to cyclic heat stress conditions (33 °C for 8 h during daytime) for 3 weeks, while those in the NHS group were reared under normal conditions (22–24 °C). Weekly body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Heat stress significantly decreased the final body weight, ADG, ADFI, and increased FCR compared to the NHS group, whereas dietary supplementation of DP significantly improved these growth performance parameters compared to the HS group. Furthermore, supplementation of DP significantly increased the expression of heat shock protein-related genes (HSF1, HSF3, HSP70, and HSP90), antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX3, PRDX1, and TXN), tight junction-related genes (CLDN1, and OCLN), and immune-related genes (IL4, MUC2) in the ileum as compared to the HS group. The microbiota analysis showed significant enrichment of Bacillales, Christensenellaceae, Bacillaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Anaerotruncus in heat-stressed birds supplemented with DP as compared to the HS group. Further, DP supplementation also significantly increased the concentration of acetate, propionate, and total VFA in the cecal digesta of the HS + DP group as compared to the HS group. Conclusion These findings suggest that DP supplementation effectively improved the growth performances and gut health parameters in the heat-stressed birds. Thus, dried plum can be a potential feed supplement to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens.

ACS Style

Sanjeev Wasti; Nirvay Sah; Amit K. Singh; Chin N. Lee; Rajesh Jha; Birendra Mishra. Dietary supplementation of dried plum: a novel strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021, 12, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Sanjeev Wasti, Nirvay Sah, Amit K. Singh, Chin N. Lee, Rajesh Jha, Birendra Mishra. Dietary supplementation of dried plum: a novel strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12 (1):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanjeev Wasti; Nirvay Sah; Amit K. Singh; Chin N. Lee; Rajesh Jha; Birendra Mishra. 2021. "Dietary supplementation of dried plum: a novel strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 12, no. 1: 1-17.

Editorial
Published: 18 March 2021 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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Editorial on the Research Topic Nutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Health of Young Monogastric Animals Poultry and pig production have increased at a faster rate than any other livestock production globally (1). Among others, nutritionally balanced-feeding programs, along with antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in feeds, played a significant role in achieving this success (2, 3). The animal industry, however, aims to redefine its nutrition program to grow safe and quality meat in the light of public health concerns due to the use of AGP in diets (1). Maintenance or improvement of intestinal health is essential for optimum growth, better feed efficiency, and the overall health of pigs and poultry (4–6). Keeping a healthy intestine is also critically important for nutrient digestion and utilization, thereby ensuring better growth performance of pigs and poultry (7–9). Intestinal health covers efficient nutrient utilization, macro- and micro-structural integrity of the gut, the stability of the microbiota, and the status of the immune system (4, 10, 11). Moreover, intestinal health is a complex field combining the nutrition, microbiology, immunology, and physiology of animals. Challenges in intestinal health directly influence nutrient digestion and absorption (4, 12, 13), which in turn reduces feed efficiency and increases susceptibility to enteric diseases (14, 15). Recent regulatory changes on the use of AGP and selected feedstuffs have challenged the optimal growth and health of modern pigs and poultry, that have been extensively selected for growth efficiency and lean gain. Highly lean and fast-growing pigs and poultry highlight the need for a better understanding of the gut function and overall gut health. Understanding and improving the intestinal health of animals is a key essential trend needed for the success of animal production in this era of AGP free production (1, 4, 16). This Research Topic eBook covers nutritional aspects of improving the intestinal health of monogastric animals, including current challenges and potential solutions. The papers have been presented under two sections: (1) Importance and understanding intestinal health of monogastric animals and (2) Nutritional intervention for intestinal health. It is well-established that effective modulation of the gut health parameters depends not only on feedstuffs but also on the methods and timing of the nutrients available to host animals. Furthermore, early growth and development of GIT are of critical importance in enhancing nutrient utilization and optimizing the growth of poultry. Early nutrition programming using both in ovo and post-hatch feeding has been used as a means to modulate the early growth and development of GIT and has been found to be an effective strategy [(17); (Jha, Singh et al.)]. Similarly, the weaning phase of pigs is an incredibly stressful period as it causes morphological and functional changes in the gut and induces post-weaning growth depression. Different nutritional strategies, including the addition of functional feed additives in the weaner pig's diet have been proposed to minimize these effects (Zheng et al.). Similarly, different nutrients and feed additives have been used to optimize the gastrointestinal integrity and immune system of young animals (Adedokun and Olojede). However, gut microbiota plays a significant role in managing the gut environment by producing fermentation metabolites and influencing nutrient utilization pathways (18). Thus, it is important to understand the gut microbial ecology in-depth, including their taxonomic composition and biochemical functions. However, the gut microbiota is primarily influenced by diet, age, species, and location in the digestive tract (5, 18, 19). Different techniques have been used to characterize the gut microbiota, but those have different strengths and limitations. Modern techniques like 16S rRNA based next-generation sequencing and others are powerful tools to investigate the biological and ecological roles of the gut microbiota [(19); (Shang et al.)]. In the commercial animal production system, different nutritional and environmental stresses and pathological factors create oxidative stress in animals, leading to imbalances in the intestinal homeostasis due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. It can be mitigated by supplementing exogenous vitamins, antioxidants, and plant extracts that have antioxidant properties that scavenge ROS [(9); (Mishra and Jha)]. Thus, it is crucial to understand the involvement of oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal functionality of animals and the potential intervention strategies available to maintain redox balance in the GIT. It is not only the type of feedstuffs, but also their forms that have been found to affect gut health and function. A finer feed particle size enables optimal nutrient utilization and enhances animal performance due to increased surface area, allowing for better contact with digestive enzymes. Moreover, adequate diminution of feedstuffs is beneficial to feed manufacturing processes such as mixing and hydrothermal treatments, including pelleting, extrusion, and expansion. Thus, feed processing techniques, along with the type of feedstuffs, need to be considered when formulating diets for animals considering their impact on intestinal health (Kiarie and Mills). As various feedstuffs, their components, and feed additives behave and function differently in the GIT of animals, different feeding strategies have been tested, with some success, to improve intestinal health and functionality. Furthermore, there is also a need to evaluate potential alternatives to AGPs in animal diets in the post-antibiotic era [(3); (Yang et al.)]. As potential alternatives to AGPs, different dietary fibers (DF), prebiotics, probiotics, post-biotics, enzymes, and others have been evaluated and found to have promising outcomes...

