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Prof. Dr. Paul Phillips
School of Science and Technology, Newton Building, Avenue Campus, University of Northampton, Northampton UK NN2 6JD, UK

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0 Recycling
0 waste prevention/minimisation
0 waste management strategy and policy
0 waste management and the voluntary sector
0 waste management as part of sustainable development

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waste management as part of sustainable development
waste management and the voluntary sector
Recycling

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Journal article
Published: 30 January 2019 in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
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The natural radioactive gas radon is widely present in the built environment and at high concentrations is associated with enhanced risk of lung-cancer. This risk is significantly enhanced for habitual smokers. Although populations with higher degrees of social deprivation are frequently exposed to higher levels of many health-impacting pollutants, a recent study suggests that social deprivation in the UK is associated with lower radon concentrations. The analysis reported here, based on published data on social deprivation and domestic radon in urban and rural settings in the English East Midlands, identifies a weak association between increasing deprivation and lower radon areas. This is attributed to the evolution of the major urban centres on low-permeability, clay-rich alluvial soils of low radon potential. In addition, the predominance of high-rise dwellings in towns and cities will further reduce average exposure to radon in populations in those areas.

ACS Style

Antony R. Denman; Robin G.M. Crockett; Christopher J. Groves-Kirkby; Paul S. Phillips; Gavin K. Gillmore. Exploring the relationship between social deprivation and domestic radon levels in the East Midlands, UK. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2019, 199-200, 84 -98.

AMA Style

Antony R. Denman, Robin G.M. Crockett, Christopher J. Groves-Kirkby, Paul S. Phillips, Gavin K. Gillmore. Exploring the relationship between social deprivation and domestic radon levels in the East Midlands, UK. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2019; 199-200 ():84-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antony R. Denman; Robin G.M. Crockett; Christopher J. Groves-Kirkby; Paul S. Phillips; Gavin K. Gillmore. 2019. "Exploring the relationship between social deprivation and domestic radon levels in the East Midlands, UK." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 199-200, no. : 84-98.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2016 in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
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Radon gas is naturally occurring, and can concentrate in the built environment. It is radioactive and high concentration levels within buildings, including homes, have been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer in the occupants. As a result, several methods have been developed to measure radon. The long-term average radon level determines the risk to occupants, but there is always pressure to complete measurements more quickly, particularly when buying and selling the home. For many years, the three-month exposure using etched-track detectors has been the de facto standard, but a decade ago, Phillips et al. (2003), in a DEFRA funded project, evaluated the use of 1-week and 1-month measurements. They found that the measurement methods were accurate, but the challenge lay in the wide variation in radon levels - with diurnal, seasonal, and other patterns due to climatic factors and room use. In the report on this work, and in subsequent papers, the group proposed methodologies for 1-week, 1-month and 3-month measurements and their interpretation. Other work, however, has suggested that 2-week exposures were preferable to 1-week ones. In practice, the radon remediation industry uses a range of exposure times, and further guidance is required to help interpret these results. This paper reviews the data from this study and a subsequent 4-year study of 4 houses, re-analysing the results and extending them to other exposures, particularly for 2-week and 2-month exposures, and provides comprehensive guidance for the use of etched-track detectors, the value and use of Seasonal Correction Factors (SCFs), the uncertainties in short and medium term exposures and the interpretation of results.

ACS Style

A.R. Denman; R.G.M. Crockett; C.J. Groves-Kirkby; P.S. Phillips. Interpreting short and medium exposure etched-track radon measurements to determine whether an action level could be exceeded. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2016, 162-163, 279 -284.

AMA Style

A.R. Denman, R.G.M. Crockett, C.J. Groves-Kirkby, P.S. Phillips. Interpreting short and medium exposure etched-track radon measurements to determine whether an action level could be exceeded. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2016; 162-163 ():279-284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.R. Denman; R.G.M. Crockett; C.J. Groves-Kirkby; P.S. Phillips. 2016. "Interpreting short and medium exposure etched-track radon measurements to determine whether an action level could be exceeded." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 162-163, no. : 279-284.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
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Smoking and radon both cause lung cancer, and together the risk is significantly higher. UK public health campaigns continue to reduce smoking prevalence, and other initiatives identify houses with raised radon (radon-222) levels and encourage remedial action. Smoking prevalence and radon levels in the UK have been mapped at Primary Care Trust level. This paper extends that work, using a commercial socio-demographic database to estimate smoking prevalence at the postcode sector level, and to predict the population characteristics at postcode sector level for 87 postcode sectors in Northamptonshire. Likely smoking prevalence in each postcode sector is then modelled from estimates of the smoking prevalence in the different socio-economic groups used by the database. Mapping estimated smoking prevalence, radon potential and average lung cancer incidence for each postcode sector suggested that there was little correlation between smoking prevalence and radon levels, as radon potential was generally lower in urban areas in Northamptonshire, where the estimates of smoking prevalence were highest. However, the analysis demonstrated some sectors where both radon potential and smoking prevalence were moderately raised. This study showed the potential of this methodology to map estimated smoking prevalence and radon levels to inform locally targeted public health campaigns to reduce lung cancer incidence.

