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Dr. Alexander Martín-Garín
University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)

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0 Building
0 Heritage Buildings
0 Open Source Software
0 IoT
0 Building energy performance

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IoT
Building monitoring

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Profile ImageÁngel Rodríguez Research Group of Building E...
Profile ImageJosé Antonio Millán-García Universidad del Pais Vasco/E...
Profile ImageRufino Hernandez University of the Basque Cou...
Profile ImageAbderrahmane Baïri Université de Paris, Labora...
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Reference work
Published: 24 April 2021 in Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices
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Construction industry faces with a relevant challenge to improve its productivity, and, in this context, new technologies can help overcome this gap. Nevertheless, it is still considered one of the least digitized sectors. Furthermore, citizen empowerment is becoming increasingly relevant in several areas such as energy, environment, agriculture, healthcare, and many others. Achieving these objectives is often a complex task since there are multiple obstacles and defiances such as high acquisition costs, technological barriers, or the lack of know-how transfer. Nevertheless, considering these barriers as opportunities, open-source alternatives are within reach of the society and with it the possibility to provide solutions to all kinds of projects and innovations. In this context, this research aims to develop a completely open-source framework for building monitoring, thus allowing access to real data and providing a decision-making support. During the research, several technologies have been employed, ranging from Arduino-based development boards for the implementation of wireless monitoring devices to single-board computers (SBC) such as Raspberry Pi as core of the deployed IoT LoRaWAN gateway or the Orange Pi for the server. In this last SBC, and in order to manage the gathered data, the integration of the software stack based on Node-RED, the time series database (TSDB) InfluxDB and Grafana as visualization dashboard was proposed. For the verification of the system reliability, it has been applied in a case study, and the results show its correct performance. Taking advantage of the data generated, these were integrated into the BIM model of the case study given the great importance of this methodology in the AEC sector. Finally, it is worth mentioning the proposed system becomes a completely open-source solution, thus offering a real and cost-affordable alternative for its scalability and mass deployment for building sector projects and many other scenarios.

ACS Style

A. Martín-Garín; J. A. Millán-García; R. J. Hernández-Minguillón; M. M. Prieto; N. Alilat; A. Baïri. Open-Source Framework Based on LoRaWAN IoT Technology for Building Monitoring and Its Integration into BIM Models. Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices 2021, 1 -27.

AMA Style

A. Martín-Garín, J. A. Millán-García, R. J. Hernández-Minguillón, M. M. Prieto, N. Alilat, A. Baïri. Open-Source Framework Based on LoRaWAN IoT Technology for Building Monitoring and Its Integration into BIM Models. Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices. 2021; ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Martín-Garín; J. A. Millán-García; R. J. Hernández-Minguillón; M. M. Prieto; N. Alilat; A. Baïri. 2021. "Open-Source Framework Based on LoRaWAN IoT Technology for Building Monitoring and Its Integration into BIM Models." Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices , no. : 1-27.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2020 in Energies
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Airtightness is a major issue in architectural design and it has a significant impact on the energy performance of buildings. Moreover, the energy behaviour of built heritage is due, to its singular characteristics, still a great unknown. The aim of this study is to establish a better knowledge of the airtightness of historical buildings, based on an in depth field study using blower-door tests. A set of 37 enclosures were analyzed inside eight buildings located in historical areas of a Spanish city with a significant built heritage. They were constructed between 1882 and 1919 and include diverse construction typologies applied for many building uses such as residential, cultural, educational, administrative and emblematic. The results indicate lower values compared to other previous airtightness studies of historical buildings. The average air change rate was found to be n50 = 9.03 h−1 and the airtightness of the enclosures presented a wide range of between 0.68 and 37.12 h−1. Three main levels of airtightness were identified with two thirds of the tested samples belonging to the intermediate level between 3–20 h−1. To conclude, several correlations have been developed which provide a method to estimate air leakage and could serve as a basis for energy performance studies of these kinds of building.

ACS Style

Alexander Martín-Garín; José Antonio Millán-García; Juan María Hidalgo-Betanzos; Rufino Javier Hernández-Minguillón; Abderrahmane Baïri. Airtightness Analysis of the Built Heritage–Field Measurements of Nineteenth Century Buildings Through Blower Door Tests. Energies 2020, 13, 6727 .