ACS Style

Rajesh Jha; Sung Woo Kim. Editorial: Nutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Health of Young Monogastric Animals. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Rajesh Jha, Sung Woo Kim. Editorial: Nutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Health of Young Monogastric Animals. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajesh Jha; Sung Woo Kim. 2021. "Editorial: Nutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Health of Young Monogastric Animals." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, no. : 1.

Short communication
Published: 11 February 2021 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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Corn, wheat, and soybean meal (SBM) have been primarily used as feedstuffs in animal feeding programs. However, it is necessary to explore and evaluate alternative feedstuffs to deal with variable costs and the supply of these conventional feedstuffs. This study determined the nutrient composition of macadamia nut cake (MNC) and its effect on the growth performance of broiler chickens fed at graded levels. A total of 180 d-old chicks were randomly and equally assigned to one of the treatment diets: 0 g/kg (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200 g/kg MNC included in corn-soybean meal-based diets. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were recorded to calculate average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion rate (FCR). Dietary inclusion of different levels of MNC during both starter (0–21 days) and finisher (22–42 days) period had similar average BW and ADG to control diet (P > 0.05). ADFI and FCR increased linearly with increasing concentration of MNC with significance at 200 g/kg during starter, and 150 g/kg MNC during finisher and overall study period compared to control (P < 0.05). Although MNC is high in fiber content, there was no retardation in growth. It could be due to the richness of essential nutrients, high lipid residue, and the beneficial role of fiber on gut health. Thus, MNC can be included up to 150 g/kg in broilers diets without compromising the growth performance and can serve as a potential alternative feedstuff to partially replace corn and SBM.

ACS Style

Sudhir Yadav; Rajesh Jha. Macadamia nut cake as an alternative feedstuff for broilers: Effect on growth performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2021, 275, 114873 .

AMA Style

Sudhir Yadav, Rajesh Jha. Macadamia nut cake as an alternative feedstuff for broilers: Effect on growth performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2021; 275 ():114873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sudhir Yadav; Rajesh Jha. 2021. "Macadamia nut cake as an alternative feedstuff for broilers: Effect on growth performance." Animal Feed Science and Technology 275, no. : 114873.