ACS Style

Antony R. Denman; Stephen Rogers; Akeem Ali; John Sinclair; Paul S. Phillips; Robin G.M. Crockett; Christopher John Groves-Kirkby. Small area mapping of domestic radon, smoking prevalence and lung cancer incidence – A case study in Northamptonshire, UK. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2015, 150, 159 -169.

AMA Style

Antony R. Denman, Stephen Rogers, Akeem Ali, John Sinclair, Paul S. Phillips, Robin G.M. Crockett, Christopher John Groves-Kirkby. Small area mapping of domestic radon, smoking prevalence and lung cancer incidence – A case study in Northamptonshire, UK. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2015; 150 ():159-169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antony R. Denman; Stephen Rogers; Akeem Ali; John Sinclair; Paul S. Phillips; Robin G.M. Crockett; Christopher John Groves-Kirkby. 2015. "Small area mapping of domestic radon, smoking prevalence and lung cancer incidence – A case study in Northamptonshire, UK." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 150, no. : 159-169.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
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Although statistically-derived national Seasonal Correction Factors (SCFs) are conventionally used to convert sub-year radon concentration measurements to an annual mean, it has recently been suggested that external temperature could be used to derive local SCFs for short-term domestic measurements. To validate this approach, hitherto unanalysed radon and temperature data from an environmentally-stable location were analysed. Radon concentration and internal temperature were measured over periods totalling 1025 days during an overall period of 1762 days, the greatest continuous sampling period being 334 days, with corresponding meteorological data collected at a weather station 10 km distant. Mean daily, monthly and annual radon concentrations and internal temperatures were calculated. SCFs derived using monthly mean radon concentration, external temperature and internal-external temperature-difference were cross-correlated with each other and with published UK domestic SCF sets. Relatively good correlation exists between SCFs derived from radon concentration and internal-external temperature difference but correlation with external temperature, was markedly poorer. SCFs derived from external temperature correlate very well with published SCF tabulations, confirming that the complexity of deriving SCFs from temperature data may be outweighed by the convenience of using either of the existing domestic SCF tabulations. Mean monthly radon data fitted to a 12-month sinusoid showed reasonable correlation with many of the annual climatic parameter profiles, exceptions being atmospheric pressure, rainfall and internal temperature. Introducing an additional 6-month sinusoid enhanced correlation with these three parameters, the other correlations remaining essentially unchanged. Radon latency of the order of months in moisture-related parameters suggests that the principal driver for radon is total atmospheric moisture content rather than relative humidity.

ACS Style

Christopher J. Groves-Kirkby; Robin G.M. Crockett; Antony R. Denman; Paul S. Phillips. A critical analysis of climatic influences on indoor radon concentrations: Implications for seasonal correction. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2015, 148, 16 -26.

AMA Style

Christopher J. Groves-Kirkby, Robin G.M. Crockett, Antony R. Denman, Paul S. Phillips. A critical analysis of climatic influences on indoor radon concentrations: Implications for seasonal correction. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2015; 148 ():16-26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher J. Groves-Kirkby; Robin G.M. Crockett; Antony R. Denman; Paul S. Phillips. 2015. "A critical analysis of climatic influences on indoor radon concentrations: Implications for seasonal correction." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 148, no. : 16-26.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2013 in Environment International
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In the UK, excessive levels of radon gas have been detected in domestic housing. Areas where 1% of existing homes were found to be over the Action Level of 200 Bq · m− 3 were declared to be Radon Affected Areas. Building Regulations have been introduced which require that, for areas where between 3% and 10% of existing houses are above the Action Level, new homes should be built with basic radon protection using a membrane, and that, where 10% or more of existing homes exceed this level, new homes should be built with full radon protection. Initially these affected areas followed administrative boundaries, known as Counties. However, with increasing numbers of measurements of radon levels in domestic homes recorded in the national database, these areas have been successively refined into smaller units – 5 km grid squares in 1999, down to 1 km grid squares in 2007. One result is the identification of small areas with raised radon levels within regions where previously no problem had been identified. In addition, some parts of areas that were previously considered radon affected are now considered low, or no, risk. Our analysis suggests that the net result of improved mapping is to increase the number of affected houses. Further, the process is more complex for local builders, and inspectors, who need to work out whether radon protection in new homes is appropriate. Our group has assessed the cost-effectiveness of radon remediation programmes, and has applied this analysis to consider the cost-effectiveness of providing radon protection in both new and existing homes. This includes modelling the potential failure rate of membranes, and whether testing radon levels in new homes is appropriate. The analysis concludes that it is more cost effective to provide targeted radon protection in high radon areas, although this introduces more complexity. The paper also considers the trend in housing to a greater proportion of apartments, the regional variations in types of housing and the decreasing average number of occupants in each dwelling, and concludes that data and methods are now available to respond to the health risks of radon at a local level, in keeping with a general initiative to prioritise responses to health and social welfare issues at a more local level.