AMA Style

Alexander Martín-Garín, José Antonio Millán-García, Juan María Hidalgo-Betanzos, Rufino Javier Hernández-Minguillón, Abderrahmane Baïri. Airtightness Analysis of the Built Heritage–Field Measurements of Nineteenth Century Buildings Through Blower Door Tests. Energies. 2020; 13 (24):6727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander Martín-Garín; José Antonio Millán-García; Juan María Hidalgo-Betanzos; Rufino Javier Hernández-Minguillón; Abderrahmane Baïri. 2020. "Airtightness Analysis of the Built Heritage–Field Measurements of Nineteenth Century Buildings Through Blower Door Tests." Energies 13, no. 24: 6727.

Research article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Experimental Heat Transfer
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A version improving the efficiency of the Trombe-type assembly is proposed in this study. It consists in equipping the wall with a series of inclined fins forming open cavities of parallelogram section affecting the aerodynamics of the active cavity. The natural convective flow leads to an increase in natural convective heat transfer and improves the overall performance of the assembly. The experimental study is performed with a 0.2 scale assembly. The wall generates a heat flux in a wide range corresponding to the solar radiation while the glass cover is maintained isothermal at cold temperature. The distance between the hot and cold walls compared to the height of the cavity leads to three aspect ratio values (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3). The study performed for a Rayleigh number ranging from 2.81 × 108 to 4.14 × 109 confirms the effectiveness of the new version proposed in this work. With the finned wall, the average natural convective heat transfer increases from 7 to 23% compared to the conventional version without fins, according to the considered configuration. The average Nusselt number is determined for all the tested configurations with a maximum uncertainty of 5%, taking into account the uncertainties of the measured physical parameters. A Nusselt-Rayleigh type correlation is proposed, obtained by means of the least squares optimization method.

ACS Style

Abderrahmane Baïri; Alexander Martín-Garín. Open parallelogrammic enclosures to improve Trombe wall performance by enhancing free convection. An experimental approach. Experimental Heat Transfer 2020, 34, 411 -420.

AMA Style

Abderrahmane Baïri, Alexander Martín-Garín. Open parallelogrammic enclosures to improve Trombe wall performance by enhancing free convection. An experimental approach. Experimental Heat Transfer. 2020; 34 (5):411-420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abderrahmane Baïri; Alexander Martín-Garín. 2020. "Open parallelogrammic enclosures to improve Trombe wall performance by enhancing free convection. An experimental approach." Experimental Heat Transfer 34, no. 5: 411-420.

Book chapter
Published: 29 May 2020 in Start-Up Creation
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Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is one of the pressing problems that society faces. On the other hand, the acquisition of real-time data of the variables that affect energy consumption is another challenge in the building sector. The high cost of this type of devices, the dearth of instrumentation for the measurement of specific variables, and the lack of interoperability between them represent important barriers that limit the mass deployment of monitoring systems for the improvement of energy efficiency. This chapter deals with the implementation in a case study of a cost-effective, low-power, and long-range Internet of things (IoT) device for real-time monitoring. Due to the great impact that air leakages have on buildings energy demand, this variable has been taken as object of monitoring. To bridge the gap, an Arduino MKR FOX 1200-based device has been developed, which uses the low-power wide-area network Sigfox technology and the SDP810 differential pressure sensor. Then, the monitored data are gathered in the cloud via Google Spreadsheets and shown through an implemented dashboard with Data Studio. This research has shown that the development of open source–based devices supported by IoT technologies fits monitoring requirements in buildings. Energy efficiency of buildings has been the main aim of this work; nevertheless, the presented methodology could be scaled for multiple fields with smart requirements such as agriculture, mobility, healthcare, or safety management.

ACS Style

A. Martín-Garín; J.A. Millán-García; A. Baïri; M. Gabilondo; A. Rodríguez. IoT and cloud computing for building energy efficiency. Start-Up Creation 2020, 235 -265.

