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Ecologically motivated violence that manifests itself in the animal-rights and environmental forms is not a declining phenomenon. The fluctuating increase of the number of ecologically motivated crimes during the last 50 years, the multiplicity of the methods used (arson, food poisoning in supermarkets, destruction of equipment, attacks with the use of incentivized devices) should make us look at eco-extremism as a dynamic and difficult to grasp phenomenon. The paper is of both explanatory and prognostic nature; its goal is to present the genesis and essence of ecological radicalism, as well as to formulate the predictions for the future. In these forecasts, I wish to depart from the frequent, albeit somewhat simplistic, argument that, since the environmental extremist groups have not yet resorted to direct violence (targeting humans), and the animal-rights groups have reached for it very rarely, this state of affairs will continue in the future. This claim does not necessarily have to be true. I argue that some aspects of ideology can induce, in certain circumstances (a growing ecological catastrophe, further departure from the anthropocentric perspective), a change of the potential of radicalism within the environmental and animal-rights movements. In the case of animal-rights groups, the principle of not causing harm to people may be openly rejected, and in the case of environmental groups, the actions aimed at the annihilation of the whole human species may be undertaken.
Elżbieta Posłuszna. A Prognostic View on the Ideological Determinants of Violence in the Radical Ecological Movement. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6536 .
AMA StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. A Prognostic View on the Ideological Determinants of Violence in the Radical Ecological Movement. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6536.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. 2020. "A Prognostic View on the Ideological Determinants of Violence in the Radical Ecological Movement." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6536.
The aim of the paper is to characterize, mainly from the socio-psychological perspective, the phenomenon that is usually described as the activity of lone wolves. This characteristic supports the expressed in the article thesis that the strength of a lone wolf's motivation, who is defined as a violence-using and ideology stimulated individual, is based not on external (exogenous) impulses, i.e., objective depreciating situations that become a conscious foundation of the declared ideology, but on internal (endogenous) drives – personal complexes and deficiencies, not linked to the declared ideological goals. The papers consists of four sections. In the first one, the notion of lone wolves is explained, which is followed by a brief history of lone wolves activities. Sections two and three present sociological and psychological aspect of the phenomenon respectively. The paper is concluded with a summary where the actual and potential danger of lone wolves is analyzed.
Elżbieta Posłuszna. Terrorism of Lone Wolves. Safety & Defense 2020, 6, 109 -118.
AMA StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. Terrorism of Lone Wolves. Safety & Defense. 2020; 6 (1):109-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. 2020. "Terrorism of Lone Wolves." Safety & Defense 6, no. 1: 109-118.
The paper presents a brief history of ressentiment (resentment) research in order to shed some light on the importance of these considerations for Security Studies (particularly for the analyses of the broad spectrum of issues related to ideologically motivated violence). Even a cursory overview of the usage of the created by Friedrich Nietzsche concept of ressentiment in social sciences and humanities enables to draw significant conclusions on the importance of interdisciplinarity in the development of reflection on security. Presentation of those conclusions is the main goal of this article.
Elżbieta Posłuszna. Ressentiment – The History of the Theory: On Interdisciplinarity of Security Studies. Historia i Polityka 2019, 65 -75.
AMA StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. Ressentiment – The History of the Theory: On Interdisciplinarity of Security Studies. Historia i Polityka. 2019; (30 (37)):65-75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. 2019. "Ressentiment – The History of the Theory: On Interdisciplinarity of Security Studies." Historia i Polityka , no. 30 (37): 65-75.
The paper addresses the problem of the relation between ressentiment and Islamic terrorism. The analyses of that correspondence are carried out on the basis of reflections of Friedrich Nietzsche, a renowned German scholar and creator of the first theory of ressentiment, and two American researchers – Lauren Langman and Douglas Morris. In the author’s view, the transition from ressentiment to terrorism essentially stem from the mechanism of the revaluation of values and the reaction to its final product, namely compensatory values, that manifest itself in the form of fundamentalism and fanatism.
Elżbieta Posłuszna. INFERIORITY AND VIOLENCE - ISLAMIST TERRORISM SEEN AGAINST THE RESSENTIMENT THEORY. Torun International Studies 2019, 1, 169 -179.
AMA StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. INFERIORITY AND VIOLENCE - ISLAMIST TERRORISM SEEN AGAINST THE RESSENTIMENT THEORY. Torun International Studies. 2019; 1 (12):169-179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. 2019. "INFERIORITY AND VIOLENCE - ISLAMIST TERRORISM SEEN AGAINST THE RESSENTIMENT THEORY." Torun International Studies 1, no. 12: 169-179.
The article comprises an attempt to interpret the conception of ressentiment created by Friedrich Nietzsche. This interpretation concentrates on the analysis of one of the revaluation of values mechanisms, namely their compensatory transformation. The text tries also to demonstrate in what way this mechanism can lead to connecting ressentiment with the phenomena of fundamentalism and fanaticism. The aim of this interpretation of the conception of ressentiment is to sketch the conditions in which ressentiment could entail violence, what was pointed at many times by researchers studying the phenomenon, including the most famous one of them – Roger Scruton (who sees it as one of the causes of terrorism). The interpretation of the conception of ressentiment present in the paper refers not only to philosophical analyses of this phenomenon but also to the research of the socio-psychologists and sociologists, which is essential for this issue. Therefore, in the context of the research on ressentiment the proposed interpretation addresses the problems of the methodological-axiological nature, which are connected with obtaining knowledge on sensitive subjects. The problem of ressentiment is one of such issues.
Elżbieta Posłuszna; Jacek Posłuszny. The Trouble with Ressentiment. Ruch Filozoficzny 2016, 71, 87 -104.
AMA StyleElżbieta Posłuszna, Jacek Posłuszny. The Trouble with Ressentiment. Ruch Filozoficzny. 2016; 71 (4):87-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Posłuszna; Jacek Posłuszny. 2016. "The Trouble with Ressentiment." Ruch Filozoficzny 71, no. 4: 87-104.
Elżbieta Posłuszna. Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security. Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security. Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security. 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Posłuszna. 2015. "Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security." Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security , no. : 1.