ACS Style

A.R. Denman; J. Sinclair; P.S. Phillips; R.G.M. Crockett; Christopher John Groves-Kirkby. The cost effectiveness of radon reduction programmes in domestic housing in England and Wales: The impact of improved radon mapping and housing trends. Environment International 2013, 59, 73 -85.

AMA Style

A.R. Denman, J. Sinclair, P.S. Phillips, R.G.M. Crockett, Christopher John Groves-Kirkby. The cost effectiveness of radon reduction programmes in domestic housing in England and Wales: The impact of improved radon mapping and housing trends. Environment International. 2013; 59 ():73-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.R. Denman; J. Sinclair; P.S. Phillips; R.G.M. Crockett; Christopher John Groves-Kirkby. 2013. "The cost effectiveness of radon reduction programmes in domestic housing in England and Wales: The impact of improved radon mapping and housing trends." Environment International 59, no. : 73-85.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2011 in Environment International
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Domestic radon levels in parts of the United Kingdom are sufficiently high as to increase the risk of lung-cancer among residents. Public health campaigns in the county of Northamptonshire, a designated radon Affected Area with 6.3% of homes having average radon levels in excess of the UK Action Level of 200 Bq m− 3, have encouraged householders to test for radon and then, if indicated to be necessary, to carry out remediation in their homes. These campaigns have been only partially successful, since to date only 40% of Northamptonshire houses have been tested, and only 15% of those householders finding raised levels have proceeded to remediate. Those who remediate have been shown to have smaller families, to be older, and to include fewer smokers than the average population, suggesting that current strategies to reduce domestic radon exposure are not reaching those most at risk. During 2004–2005, the NHS Stop-Smoking Services in Northamptonshire assisted 2847 smokers to quit to the 4-week stage, the 15% (435) of these 4-week quitters remaining quitters at 1 year forming the subjects of a retrospective study considering whether smoking cessation campaigns contribute significantly to radon risk reduction. Quantitative assessment of the risk of lung-cancer among the study population, from knowledge of the individuals' age, gender, and smoking habits, together with the radon levels in their homes, demonstrates that smoking cessation programmes have significant added value in reducing the incidence of lung-cancer in radon Affected Areas, and contribute a substantially greater health benefit at a lower cost than the alternative strategy of reducing radon levels in the smokers' homes, while they remain smokers. Both radon remediation and smoking cessation programmes are very cost effective in Northamptonshire, with smoking cessation being significantly more cost effective, and these are potentially valuable programmes to drive health improvements through promotion of the uptake or environmental management for radon in the home.

ACS Style

Christopher John Groves-Kirkby; K. Timson; G. Shield; A.R. Denman; S. Rogers; P.S. Phillips. Lung-cancer reduction from smoking cessation and radon remediation: A preliminary cost-analysis in Northamptonshire, UK. Environment International 2011, 37, 375 -382.

AMA Style

Christopher John Groves-Kirkby, K. Timson, G. Shield, A.R. Denman, S. Rogers, P.S. Phillips. Lung-cancer reduction from smoking cessation and radon remediation: A preliminary cost-analysis in Northamptonshire, UK. Environment International. 2011; 37 (2):375-382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher John Groves-Kirkby; K. Timson; G. Shield; A.R. Denman; S. Rogers; P.S. Phillips. 2011. "Lung-cancer reduction from smoking cessation and radon remediation: A preliminary cost-analysis in Northamptonshire, UK." Environment International 37, no. 2: 375-382.

Review
Published: 01 January 2011 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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In 2007, in England, the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) published Waste Strategy 2007 for England. To help drive the required behaviour change for increased sustainable practice the Government in England signalled up in the Strategy the intention to launch a Zero Waste Places (ZWP) initiative to develop innovative and exemplary practice. By inviting places (including cities, towns and rural communities) to bid for ZWP status, the successful applicants were then expected to become exemplars of good environmental practice on all waste issues. The ZWP programme commenced in October 2008 with the selection of 6 distinct places based upon an application by a partnership containing a Local Authority or in one case a Regional Development Agency. The places ranged in size from the very small (one street of 201 properties) to a Region of England (5 million population). These 6 were chosen from an initial list of 12 applicants via a rigorous selection process against fixed criteria that were designed to support Zero Waste practice. The funding was £70,258 and the mean was £11,709. The overall assessment suggests that the Local Authorities and their project partners rose to the challenge of zero waste and in most cases met or even exceeded their objectives (meeting at least 80% of aims and planned actions) and achieved high value for money in terms of Government funded initiatives. Evaluation suggested that there is a requirement to link, in the future, ZWP initiatives with other recent developments such as Transition Towns, Eco-Town and Total Place developments within Local Authorities. A Certificated Standard for ZWP was developed and is perceived as being both useful and valuable and it is hoped that it will spur a large number of new ZWP applications.