AMA Style

A. Martín-Garín, J.A. Millán-García, A. Baïri, M. Gabilondo, A. Rodríguez. IoT and cloud computing for building energy efficiency. Start-Up Creation. 2020; ():235-265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Martín-Garín; J.A. Millán-García; A. Baïri; M. Gabilondo; A. Rodríguez. 2020. "IoT and cloud computing for building energy efficiency." Start-Up Creation , no. : 235-265.

Articles
Published: 26 May 2020 in Heat Transfer Engineering
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The thermal efficiency of the modified Trombe-wall system proposed in this work is improved compared to its conventional version thanks to the adjunction of a porous material to the absorber wall. Thermal measurements were made in a wide Rayleigh number range, with high values reaching 4.52 × 109. The ratio between the matrix’s thermal conductivity of the porous material and that of the air varies between 1 (without porous medium, conventional Trombe-wall system) and about 1888. Moreover, the aspect ratio of the active cavity varies in the 0.1–0.3 range. Influence of these physical parameters on the free convective heat transfer occurring in the active cavity are quantified for this new assembly and compared to the conventional one. The results show that the average convective heat transfer systematically increases with the ratio of thermal conductivities for any Rayleigh number and cavity’s aspect ratio. Furthermore, the simple modification makes it possible to increase the overall thermal efficiency between 4% and 23% on average. This work complements and confirms the numerical results of recent studies realized by means of the control volume method.

ACS Style

Abderrahmane Baïri; Nacim Alilat; Alexander Martín-Garín; Luis Roseiro; José-Antonio Millán-García. Improving Building’s Thermal Performance by Means of Porous Media – An Experimental Free Convection Work. Heat Transfer Engineering 2020, 42, 1059 -1066.

AMA Style

Abderrahmane Baïri, Nacim Alilat, Alexander Martín-Garín, Luis Roseiro, José-Antonio Millán-García. Improving Building’s Thermal Performance by Means of Porous Media – An Experimental Free Convection Work. Heat Transfer Engineering. 2020; 42 (12):1059-1066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abderrahmane Baïri; Nacim Alilat; Alexander Martín-Garín; Luis Roseiro; José-Antonio Millán-García. 2020. "Improving Building’s Thermal Performance by Means of Porous Media – An Experimental Free Convection Work." Heat Transfer Engineering 42, no. 12: 1059-1066.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2020 in International Journal of Modern Physics C
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This numerical study quantifies the natural convective heat transfer occurring in an elongated rectangular cavity whose hot vertical wall generates a constant heat flux while the opposite one is kept isothermal at cold temperature. The study shows that when a layer of porous material is affixed to the hot wall, the aerodynamic phenomena are modified and increase the natural convective transfer. Several configurations were processed, obtained by varying the matrix’s thermal conductivity of the layer, the aspect ratio of the cavity and the Rayleigh number in wide ranges. The numerical solution is obtained by means of the control volume method based on the SIMPLE algorithm. A correlation of the Nusselt–Rayleigh type is proposed, allowing determination of the convective heat transfer for any combination of these physical parameters. It can be applied in various engineering fields including passive heating in building which can be improved by the simple and easy-to-implement assembly version discussed here.

ACS Style

A. Baïri; Alexander Martín-Garín; J. A. Millán-García. Porous media to intensify natural convection in rectangular enclosures used in building techniques. International Journal of Modern Physics C 2020, 31, 1 .

AMA Style

A. Baïri, Alexander Martín-Garín, J. A. Millán-García. Porous media to intensify natural convection in rectangular enclosures used in building techniques. International Journal of Modern Physics C. 2020; 31 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Baïri; Alexander Martín-Garín; J. A. Millán-García. 2020. "Porous media to intensify natural convection in rectangular enclosures used in building techniques." International Journal of Modern Physics C 31, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 January 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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This experimental work shows that the natural convective heat transfer in the active enclosure of a conventional Trombe wall assembly is enhanced by the interposition of transparent and vertical partitions. Quantification of the average Nusselt number corresponding to both versions with and without partitions was carried out by means of a 1/5 scale assembly. The glass cover is maintained isothermal at cold temperature while the active wall generates a variable heat flux simulating the incident solar radiation. The distance between the two active and parallel walls is variable. Four ratios between this distance and the height of the wall are considered, associated with a wide range of Rayleigh number reaching 4.1×109. An error calculation is carried out for all the processed configurations, taking into account the experimental uncertainties of the measured physical parameters. The maximum error found on the average Nusselt number is low, of about 5%. Measurements made by means of an interstitial medium without partitions are consistent with the results of other work carried out by experimental and numerical approaches in specific ranges of Rayleigh number. This study reveals the partitions effectiveness, since the natural convective heat transfer's increase lies between 10.0% and 14.4% according to the considered configuration. Correlations are proposed in the present work in order to calculate the average natural convective Nusselt number for the conventional Trombe wall without partitions and for its improved version, for any aspect ratio and in the whole range of the considered Rayleigh number. They contribute to the optimization of the thermal design of this interesting assembly.

