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Today’s cities are estimated to generate 80% of global GDP, covering only about 3% of the land, but contributing to about 72% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Cities face significant challenges, such as population growth, pollution, congestion, lack of physical and social infrastructures, while trying to simultaneously meet sustainable energy and environmental requirements. The Smart City concept intends to address these challenges by identifying new and intelligent ways to manage the complexity of urban living and implement solutions for multidisciplinary problems in cities. With the increasing number of Smart City projects being implemented around the world, it is important to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses for their future improvement and evolution track record. It is, therefore, crucial to characterize and improve the proper tools to adequately evaluate these implementations. Following the Smart City implementation growth, several Smart City Assessment tools with different indicator sets have been developed. This work presents a literature review on Smart City Assessment tools, discussing their main gaps in order to improve future methodologies and tools. Smart City Assessment can deliver important performance indicators monitoring for the evaluation of multiple benefits for different actors and stakeholders, such as city authorities, investors and funding agencies, researchers, and citizens.
Carlos Patrão; Pedro Moura; Anibal T. De Almeida. Review of Smart City Assessment Tools. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 1117 -1132.
AMA StyleCarlos Patrão, Pedro Moura, Anibal T. De Almeida. Review of Smart City Assessment Tools. Smart Cities. 2020; 3 (4):1117-1132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Patrão; Pedro Moura; Anibal T. De Almeida. 2020. "Review of Smart City Assessment Tools." Smart Cities 3, no. 4: 1117-1132.
The WaterAMI is an Integrated Management of Efficiency System (IMES) of Water Distribution Networks (WDN) supported in an Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI). It has a positive impact in energy consumption and in the water management, on one hand decreasing the water losses, on the other, by measuring and controlling water resources as well as water demand, supported in data science by predictive analytics. The communications between devices of WaterAMI are realized through a Low Power Wide Area Network - All for Everyone - Energy Aware (LPWAN-AfE-EA), developed by CWJ Power Electronics. The AfE-EA protocol uses a mesh topology that grants the coverage of all the water infrastructure’s devices, including devices placed in building’s basements, normally not covered by other IoT communications protocols. In order to maximize the operational performance of entire network, AfE-EA uses an efficient math algorithm that computes efficiently the Optimal Hop-Constrained Maximum Capacity Spanning Tree (OH-CMCST), which maximizes the routing path energy capacity and minimizes the number of hops of a battery-operated or energy constrained AMI’s communications network, by taking in account the strengths of radio signal links and the State of Charge (SoC) of all batteries that power the smart sensors. The WaterAMI is already installed and in full operation in several WDNs in Portugal. Where it solved constrains of previously installed similar systems. This publication presents the main features of AfE-EA protocol, compares with other LPWANs and briefly describes AfE-EA implementation in the first application of WaterAMI in Portugal.
Alexandra Vieira; Carlos Patrão; Tiago Gonçalves; Paulo Monteiro; Sylvain Marcelino; Edmundo Filipe; João Damasceno; Hélio Pereira; Catarina Sousa; Paulo Oliveira; João Carvalho. WaterAMI - Water Automated Metering Infrastructure Based on an Energy Aware Wireless Mesh Network Communication Protocol. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering 2020, 209 -220.
AMA StyleAlexandra Vieira, Carlos Patrão, Tiago Gonçalves, Paulo Monteiro, Sylvain Marcelino, Edmundo Filipe, João Damasceno, Hélio Pereira, Catarina Sousa, Paulo Oliveira, João Carvalho. WaterAMI - Water Automated Metering Infrastructure Based on an Energy Aware Wireless Mesh Network Communication Protocol. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. 2020; ():209-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Vieira; Carlos Patrão; Tiago Gonçalves; Paulo Monteiro; Sylvain Marcelino; Edmundo Filipe; João Damasceno; Hélio Pereira; Catarina Sousa; Paulo Oliveira; João Carvalho. 2020. "WaterAMI - Water Automated Metering Infrastructure Based on an Energy Aware Wireless Mesh Network Communication Protocol." Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering , no. : 209-220.