ACS Style

Paul S. Phillips; Terry Tudor; Helen Bird; Margaret Bates. A critical review of a key Waste Strategy Initiative in England: Zero Waste Places Projects 2008–2009. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011, 55, 335 -343.

AMA Style

Paul S. Phillips, Terry Tudor, Helen Bird, Margaret Bates. A critical review of a key Waste Strategy Initiative in England: Zero Waste Places Projects 2008–2009. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2011; 55 (3):335-343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul S. Phillips; Terry Tudor; Helen Bird; Margaret Bates. 2011. "A critical review of a key Waste Strategy Initiative in England: Zero Waste Places Projects 2008–2009." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55, no. 3: 335-343.

Review article
Published: 30 November 2010 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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In England, the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) allocated £5 million over three years from 2005 to 2008 to support the establishment of a wide range of innovative Resource Efficiency Clubs (RECs). The funds were channelled through the Envirowise programme which acted as the administrator for the REC programme. Receiving funds committed the club organiser to agree to undertake a minimum level of activity including the collection of resource data from club members, identification of potential savings made in the club and support to assist club members realise the savings. During the funding period (2005–2008) the programme funded 70 RECs with 45 remaining active at the end of the three years (2008). Some 1330 businesses were active in the 70 RECs with 1014 providing data including potential and actual savings. In excess of £50 million of potential savings were identified and by the end of 2008 some £25 million were achieved. The total savings to total grant ratio for all RECs were, by 2008, some 5.8; this was in excess of the original ratio set by Defra. The programme made clear to key decision makers that well designed RECs are a key policy instrument as they demonstrate to given localities and clusters of companies the environmental and financial benefits of resource efficiency. The research showed that the future for RECs in England is uncertain and strategists should consider innovative ways to fund their continued contribution to national, regional and local practice.

ACS Style

Lisa T. Mattsson; Adam D. Read; Paul S. Phillips. A critical review of the largest Resource Efficiency Club Programme in England (2005–2008): Key issues for designing and delivering cost effective policy instruments in the light of Defra's Delivery Landscape Review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2010, 55, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Lisa T. Mattsson, Adam D. Read, Paul S. Phillips. A critical review of the largest Resource Efficiency Club Programme in England (2005–2008): Key issues for designing and delivering cost effective policy instruments in the light of Defra's Delivery Landscape Review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2010; 55 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa T. Mattsson; Adam D. Read; Paul S. Phillips. 2010. "A critical review of the largest Resource Efficiency Club Programme in England (2005–2008): Key issues for designing and delivering cost effective policy instruments in the light of Defra's Delivery Landscape Review." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2010 in The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management
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ACS Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng; Paul S. Phillips; Fairweather Roy. Managing Hazardous Components in Household Waste in Developing Countries—Lessons Learnt from Community Composting in Cameroon. The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 2010, 36, 153 -163.

AMA Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng, Paul S. Phillips, Fairweather Roy. Managing Hazardous Components in Household Waste in Developing Countries—Lessons Learnt from Community Composting in Cameroon. The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management. 2010; 36 (3):153-163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng; Paul S. Phillips; Fairweather Roy. 2010. "Managing Hazardous Components in Household Waste in Developing Countries—Lessons Learnt from Community Composting in Cameroon." The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 36, no. 3: 153-163.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2009 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Household waste prevention in England has been recognised in national strategy as a key component for future sustainable practice. To support the policy agenda, the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) in England has funded an extensive programme of fundamental research in the area. The specific research aim reported on here, in this Defra funded project, was to trial and assess methods for monitoring and evaluating approaches detailed in the National Resource and Waste Forum (NRWF)’s Household Waste Prevention Toolkit. The methods that formed the basis for the four research Objectives for the project were: using pilot and control areas (core Objective), tracking waste arisings, measuring specific activities and declared awareness and behaviour surveys. A primary objective of this research was to quantify the direct waste tonnage impacts of implementing a targeted household waste campaign in Dorset County, UK. A key performance indicator chosen for this assessment was the weight of waste collected at the kerbside from households. In an area where a waste prevention campaign is well planned and implemented then reductions in household waste arisings in pilot areas can be in the region of 2% per annum. This method for monitoring can be used, in the hands of an expert project team, to communicate to the public the direct benefits of waste prevention. It was found that there are a wide range of factors that need to be taken into account in the UK, and that these had hitherto been given little prominence, such as careful matching of pilot and control areas – this proved problematical in this research. However, a range of techniques used to support the methods, e.g. doorstepping surveys and focus groups could not show clear attributable waste prevention impacts but their findings could be used to direct new future messages to the public. The most successful and measurable campaign activities that were revealed by evaluation were: mail preference registrations, Home composting and doorstepping. An expert evaluation of all major methods found that no clear preference was revealed as to which were the most useful. None of the methods were judged very poor neither very good, all had major issues about their use. Tracking waste arisings and focus groups were assessed to be the best techniques in terms of input effort to output value. It is likely that waste prevention teams for household waste will need very careful training in the cost-effective use of the NRWF Toolkit before they are competent to apply it to a given place; the issues are more complex than were first thought.

