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Background and purpose: Historically, sports training methodology, including soccer coaching, has been influenced by the pedagogic tend dominant in each epoch. Of late, the literature has espoused the idea that human learning is individual, nonlinear, and complex. Nonlinear Pedagogy (NLP) takes into account such nonlinearity and complex phenomena and facilitates each person's learning through a methodology of manipulating constraints. This learner–environment-centered approach conducts players and teams to a tactical behavior emerging through playing modified versions of games using a rich range of different constraints, for example the introduction of artificial rules. Despite the attractions of training based on constraints to research, few studies have empirically assessed the effects of these programs from a tactical perspective. The present study applies the NLP pedagogical principles of representativeness and constraints manipulation to provide youth sport academy coaches with empirical evidence of the training effects of modified games on team tactical behavior. Specifically, this study aimed to assess the short-term training effects of modified games introducing artificial rules on team tactical behavior during the team possession game phase in two youth soccer categories. Methods: Thirty-two Spanish male youth soccer players from the under-14 (U14: n = 16; age: 13.0 ± 0.4 years; playing experience: 6 ± 1 years; height: 1.56 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 46.7 ± 5.9 kg) and the under-16 (U16: n = 16; age: 15.9 ± 0.4 years; playing experience: 8 ± 1 years; height: 1.70 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 57.9 ± 8.3 kg) teams of the same club participated in the study. The natural groups were not modified for the study and the participants had some prior experience with modified games. Each team was divided into two groups who played each other during a short-term intervention distributed across four training sessions: control (CON: free play without restrictions) and experimental (EXP: modified games introducing artificial rules). Team tactical behavior was assessed, including the goalkeeper (Gk) and during the team possession game phase, using a local positioning system (LPS) before and after the intervention in an 8-a-side game with the official offside rule. Findings: Linear team tactical behavior change in centroid position, dyads, and total area values barely changed (d = trivial – small [0.01–0.34]) after a short-term intervention of free play and modified games. Team tactical behavior tended toward greater regularity (sample entropy decrease) after artificial rules were introduced in comparison with free play without restrictions. Youth sport academy coaches who opt for organized and regular behavior during the team possession game phase could employ modified games introducing artificial rules to build up repeatable tactical patterns. Conversely, those who prefer being more chaotic and unpredictable in the game could take advantage of free play without restrictions.
Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. Training effects of artificial rules on youth soccer team tactical behavior. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleAsier Gonzalez-Artetxe, José Pino-Ortega, Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos. Training effects of artificial rules on youth soccer team tactical behavior. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. 2021. "Training effects of artificial rules on youth soccer team tactical behavior." Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy , no. : 1-16.
Motor behavior assessment during games could help physical education teachers and team coaches to design effective and efficient motor interventions. This study aimed to assess the variability of the physical and behavioral responses during continued practice of the game tail tag with a ball. Sixteen Spanish youth soccer players from an under-14 team played tail tag, with a ball, during four sessions (5 repetitions of 1 min per session). Physical (i.e., Total Distance (TD) and PlayerLoad (PL)) and behavioral (i.e., Surface Area (SA) and change in the Geometrical Centre position (cGCp)) dimensions were assessed with a local positioning system. The mean of the five series of each session was considered for further statistical analysis. The main finding was that the external load decreased (d = small − large) and the use of space varied during the continued practice of tail tag. Initially, SA increased substantially (d = large) and cGCp decreased slightly (d = small), and then both variables tended to stabilize. This suggests that after several repetitions of the same motor game, physical education teachers and team sports coaches should use this again later, modifying this or proposing new motor games where players respond to these activities that consist in greater uncertainty than to well-known motor games.
Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. Variability of the Motor Behavior during Continued Practice of the Same Motor Game: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9731 .
AMA StyleAsier Gonzalez-Artetxe, José Pino-Ortega, Markel Rico-González, Asier Los Arcos. Variability of the Motor Behavior during Continued Practice of the Same Motor Game: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9731.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsier Gonzalez-Artetxe; José Pino-Ortega; Markel Rico-González; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Variability of the Motor Behavior during Continued Practice of the Same Motor Game: A Preliminary Study." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9731.
The aims of this study were to describe the evolution of the anthropometric profile of soccer players over a decade and to compare the anthropometric profiles of players promoted from an elite reserve team to high-level soccer with those players who were not promoted. We examined the body mass, height, body-mass index, and body fat of 98 players enrolled in the reserve team from 2008 to 2018. The players were classified in terms of (a) the highest competitive level they achieved up to the 2019/2020 season (i.e., Spanish 1st–2nd divisions or semi-professional); (b) the period in which they played their last season on the team; and (c) their playing position. Over time, the height of goalkeepers, lateral midfielders, and attackers has increased (effect size = 0.66 ± 1.13) but has decreased in central midfielders (effect size = 0.83). The body fat of defenders has also fallen (effect size = 0.55 ± 0.95). Spanish high-level goalkeepers, lateral midfielders, and attackers were taller than their semi-professional player counterparts (effect size = 1.20 ± 1.98). Body fat did not determine promotion from a reserve team to high-level soccer, but height may be an advantage for several playing positions. The assessment of the anthropometric profile and the application of interventions should be designed according to the playing position.
Jon Manuel Vega; Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; Jon Ander Aguinaco; Asier Los Arcos. Assessing the Anthropometric Profile of Spanish Elite Reserve Soccer Players by Playing Position over a Decade. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5446 .
AMA StyleJon Manuel Vega, Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe, Jon Ander Aguinaco, Asier Los Arcos. Assessing the Anthropometric Profile of Spanish Elite Reserve Soccer Players by Playing Position over a Decade. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5446.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJon Manuel Vega; Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe; Jon Ander Aguinaco; Asier Los Arcos. 2020. "Assessing the Anthropometric Profile of Spanish Elite Reserve Soccer Players by Playing Position over a Decade." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5446.