Review article
Published: 31 December 2020 in Animal Nutrition
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This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the feed of meat-producing animals. The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated. Primarily, the oral administration of OTA-contaminated feed and the predisposition in an animal's vital organ were critically examined in this work. The collated reports show that OTA directly associated with endemic nephropathy and its high concentration leads to degeneration of liver cells, and necrosis of intestinal and lymphoid tissues. At present, limited reports are available in the recent literature on the problems and consequences of OTA in feed. Therefore, this review focused on the OTA carryover from feed to farm animals and the interaction of its secondary metabolites on their biochemical parameters. Hence, this report provides greater insights into animal health related to OTA residues in meat and meat products. This article also explores mitigation strategies that can be used to prevent the carryover effects of OTA in livestock feeds and the effects in the food chain.

ACS Style

Abirami Ramu Ganesan; Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian; Sungkwon Park; Rajesh Jha; Ines Andretta; Archibold G. Bakare; In Ho Kim. Ochratoxin A: Carryover from animal feed into livestock and the mitigation strategies. Animal Nutrition 2020, 7, 56 -63.

AMA Style

Abirami Ramu Ganesan, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Sungkwon Park, Rajesh Jha, Ines Andretta, Archibold G. Bakare, In Ho Kim. Ochratoxin A: Carryover from animal feed into livestock and the mitigation strategies. Animal Nutrition. 2020; 7 (1):56-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abirami Ramu Ganesan; Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian; Sungkwon Park; Rajesh Jha; Ines Andretta; Archibold G. Bakare; In Ho Kim. 2020. "Ochratoxin A: Carryover from animal feed into livestock and the mitigation strategies." Animal Nutrition 7, no. 1: 56-63.

Original research article
Published: 02 December 2020 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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This study aimed to determine the efficacy of dietary algae-derived polysaccharides (ADPs) from Enteromorpha on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal permeability, and antioxidant capacity in serum, liver, and intestinal mucosa of broilers. Three hundred and ninety six day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments containing 0 (Control), 1,000, 2,500, 4,000, 5,500, and 7,000 mg ADP/kg basal diet in a 35 day feeding trial. During day 1–21, compared with the control group, dietary 1,000–7,000 mg/kg ADP supplementation improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Overall (day 1–35), dietary inclusion of 1,000 mg/kg ADP increased the final body weight and ADG (p < 0.05). Besides, on day 21, dietary 2,500 mg/kg ADP supplementation increased the serum catalase (CAT) and liver total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities (p < 0.05), whereas dietary 1,000–5,500 mg/kg ADP supplementation decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in serum and liver (p < 0.05). On day 35, supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg ADP increased the serum glutathione peroxidase and CAT activities and liver T-SOD activities (p < 0.05). It decreased the MDA level of serum and liver (p < 0.05). Also, dietary 2,500 mg/kg ADP increased the villus height of jejunum and ileum on day 21 (p < 0.05), and dietary 4,000 mg/kg ADP increased the villus height of duodenum and ileum on day 35 (p < 0.05). On day 21, dietary 4,000 mg/kg ADP increased the CAT activities of the duodenum and T-SOD activities of jejunum and ileum and decreased the MDA contents in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05). On day 35, dietary inclusion of 1,000–7,000 mg/kg ADP reduced MDA contents of duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary inclusion of ADP at 1,000–7,000 mg/kg decreased serum DAO activities at day 21 and day 35 (p < 0.05), and the serum D-lactic acid concentration was reduced by dietary supplementation of 1,000, 2,500, and 7,000 mg/kg ADP on day 21. In conclusion, dietary ADP exerted beneficial effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in broilers; based on the studied parameters, the appropriate recommended dose is 1,000–4,000 mg/kg. These findings provided new insights into the potential application of ADP as natural growth promoters in broilers.