ACS Style

Mike Read; Marten K. Gregory; Paul S. Phillips. An evaluation of four key methods for monitoring household waste prevention campaigns in the UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2009, 54, 9 -20.

AMA Style

Mike Read, Marten K. Gregory, Paul S. Phillips. An evaluation of four key methods for monitoring household waste prevention campaigns in the UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2009; 54 (1):9-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mike Read; Marten K. Gregory; Paul S. Phillips. 2009. "An evaluation of four key methods for monitoring household waste prevention campaigns in the UK." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54, no. 1: 9-20.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2009 in Sustainability
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Household waste is an environmental and public health problem, especially for the large cities in Sub-Saharan African countries. While the improper management of household waste in Cameroon is linked to the systematic failure of policy makers and municipal authorities to identify the most sustainable ways of dealing with it in such a manner that is in line is with their socio-economic aspirations, the impact of public attitudes and behaviour has been neglected. It is in this context that this paper uses Q-methodology, a powerful methodology for identifying the different trends in behaviour in the management of household waste in Douala, Cameroon.

ACS Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng; Jane Probert; Paul S. Phillips; Roy Fairweather. Assessing Public Attitudes and Behaviour to Household Waste Management in Cameroon to Drive Strategy Development: A Q Methodological Approach. Sustainability 2009, 1, 556 -572.

AMA Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng, Jane Probert, Paul S. Phillips, Roy Fairweather. Assessing Public Attitudes and Behaviour to Household Waste Management in Cameroon to Drive Strategy Development: A Q Methodological Approach. Sustainability. 2009; 1 (3):556-572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng; Jane Probert; Paul S. Phillips; Roy Fairweather. 2009. "Assessing Public Attitudes and Behaviour to Household Waste Management in Cameroon to Drive Strategy Development: A Q Methodological Approach." Sustainability 1, no. 3: 556-572.

Evaluation study
Published: 31 August 2009 in Environment International
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In the UK, building new homes in areas prone to radon gas is currently subject to regulations that require installation of radon-proof membranes. These membranes are not, however, the only way to protect residents of new homes against radon's potential to cause lung cancer. Alternative regulatory regimes can be constructed that would achieve the same end. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cost-effectiveness of four alternative regimes and so determine if building regulations for new homes could be altered to protect residents from the effects of radon more cost-effectively than at present. In addressing this question, the paper also contributes to the wider debate on how best to reduce the effect on public health of exposure to radon. The measure of cost-effectiveness used, cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained, is determined from radon test results obtained in properties in Brixworth, England, UK, a radon Affected Area. Confidence intervals for the cost-effectiveness estimates are also derived using bootstrap techniques. The central estimates of cost-effectiveness range from £2870 per quality-adjusted life-year gained for the most cost-effective of the alternative regimes to £6182 for the current regime. These results suggest that alternative regimes may be more cost-effective in tackling the radon problem. A definitive assessment of the most suitable to adopt will require extensive negotiation between government departments, the construction industry, and other interested parties to ensure acceptance of any new regime. The paper offers suggestions for future research that should help in the process of identifying the key features of a new regulatory approach.

ACS Style

Thomas Coskeran; Antony Denman; Paul Phillips; Roger Tornberg. A critical evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of radon protection methods in new homes in a radon Affected Area of England. Environment International 2009, 35, 943 -951.

AMA Style

Thomas Coskeran, Antony Denman, Paul Phillips, Roger Tornberg. A critical evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of radon protection methods in new homes in a radon Affected Area of England. Environment International. 2009; 35 (6):943-951.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Coskeran; Antony Denman; Paul Phillips; Roger Tornberg. 2009. "A critical evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of radon protection methods in new homes in a radon Affected Area of England." Environment International 35, no. 6: 943-951.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2009 in The Open Waste Management Journal
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ACS Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng; Paul S. Phillips; Roy Fairweather. Developing Sustainable Waste Management Practice: Application of Q Methodology to Construct New Strategy Component in Limbe - Cameroon. The Open Waste Management Journal 2009, 2, 27 -36.