In the last decades, it has been recognized that energy consumption in low power modes for electrical and electronic products is an important issue. There is a need to expand energy efficiency efforts beyond simple standby modes into the new more complex area of networks, thus tackling the new paradigm of living based on the Internet of Things. The European project SELINA carried out a large scale in store monitoring campaign, measuring about 6300 different equipment. Since then, there is no reference to other similar market surveillance studies being carried out in Europe. In Asia, a market surveillance campaign performed by the Asia Pacific Partnership with measurements on a regular basis has been very successful. SELINA results show that 18.5% of the measured products present power values higher than the 2010 EC 1275/2008 regulation threshold in off-mode, and for standby this value reached 31%. When a comparison is made with the 2013 EC 1275/2008 regulation threshold, these values increase twice. The Asia Pacific Partnership results alert policy makers that low passive standby does not guarantee low active standby. Several studies indicate that consumer electronic products are becoming more efficient and their energy consumption is decreasing. However, because the ownership of appliances is also increasing, these improvements in energy efficiency do not seem to have significant impact in the overall consumption of the households. In addition, there is evidence that not all appliances in the market reach the performance announced by the manufacturers. Recent measurements carried out by the Natural Resources Defense Council on flat screen TVs revealed that their real energy consumption seems to be higher than announced in the label. This shows the urgent need for measurement campaigns, since no market surveillance is being carried out on regular basis, and trusting the manufacturer’s data seems to be unreliable.
Carlos Patrão; Aníbal T. De Almeida; Bob Harrison; Barbara Schlomann; Melissa Damnics; Paula Fonseca. Low power mode energy demand of household appliances—SELINA and APP projects. Energy Efficiency 2017, 43, 1884 -1314.
AMA StyleCarlos Patrão, Aníbal T. De Almeida, Bob Harrison, Barbara Schlomann, Melissa Damnics, Paula Fonseca. Low power mode energy demand of household appliances—SELINA and APP projects. Energy Efficiency. 2017; 43 (5):1884-1314.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Patrão; Aníbal T. De Almeida; Bob Harrison; Barbara Schlomann; Melissa Damnics; Paula Fonseca. 2017. "Low power mode energy demand of household appliances—SELINA and APP projects." Energy Efficiency 43, no. 5: 1884-1314.
Elevators and escalators have received little attention from an energy efficiency perspective in the past. To close this gap, this paper analyses energy efficiency potentials and suggests policy measures for the European elevator and escalator market. As a precondition, the electrical energy demand of elevators and escalators in the European market is analyzed, based on expert estimations and the results of a monitoring campaign. The estimated current demand is compared to scenarios where the implementation of best available technology for the relevant equipment is assumed and the savings potentials thereof are calculated. The results indicate that considerable technical efficiency potentials exist for elevators (more than 60%) and escalators (around 30%). However, various specific barriers impede the diffusion of these energy-efficient technologies. They include issues like a lack of awareness and relevant information as well as split-incentive problems. The technological analysis is therefore complemented by an investigation of how to overcome these barriers, leading to a set of recommendations on how to improve energy efficiency in the elevator and escalator market. Suitable measures could be implementing standardized methods for electricity measurement, introducing a labeling system and including elevators and escalators in the legislative framework
Aníbal Almeida; Simon Hirzel; Carlos Patrão; João Fong; Elisabeth Dütschke. Energy-efficient elevators and escalators in Europe: An analysis of energy efficiency potentials and policy measures. Energy and Buildings 2012, 47, 151 -158.
AMA StyleAníbal Almeida, Simon Hirzel, Carlos Patrão, João Fong, Elisabeth Dütschke. Energy-efficient elevators and escalators in Europe: An analysis of energy efficiency potentials and policy measures. Energy and Buildings. 2012; 47 ():151-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAníbal Almeida; Simon Hirzel; Carlos Patrão; João Fong; Elisabeth Dütschke. 2012. "Energy-efficient elevators and escalators in Europe: An analysis of energy efficiency potentials and policy measures." Energy and Buildings 47, no. : 151-158.
This paper presents the main results of a survey conducted in Portugal to evaluate the costs associated with Power Quality disturbances in Industry (more specifically of four typical and most common voltage interruptions). The survey was conducted in different companies from different industrial sectors. Although Power Quality Costs estimation was the main issue of the survey, several other issues were analyzed in order to evaluate important matters such as customer satisfaction. From the analysis of the collected data, the vast majority of companies are satisfied with the Quality of Service provided by the utility, but they indicated the "utility" and "weather conditions" as the main responsible for power supply disturbances. It is clear that the Power Quality disturbances cause high costs to the companies in all the sectors analyzed. This study allowed to get a good picture and to quantify the Portuguese Power Quality Costs related with electrical power supply disturbances.
Carlos Patrao; Joaquim Delgado; Anibal T. De Almeida; Paula Fonseca. Power Quality Costs estimation in Portuguese industry. 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation 2011, 1 -6.