ACS Style

Wen-Chao Liu; Yan Guo; Zhi-Hui Zhao; Rajesh Jha; Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian. Algae-Derived Polysaccharides Promote Growth Performance by Improving Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Wen-Chao Liu, Yan Guo, Zhi-Hui Zhao, Rajesh Jha, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian. Algae-Derived Polysaccharides Promote Growth Performance by Improving Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen-Chao Liu; Yan Guo; Zhi-Hui Zhao; Rajesh Jha; Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian. 2020. "Algae-Derived Polysaccharides Promote Growth Performance by Improving Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Chen Li; Zhihua Niu; Meijuan Zou; Suyue Liu; Miaoshu Wang; Xinxi Gu; Haiqiang Lu; Hongtao Tian; Rajesh Jha. Corrigendum to “Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms” (J. Dairy Sci. 103:5816–5829). Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 12159 .

AMA Style

Chen Li, Zhihua Niu, Meijuan Zou, Suyue Liu, Miaoshu Wang, Xinxi Gu, Haiqiang Lu, Hongtao Tian, Rajesh Jha. Corrigendum to “Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms” (J. Dairy Sci. 103:5816–5829). Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (12):12159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen Li; Zhihua Niu; Meijuan Zou; Suyue Liu; Miaoshu Wang; Xinxi Gu; Haiqiang Lu; Hongtao Tian; Rajesh Jha. 2020. "Corrigendum to “Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms” (J. Dairy Sci. 103:5816–5829)." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 12: 12159.

Review
Published: 13 October 2020 in Animals
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Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. The use of probiotics in poultry has increased steadily over the years due to higher demand for antibiotic-free poultry. The objective of this systematic review is to present and evaluate the effects of probiotics on the nutrient utilization, growth and laying performance, gut histomorphology, immunity, and gut microbiota of poultry. An electronic search was conducted using relevant keywords to include papers pertinent to the topic. Seventeen commonly used probiotic species were critically assessed for their roles in the performance and gut health of poultry under existing commercial production conditions. The results showed that probiotic supplementation could have the following effects: (1) modification of the intestinal microbiota, (2) stimulation of the immune system, (3) reduction in inflammatory reactions, (4) prevention of pathogen colonization, (5) enhancement of growth performance, (6) alteration of the ileal digestibility and total tract apparent digestibility coefficient, and (7) decrease in ammonia and urea excretion. Thus, probiotics can serve as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. However, factors such as the intestinal health condition of birds, the probiotic inclusion level; and the incubation conditions, feedstuff, and water quality offered to birds may affect the outcome. This systematic review provides a summary of the use of probiotics in poultry production, as well as the potential role of probiotics in the nutrient utilization, growth and laying performance, and gut health of poultry.

ACS Style

Rajesh Jha; Razib Das; Sophia Oak; Pravin Mishra. Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review. Animals 2020, 10, 1863 .

AMA Style

Rajesh Jha, Razib Das, Sophia Oak, Pravin Mishra. Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1863.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajesh Jha; Razib Das; Sophia Oak; Pravin Mishra. 2020. "Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review." Animals 10, no. 10: 1863.

Review
Published: 24 July 2020 in Animals
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Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressors in the poultry industry resulting in substantial economic loss. Heat stress causes several physiological changes, such as oxidative stress, acid-base imbalance, and suppressed immunocompetence, which leads to increased mortality and reduced feed efficiency, body weight, feed intake, and egg production, and also affects meat and egg quality. Several strategies, with a variable degree of effectiveness, have been implemented to attenuate heat stress in poultry. Nutritional strategies, such as restricting the feed, wet or dual feeding, adding fat in diets, supplementing vitamins, minerals, osmolytes, and phytochemicals, have been widely studied and found to reduce the deleterious effects of heat stress. Furthermore, the use of naked neck (Na) and frizzle (F) genes in certain breed lines have also gained massive attention in recent times. However, only a few of these strategies have been widely used in the poultry industry. Therefore, developing heat-tolerant breed lines along with proper management and nutritional approach needs to be considered for solving this problem. Thus, this review highlights the scientific evidence regarding the effects of heat stress on poultry health and performances, and potential mitigation strategies against heat stress in broiler chickens and laying hens.

ACS Style

Sanjeev Wasti; Nirvay Sah; Birendra Mishra. Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and Potential Mitigation Strategies. Animals 2020, 10, 1266 .