AMA Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng, Paul S. Phillips, Roy Fairweather. Developing Sustainable Waste Management Practice: Application of Q Methodology to Construct New Strategy Component in Limbe - Cameroon. The Open Waste Management Journal. 2009; 2 (1):27-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lawrence O. Mbeng; Paul S. Phillips; Roy Fairweather. 2009. "Developing Sustainable Waste Management Practice: Application of Q Methodology to Construct New Strategy Component in Limbe - Cameroon." The Open Waste Management Journal 2, no. 1: 27-36.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2009 in The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management
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Queensland (QLD) is the second largest state in Australia with an area of 1,734,157 km2 and a population of some 4,132,000 (less than 20% of Australia's total population). The majority of QLD's population is located in the South East (SEQ) region around Brisbane and the Gold Coast with further population densities along the coast. SEQ is growing rapidly, with SEQ receiving over 1,000 new immigrants (both interstate and international) to the region every week, which is stimulating the housing, retail and commercial and industrial sectors. This growth in population and development is leading to an increase in waste arisings across all sectors. During 2005, QLD generated approximately 444,000 tonnes of commercial and industrial waste, with only 23,000 tonnes being recycled, equating to only 5% of the amount generated. By comparison, during 2005 the UK generated 83 million tonnes of commercial and industrial wastes of which approximately 45% was recycled. QLD has a suite of environmental and specific waste management legislation relating to the management of all waste streams which adopts the waste management hierarchy. The regulatory framework of any State or Country can if well designed drive sustainable waste management practices within the commercial and industrial sectors.Waste minimisation clubs (WMCs) were initiated in the 1990s in the UK in order to assist commercial organisations minimise their waste streams and identify re-use and recycling opportunities, including e.g. waste exchanges. WMCs have been an important demonstration opportunity for companies to grasp the benefits of the sustainable management of commercial and industrial wastes as well as the possible adoption of cleaner production through new technology.This paper reviews the trend of WMCs in the UK and discusses their potential application to QLD. It explores the drivers and barriers for such implementations within QLD, including the absence of a landfill levy and legislative barriers. The paper also discusses Australian government initiatives for improving resource efficiency within industry, and the benefits and limitations of these schemes. Case studies from the UK are then provided to ascertain the opportunities for possible WMC development in QLD.

ACS Style

Georgina Davis; Paul Phillips; Thomas Coskeran. Driving Commercial and Industrial Waste Reduction in Queensland, Australia-The Potential Application of A Uk Waste Minimisation Club Model. The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 2009, 35, 51 -63.

AMA Style

Georgina Davis, Paul Phillips, Thomas Coskeran. Driving Commercial and Industrial Waste Reduction in Queensland, Australia-The Potential Application of A Uk Waste Minimisation Club Model. The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management. 2009; 35 (1):51-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georgina Davis; Paul Phillips; Thomas Coskeran. 2009. "Driving Commercial and Industrial Waste Reduction in Queensland, Australia-The Potential Application of A Uk Waste Minimisation Club Model." The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 35, no. 1: 51-63.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2008 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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This research identifies the barriers (e.g. planning) and drivers for the development of new non-municipal wastes management facilities in Northamptonshire, an English County in the East Midlands of England. The aim of the research was to give guidance to policy makers and planners at all levels so as to enable them to make informed decisions for the selection of sites for new facilities. This is key within England as public opposition to the siting of new facilities has meant that political decision-makers often fail to take a clear stand and follow sound scientific and technical advice. England therefore has a major problem in siting of new facilities to enable them to meet European-led targets by 2010. Key recommendations are given as to how decision-makers can move forward by carefully selecting sites well in advance of planning applications and so avoid the public opposition that often occurs.

ACS Style

Margaret Bates; Paul S. Phillips; Lawrence O. Mbeng; Waleed Montasser; Anthony C. Nwigwe; Alban Forster. Key recommendations for waste management policy decision-makers: A case study of future opportunities for non-municipal waste facilities in Northamptonshire, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2008, 52, 909 -919.

AMA Style

Margaret Bates, Paul S. Phillips, Lawrence O. Mbeng, Waleed Montasser, Anthony C. Nwigwe, Alban Forster. Key recommendations for waste management policy decision-makers: A case study of future opportunities for non-municipal waste facilities in Northamptonshire, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2008; 52 (6):909-919.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margaret Bates; Paul S. Phillips; Lawrence O. Mbeng; Waleed Montasser; Anthony C. Nwigwe; Alban Forster. 2008. "Key recommendations for waste management policy decision-makers: A case study of future opportunities for non-municipal waste facilities in Northamptonshire, UK." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52, no. 6: 909-919.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2006 in Science of The Total Environment
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Analysis of data from extended radon concentration time-series obtained from domestic and public-sector premises in the vicinity of Northampton, UK, and elsewhere, confirms that, in addition to the generally recognised climatic influences, ‘Earth Tides’ and ‘Ocean Tidal Loading’ drive periodic radon liberation via geophysically driven groundwater level variations. Regression and cross-correlation with environmental parameters showed some degree of association between radon concentration and mean temperature and rainfall. Fourier analysis of radon time-series identified periodicities of the order of 23.9 h (luni-solar diurnal, K1), 24.0 h (solar day, S1), 168 h (1 week) and 661.3 h (lunar month, Mm), while cross-correlation with tidal strength demonstrated periodicity of the order of 14 days (lunar–solar fortnight, Mf). These results suggest that astronomical influences, including tides, play a part in controlling radon release from the soil.