AMA StyleCarlos Patrao, Joaquim Delgado, Anibal T. De Almeida, Paula Fonseca. Power Quality Costs estimation in Portuguese industry. 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. 2011; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Patrao; Joaquim Delgado; Anibal T. De Almeida; Paula Fonseca. 2011. "Power Quality Costs estimation in Portuguese industry." 11th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation , no. : 1-6.
Carlos Patrão; Anibal T. De Almeida; Joaquim Delgado. Manual de Qualidade de Energia Eléctrica (Power Quality Manual). Manual de Qualidade de Energia Eléctrica (Power Quality Manual) 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Patrão, Anibal T. De Almeida, Joaquim Delgado. Manual de Qualidade de Energia Eléctrica (Power Quality Manual). Manual de Qualidade de Energia Eléctrica (Power Quality Manual). 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Patrão; Anibal T. De Almeida; Joaquim Delgado. 2021. "Manual de Qualidade de Energia Eléctrica (Power Quality Manual)." Manual de Qualidade de Energia Eléctrica (Power Quality Manual) , no. : 1.
Carlos Patrão; Anibal T. De Almeida; Paula Fonseca; Pedro Moura. Manual de Boas Práticas de Eficiência Energética – Implementar o Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas Empresas (Best Practice Manual for Energy Efficiency – Implementing Sustainable Development in Enterprises). Manual de Boas Práticas de Eficiência Energética – Implementar o Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas Empresas (Best Practice Manual for Energy Efficiency – Implementing Sustainable Development in Enterprises) 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Patrão, Anibal T. De Almeida, Paula Fonseca, Pedro Moura. Manual de Boas Práticas de Eficiência Energética – Implementar o Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas Empresas (Best Practice Manual for Energy Efficiency – Implementing Sustainable Development in Enterprises). Manual de Boas Práticas de Eficiência Energética – Implementar o Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas Empresas (Best Practice Manual for Energy Efficiency – Implementing Sustainable Development in Enterprises). 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Patrão; Anibal T. De Almeida; Paula Fonseca; Pedro Moura. 2021. "Manual de Boas Práticas de Eficiência Energética – Implementar o Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas Empresas (Best Practice Manual for Energy Efficiency – Implementing Sustainable Development in Enterprises)." Manual de Boas Práticas de Eficiência Energética – Implementar o Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas Empresas (Best Practice Manual for Energy Efficiency – Implementing Sustainable Development in Enterprises) , no. : 1.
Carlos Patrão; Anibal T. De Almeida; Paula Fonseca; Rui Araújo; Urbano Nunes; Claudio Rochas; Julija Bulgakova; Philippe Reviere; David Da Silva; Ali Rahbar; Troels Fjordbak; Barbara Schlomann; Iuliana Lazar; Camelia Burlacu; Michaela Valentova; Wim De Groote; Bob Harrison; Nicola King; Ernst Schmautzer; René Braunstein; Christian Elbe; Martin Lindinger; George Markogiannakis; Argyro Giakoumi; Andrea Roscetti. Standby and Off-Mode Energy Losses In New Appliances Measured in Shops. Standby and Off-Mode Energy Losses In New Appliances Measured in Shops 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Patrão, Anibal T. De Almeida, Paula Fonseca, Rui Araújo, Urbano Nunes, Claudio Rochas, Julija Bulgakova, Philippe Reviere, David Da Silva, Ali Rahbar, Troels Fjordbak, Barbara Schlomann, Iuliana Lazar, Camelia Burlacu, Michaela Valentova, Wim De Groote, Bob Harrison, Nicola King, Ernst Schmautzer, René Braunstein, Christian Elbe, Martin Lindinger, George Markogiannakis, Argyro Giakoumi, Andrea Roscetti. Standby and Off-Mode Energy Losses In New Appliances Measured in Shops. Standby and Off-Mode Energy Losses In New Appliances Measured in Shops. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Patrão; Anibal T. De Almeida; Paula Fonseca; Rui Araújo; Urbano Nunes; Claudio Rochas; Julija Bulgakova; Philippe Reviere; David Da Silva; Ali Rahbar; Troels Fjordbak; Barbara Schlomann; Iuliana Lazar; Camelia Burlacu; Michaela Valentova; Wim De Groote; Bob Harrison; Nicola King; Ernst Schmautzer; René Braunstein; Christian Elbe; Martin Lindinger; George Markogiannakis; Argyro Giakoumi; Andrea Roscetti. 2021. "Standby and Off-Mode Energy Losses In New Appliances Measured in Shops." Standby and Off-Mode Energy Losses In New Appliances Measured in Shops , no. : 1.