AMA Style

Sanjeev Wasti, Nirvay Sah, Birendra Mishra. Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and Potential Mitigation Strategies. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanjeev Wasti; Nirvay Sah; Birendra Mishra. 2020. "Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and Potential Mitigation Strategies." Animals 10, no. 8: 1266.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Poultry Science
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The chitooligosaccharide (COS) and chlorella polysaccharide (CPS) have been used as feed supplements in the poultry industry for improving growth performance and immunity. However, the benefits of these prebiotics on the gut health of chickens when used in early nutrition are unknown. This study evaluated the effects of in ovo feeding of COS and CPS on the cecal microbiome, metabolic pathways, and fermentation metabolites of chickens. A total of 240 fertile eggs were divided into 6 groups (n = 4; 10 eggs/replicate): 1) no-injection control, 2) normal saline control, 3) COS 5 mg, 4) COS 20 mg, 5) CPS 5 mg, and 6) CPS 20 mg injection. On day 12.5 of egg incubation, test substrate was injected into the amniotic sac of eggs in respective treatments. The hatched chicks were raised for 21 D under standard husbandry practices. On day 3 and 21, cecal digesta were collected to determine microbiota by shotgun metagenomic sequencing and short-chain fatty acids by gas chromatography. The cecal microbial composition was not different (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups on day 3 but was different (P < 0.05) on day 21. At the species level, the polysaccharide-utilizing bacteria including Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bacteroides coprocola, and Bacteroides salanitronis were higher in the COS group, whereas the relative abundance of some opportunistic pathogenic bacteria were lower than those in the CPS and control groups. At the functional level, the pathways of gluconeogenesis, L-isoleucine degradation, L-histidine biosynthesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis were enriched in the COS group. In addition, propionic acid content was higher (P < 0.05) in the COS group. A network based on the correlation between the COS and other factors was constructed to illuminate the potential action mechanism of the COS in chicken early nutrition. In conclusion, in ovo inoculation of COS 5 mg showed positive effects on the cecal microbiota, metabolic pathways, and propionic acid, thus can be used as in ovo feeding to modulate the gut health of chickens.

ACS Style

Jiachao Zhang; Kun Cai; Rajeev Mishra; Rajesh Jha. In ovo supplementation of chitooligosaccharide and chlorella polysaccharide affects cecal microbial community, metabolic pathways, and fermentation metabolites in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 2020, 99, 4776 -4785.

AMA Style

Jiachao Zhang, Kun Cai, Rajeev Mishra, Rajesh Jha. In ovo supplementation of chitooligosaccharide and chlorella polysaccharide affects cecal microbial community, metabolic pathways, and fermentation metabolites in broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 2020; 99 (10):4776-4785.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiachao Zhang; Kun Cai; Rajeev Mishra; Rajesh Jha. 2020. "In ovo supplementation of chitooligosaccharide and chlorella polysaccharide affects cecal microbial community, metabolic pathways, and fermentation metabolites in broiler chickens." Poultry Science 99, no. 10: 4776-4785.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Fermented milk is an effective carrier for probiotics, whose consumption improves host health. The beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on gut dysbiosis have been reported previously. However, the way in which specific probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate intestinal microbes remains unclear. Therefore, Lactobacillus rhamnosus AS 1.2466 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842, xylooligosaccharide, and red ginseng extracts were fed to mice to determine their effects on the intestinal microbiota. Then, mice were administered xylooligosaccharide and L. rhamnosus (synthesis) by gavage, and the number of L. rhamnosus was determined in the intestine at different times. The results show that probiotics and prebiotics can quickly reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, inhibit harmful bacteria (such as Klebsiella and Escherichia coli), and accelerate the recovery of beneficial intestinal microorganisms (such as Lactobacillus). In a complex intestinal microecology, different probiotics and prebiotics have different effects on specific intestinal microorganisms that cannot be recovered in the short term. In addition, after 20 d of intragastric xylooligosaccharide addition of 0.12 g/kg of body weight of synbiotics, L. rhamnosus colonization in the mouse ileum was 7.48 log cfu/mL, which was higher than the low-dose group, which could better prolong the colonization time and the number of probiotics in the intestine. Therefore, this study demonstrated that probiotics and prebiotics can promote the balance of intestinal microbiota by regulating specific microbes in the intestine, and the effects of a suitable combination of synbiotics are beneficial, laying the foundation for the development of new dairy products rich in synbiotics.