ACS Style

Christopher John Groves-Kirkby; A.R. Denman; R.G.M. Crockett; P.S. Phillips; G.K. Gillmore. Identification of tidal and climatic influences within domestic radon time-series from Northamptonshire, UK. Science of The Total Environment 2006, 367, 191 -202.

AMA Style

Christopher John Groves-Kirkby, A.R. Denman, R.G.M. Crockett, P.S. Phillips, G.K. Gillmore. Identification of tidal and climatic influences within domestic radon time-series from Northamptonshire, UK. Science of The Total Environment. 2006; 367 (1):191-202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher John Groves-Kirkby; A.R. Denman; R.G.M. Crockett; P.S. Phillips; G.K. Gillmore. 2006. "Identification of tidal and climatic influences within domestic radon time-series from Northamptonshire, UK." Science of The Total Environment 367, no. 1: 191-202.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2006 in Science of The Total Environment
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Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas, high levels of which are associated with geological formations such as those found in Northamptonshire and North Oxfordshire in the UK. The UK's National Radiological Protection Board have designated both districts as radon Affected Areas. Radiation levels due to radon, therefore, exceed 200 Bq m− 3, the UK's domestic Action Level, in over one percent of domestic properties. Because of radon's radioactivity, exposure to the gas can potentially cause lung cancer, and has been linked to some 2000 deaths a year in the UK. Consequently, when radiation levels exceed the Action Level, remediation against radon's effects is recommended to householders. This study examines the cost-effectiveness of remediation measures in Northamptonshire and North Oxfordshire by estimating cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained in four Primary Care Trusts, organisations that play a key public health policy role in the UK's National Health Service. The study is the first to apply this approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of radon remediation programmes. Central estimates of cost per quality-adjusted life-year in the four Primary Care Trusts range from £6143 to £10 323. These values, when assessed against generally accepted criteria, suggest the remediation programmes in the trusts were cost-effective. Policy suggestions based on the estimates, and designed to improve cost-effectiveness further, are proposed for the four Primary Care Trusts and the UK's National Health Service.

ACS Style

Thomas Coskeran; Antony Denman; Paul Phillips; Gavin Gillmore; Roger Tornberg. A new methodology for cost-effectiveness studies of domestic radon remediation programmes: Quality-adjusted life-years gained within Primary Care Trusts in Central England. Science of The Total Environment 2006, 366, 32 -46.

AMA Style

Thomas Coskeran, Antony Denman, Paul Phillips, Gavin Gillmore, Roger Tornberg. A new methodology for cost-effectiveness studies of domestic radon remediation programmes: Quality-adjusted life-years gained within Primary Care Trusts in Central England. Science of The Total Environment. 2006; 366 (1):32-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Coskeran; Antony Denman; Paul Phillips; Gavin Gillmore; Roger Tornberg. 2006. "A new methodology for cost-effectiveness studies of domestic radon remediation programmes: Quality-adjusted life-years gained within Primary Care Trusts in Central England." Science of The Total Environment 366, no. 1: 32-46.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2006 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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The East Sussex business excellence through resource efficiency (ES betre) waste minimisation club (programme) aimed to increase awareness of the benefits of improved resource efficiency and achieve reductions in waste, energy and water for SMEs in East Sussex, in South East England. The programme was delivered by EcoSys in partnership with the East Sussex Sustainable Business Partnership, a collaboration of all East Sussex Local Authorities, the Environment Agency and EcoSys. ES betre provided a range of free support and advice over a 2-year period including: 54 workshops, 6 newsletters, 30 environmental audits, 16 grants and 312 technical helpline enquiries. Information on environmental compliance and best practice for solid waste minimisation and recycling, energy and water efficiency was disseminated and activities linked with the government's best practice programmes, e.g. Envirowise, Action Energy and The Carbon Trust. Marketing activities were extremely successful in attracting businesses to join with 757 signing up, 60% of which then went onto become active service users. This is the most successful recruitment rate in the UK to date, making ES betre some 40 times larger than the average UK waste minimisation club. Excellent links with local business support/trade associations were built up and recruitment by personal recommendation became a feature. The project had a strong focus on smaller businesses (<250 employees). Of the businesses that signed up to the project, 56% were Micro (<9 employees) and 86% employed less than 50 employees (Small). The project reached 4000 local businesses regularly via newsletters and event mailings. Some 60% of the 757 businesses became actively involved and attended training events or had environmental audits. A total of 189 businesses identified improvement actions (1226) and of these, 123 businesses had implemented at least one improvement action by the end of the programme. These resulted in estimated cost savings of at least £263,000 per annum and just over half of these savings have already been achieved (March 2005). In addition, actions taken to prevent pollution and ensure compliance with environmental legislation will save businesses a further £297,000 in fines. These cost savings were larger than the cost of the project (£298,000). The environmental impact of the programme has been significant with reductions identified in waste (1915 t), water (17,352 m3) and energy (1.2 million kWh). The savings quantified are thought to be conservative as it was found that many Micro and SMEs did not measure the impact of their actions. Previous experience indicates that, for projects involving smaller companies, cost savings are likely to be underestimated by at least 50%. As well as making it difficult to measure outputs, this lack of measurement means it is harder to demonstrate the need for change with the benefits of improved practice.

