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To explore the effects of multi-cutting and sheep excrement on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from grassland ecosystems which simulate grazing livestock to a certain extent, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Yongliang 15) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L., var. Lanjian 3) were planted in pot experiments in an inland arid region in 2019. Four treatments were conducted with eight replicates: plants without sheep excrement and cutting (CK), plants with multi-cutting (MC), plants with sheep excrement (SE), and plants with multi-cutting and sheep excrement (CE). The results showed that the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of common vetch with CE significantly was higher than that with MC at the earlier and later branching stages (p < 0.05). That of spring wheat with CE was significantly higher than that with MC at the later tillering stage (p < 0.05). Nitrogen oxide (N2O) emissions of the two forage crops with SE rose significantly more than those with MC at both stages (p < 0.05). Methane (CH4) of both forage crops with SE changed from absorption to emission (p < 0.05). Soil NO3 −-N content of both forages significantly increased with SE compared with MC (p < 0.05), while soil NH4 +-N content did not change significantly. Sheep excrement changed the CH4 sink into a CH4 source of the soil growing the two forage crops and increased the emissions of CO2 and N2O, whereas multi-cutting significantly reduced the GHG intensity of forage crops mostly by promoting the growth of the two forage crops. Future studies are suggested to identify the spatiotemporal effects of cutting and sheep excrement on GHG emissions to improve the prediction of future climate impacts from grazing activities.
Xinzhou Zhao; Lina Shi; Shanning Lou; Jiao Ning; Yarong Guo; Qianmin Jia; Fujiang Hou. Sheep Excrement Increases Mass of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Soil Growing Two Forage Crop and Multi-Cutting Reduces Intensity. Agriculture 2021, 11, 238 .
AMA StyleXinzhou Zhao, Lina Shi, Shanning Lou, Jiao Ning, Yarong Guo, Qianmin Jia, Fujiang Hou. Sheep Excrement Increases Mass of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Soil Growing Two Forage Crop and Multi-Cutting Reduces Intensity. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (3):238.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXinzhou Zhao; Lina Shi; Shanning Lou; Jiao Ning; Yarong Guo; Qianmin Jia; Fujiang Hou. 2021. "Sheep Excrement Increases Mass of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Soil Growing Two Forage Crop and Multi-Cutting Reduces Intensity." Agriculture 11, no. 3: 238.
Grassland agroecosystem plays a key role on resource cycling and sustainability of global ecosystem. Forage is the basic factor and core of the grassland agroecosystem. At a single scale, the most of forage evaluation remain in a state of qualitative or quantitative evaluation, and lack a series of quantitative evaluation at multi spatial scales and influence of society, environment and economy. This study collected dominant indicators at micro, plot, farm, ecoregional and macro scales to compile a systemic evaluation of forage in agroecosystems. A case study is presented for forage evaluation by using plot, farm, and regional data from an arid region of Gansu, China. Multi-scale evaluation of dominant factors (MSDF) was used to aggregate forage evaluation indicators. Results showed that the scale of evaluation had significant effects on the results of the evaluation. The evaluation results of the single index for the same forage species among plot, farm and ecoregional scales were different. Results implied that forage MSDF are needed to guide the evaluation of forage and then production of forage and herbivore in the future. An appropriate scale of evaluation could be selected in term of the forage production objectives and moreover, MSDF evaluation of forage should be used to improve the environmental, social and productive evaluation of forage in a grassland agroecosystems.
Shanning Lou; Jiao Ning; Cheng Zhang; Chunmei Wang; Wanhe Zhu; Shenghua Chang; Fujiang Hou. Multi-Scale Evaluation of Dominant Factors (MSDF) on Forage: An Ecosystemic Method to Understand the Function of Forage. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2163 .
AMA StyleShanning Lou, Jiao Ning, Cheng Zhang, Chunmei Wang, Wanhe Zhu, Shenghua Chang, Fujiang Hou. Multi-Scale Evaluation of Dominant Factors (MSDF) on Forage: An Ecosystemic Method to Understand the Function of Forage. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShanning Lou; Jiao Ning; Cheng Zhang; Chunmei Wang; Wanhe Zhu; Shenghua Chang; Fujiang Hou. 2021. "Multi-Scale Evaluation of Dominant Factors (MSDF) on Forage: An Ecosystemic Method to Understand the Function of Forage." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2163.
In order to relieve grazing pressure, drought-tolerant grass species are widely cultivated in arid regions. However, soil N emission is largely neglected while pursuing forage yield. We carried out a randomized block study to investigate whether and how the C3 and C4 grass species differ in soil N emission in a typical salinized field with temperate continental arid climate in the northwest inland regions, China. We quantified soil N2O flux from two C3 (barley and rye) and two C4 grass species [corngrass and sorghum hybrid sudangrass (SHS)] in fields during the growing season (from May to September) by using the static box method, and then determined the relationships between soil N2O fluxes and forage yield and soil properties. Results show that soil available nitrogen, soil temperature, pH, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen were correlated, but soil water was anti-correlated with soil N2O fluxes. In addition, N2O flux increased significantly faster with soil temperature in C4 than in C3 grass fields. Although the lower total N2O emission fluxes were detected for C3 species, the lower yield-scaled N2O was detected for C4 species. Our study provided insights into the determination of grass species and the understanding of mechanisms regulating N2O fluxes in C3 and C4 species in the continental arid regions.
Jiao Ning; Xiong He; Fujiang Hou. C3 and C4 Grass Species: Who Can Reduce Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Continental Arid Region? Atmosphere 2020, 11, 958 .
AMA StyleJiao Ning, Xiong He, Fujiang Hou. C3 and C4 Grass Species: Who Can Reduce Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Continental Arid Region? Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (9):958.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao Ning; Xiong He; Fujiang Hou. 2020. "C3 and C4 Grass Species: Who Can Reduce Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Continental Arid Region?" Atmosphere 11, no. 9: 958.