ACS Style

Chen Li; Zhihua Niu; Meijuan Zou; Suyue Liu; Miaoshu Wang; Xinxi Gu; Haiqiang Lu; Hongtao Tian; Rajesh Jha. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 5816 -5829.

AMA Style

Chen Li, Zhihua Niu, Meijuan Zou, Suyue Liu, Miaoshu Wang, Xinxi Gu, Haiqiang Lu, Hongtao Tian, Rajesh Jha. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (7):5816-5829.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen Li; Zhihua Niu; Meijuan Zou; Suyue Liu; Miaoshu Wang; Xinxi Gu; Haiqiang Lu; Hongtao Tian; Rajesh Jha. 2020. "Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 7: 5816-5829.

Original article
Published: 29 June 2020 in Aquaculture Nutrition
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This study investigated the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6) on final maturation, spawning performance and composition of the gonad of black sea urchin (Diadema setosum ). Four different dietary ARA levels of 0.3 g/kg (Control diet), 1.4 g/kg (ARA 1.4), 2.5 g/kg (ARA 2.5) and 3.7 g/kg (ARA 3.7) were prepared and tested in this feeding trial for 90 days. The result showed that growth in terms of weight was not relatively affected by dietary ARA. Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of animals were gradually increased in all the diets throughout the trial. The highest GSI level (25.7 ± 3.16%) was observed in animals fed with the diet ARA 1.4. ARA content in the gonad proportionally increased with dietary ARA levels. The highest larval survival rate (85.5 ± 5.67%) was found in diet ARA 2.5. The results of this study indicate that ARA plays an important role in the reproduction functions of black sea urchin and supplementing an appropriate level of ARA in the broodstock diet could induce the final maturation and improve reproduction of black sea urchin, but a higher level of ARA (3.7 g/kg) seems to have a negative effect on both growth rate and GSI.

ACS Style

Hua Thai Nhan; Truong Quynh Nhu; Pham Minh Duc; Hon Jung Liew; Harry Ako; Rajesh Jha. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on final maturation, spawning and composition of gonad of black sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778). Aquaculture Nutrition 2020, 26, 1771 -1779.

AMA Style

Hua Thai Nhan, Truong Quynh Nhu, Pham Minh Duc, Hon Jung Liew, Harry Ako, Rajesh Jha. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on final maturation, spawning and composition of gonad of black sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778). Aquaculture Nutrition. 2020; 26 (5):1771-1779.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hua Thai Nhan; Truong Quynh Nhu; Pham Minh Duc; Hon Jung Liew; Harry Ako; Rajesh Jha. 2020. "Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on final maturation, spawning and composition of gonad of black sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778)." Aquaculture Nutrition 26, no. 5: 1771-1779.

Review
Published: 15 June 2020 in Journal of Nutritional Science
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Apart from its role as a digestive and absorptive organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital immune organ that encompasses roughly 70 % of the total immune cells of the body. As such, the physical, chemical and nutrient composition of the diet influences overall GI function, effectively as an immune organ. With the improvement in feed technology, agro-industrial co-products that are high in fibre have been widely used as a feed ingredient in the diets of pigs and poultry. Arabinoxylan (AX) and mannan are the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharides present in cereal grain and co-product ingredients used in the livestock industry. When monogastric animals consume diets containing high amounts of AX and mannans, stimulation of GI immune cells may occur. This involves the activation of several cellular and molecular pathways of the immune system and requires a considerable amount of energy and nutrients to be expended by the animal, which may ultimately influence overall health and growth performance of animals. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of AX and mannan in immune modulation will be helpful in modulating untoward GI immune responses, thereby minimising nutrient and energy expenditure toward this effort. This review will summarise pertinent research on the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing AX and mannans in immune modulation in order to preserve gut integrity.

ACS Style

Utsav P. Tiwari; Stephen A. Fleming; Muhammed S. Abdul Rasheed; R. Jha; Ryan N. Dilger. The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals. Journal of Nutritional Science 2020, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Utsav P. Tiwari, Stephen A. Fleming, Muhammed S. Abdul Rasheed, R. Jha, Ryan N. Dilger. The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2020; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Utsav P. Tiwari; Stephen A. Fleming; Muhammed S. Abdul Rasheed; R. Jha; Ryan N. Dilger. 2020. "The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals." Journal of Nutritional Science 9, no. : 1.