ACS Style

Janette Ackroyd; Louise Titmarsh; Ben Coulter; Abigail Dombey; Paul S. Phillips. Business excellence through resource efficiency (betre): East Sussex waste minimisation programme. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2006, 46, 217 -241.

AMA Style

Janette Ackroyd, Louise Titmarsh, Ben Coulter, Abigail Dombey, Paul S. Phillips. Business excellence through resource efficiency (betre): East Sussex waste minimisation programme. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2006; 46 (3):217-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janette Ackroyd; Louise Titmarsh; Ben Coulter; Abigail Dombey; Paul S. Phillips. 2006. "Business excellence through resource efficiency (betre): East Sussex waste minimisation programme." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 46, no. 3: 217-241.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2006 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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The UK Sustainable Development Strategy requires that society strive to make prudent use of natural resources so as to protect the environment and maintain high and stable levels of economic growth and employment. The Waste Strategy for England and Wales emphasises the need to reduce the amount of waste produced through the adoption of waste minimisation methodology. Waste minimisation clubs have been a key element in the UK programme to introduce more sustainable practice into industry and commerce. Northamptonshire, a county in the East Midlands of England, has benefited from 20 waste minimisation/resource efficiency projects, within a county programme, that have run between 1997 and 2004. This is the largest number in any county in England. This has been possible because of the formation of a large and inclusive partnership that contains all the key Local and Regional players. Performance Indicators have been developed to direct the county programme as it strives to introduce more sustainable waste management practice. The Northamptonshire model has led to a catalysed uptake of sustainable waste management practice in some 574 companies, some 13.4% of participating companies in England in same period, thereby contributing to the maintenance of stable levels of economic activity. However, an inherent limit has been reached with waste minimisation club provision. Future provision for resource efficiency must include the movement towards Industrial Symbiosis (IS) and ultimately Industrial Ecology (IE). The radical shift towards IS and IE will occur as a response to the increased quantification of the resource flows, in a given UK economic area, and the deeper understanding of the diversity and complexity of the systems.

ACS Style

Paul S. Phillips; Richard Barnes; Margaret Bates; Thomas Coskeran. A critical appraisal of an UK county waste minimisation programme: The requirement for regional facilitated development of industrial symbiosis/ecology. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2006, 46, 242 -264.

AMA Style

Paul S. Phillips, Richard Barnes, Margaret Bates, Thomas Coskeran. A critical appraisal of an UK county waste minimisation programme: The requirement for regional facilitated development of industrial symbiosis/ecology. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2006; 46 (3):242-264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul S. Phillips; Richard Barnes; Margaret Bates; Thomas Coskeran. 2006. "A critical appraisal of an UK county waste minimisation programme: The requirement for regional facilitated development of industrial symbiosis/ecology." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 46, no. 3: 242-264.

Comparative study
Published: 01 January 2006 in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
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Building regulations in the UK have since 1992 required that radon-proof membranes be installed in new domestic properties to protect residents against the adverse effects of radon. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of the current regulatory regime with an alternative that would entail new properties being tested for radon after construction, and being remediated if necessary. The alternative regime is found to be more cost-effective for a sample of properties in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, UK. For this regime, the central estimate of cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained, the measure of cost-effectiveness used, is 2869 pounds compared to 6182 pounds for installing membranes, results suggesting a case for re-examining the current regulations on radon protection in new properties. Pilot studies will, however, be needed to consider how different means of protecting residents of new properties against radon might operate in practice and to provide improved evidence on their relative cost-effectiveness.

ACS Style

Thomas Coskeran; Antony Denman; Paul Phillips; Roger Tornberg. A cost-effectiveness analysis of radon protection methods in domestic properties: a comparative case study in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, UK. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2006, 91, 73 -89.

AMA Style

Thomas Coskeran, Antony Denman, Paul Phillips, Roger Tornberg. A cost-effectiveness analysis of radon protection methods in domestic properties: a comparative case study in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, UK. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2006; 91 (1):73-89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Coskeran; Antony Denman; Paul Phillips; Roger Tornberg. 2006. "A cost-effectiveness analysis of radon protection methods in domestic properties: a comparative case study in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, UK." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 91, no. 1: 73-89.