ACS Style

A. Baïri; A. Martín-Garín; K. Adeyeye; K. She; J.A. Millán-García. Enhancement of natural convection for improvement of Trombe wall performance. An experimental study. Energy and Buildings 2020, 211, 109788 .

AMA Style

A. Baïri, A. Martín-Garín, K. Adeyeye, K. She, J.A. Millán-García. Enhancement of natural convection for improvement of Trombe wall performance. An experimental study. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 211 ():109788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Baïri; A. Martín-Garín; K. Adeyeye; K. She; J.A. Millán-García. 2020. "Enhancement of natural convection for improvement of Trombe wall performance. An experimental study." Energy and Buildings 211, no. : 109788.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2019 in International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the thermal behavior of a hemispherical electronic device contained in a concentric hemispherical enclosure, cooled by means of free convection through a porous medium saturated with a water–copper nanofluid. Influence of various parameters on the thermal state of this device is processed in this work. The high power generated by the dome leads to a Rayleigh number varying in the 5.2 × 107-7.29 × 1010 range. The volume fraction of the monophasic nanofluid varies between 0 (pure water) and 10 per cent while the base of the hemispherical cavity (disc) is inclined between 0° (horizontal disc with dome facing upward) and 180° (horizontal disc with dome facing downward). Design/methodology/approach The three-dimensional numerical approach is carried out by means of the volume control method associated to the SIMPLE algorithm. Findings The work shows that the average temperature of the active component increases with the Rayleigh number according to a conventional law of the power type. The increase in the angle of inclination also goes with a systematic rise in the average temperature. However, increasing the ratio of the solid–fluid thermal conductivities decreases the average temperature of the component, given the respective contributions of the conductive and natural convective phenomena occurring through the nanofluid saturated porous media. The values of this ratio vary in this work between 0 (interstice between the two hemispheres without porous medium) and 70. Originality/value The correlation proposed in this work allows to calculate the temperature of the active electronic component for all the combinations of the four influence parameters which vary in wide ranges.

ACS Style

Abderrahmane Baïri; Jean-Gabriel Bauzin; Alexander Martín-Garín; Nacim Alilat; José Antonio Millán-García. Natural convective cooling of electronics contained in tilted hemispherical enclosure filled with a porous medium saturated by water-copper nanofluid. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 2019, 29, 280 -293.

AMA Style

Abderrahmane Baïri, Jean-Gabriel Bauzin, Alexander Martín-Garín, Nacim Alilat, José Antonio Millán-García. Natural convective cooling of electronics contained in tilted hemispherical enclosure filled with a porous medium saturated by water-copper nanofluid. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow. 2019; 29 (1):280-293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abderrahmane Baïri; Jean-Gabriel Bauzin; Alexander Martín-Garín; Nacim Alilat; José Antonio Millán-García. 2019. "Natural convective cooling of electronics contained in tilted hemispherical enclosure filled with a porous medium saturated by water-copper nanofluid." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 29, no. 1: 280-293.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2018 in Anales de Edificación
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Resumen Hoy en día, las ciudades están experimentando radicales cambios operacionales. Estos nuevos modelos conocidos como Smart Cities tienen como objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos mediante el uso de datos recopilados sobre el entorno a través del uso de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). Además, el Internet of Things (IoT) es una de las grandes tecnologías que respalda a las Smart Cities para lograr estos objetivos. A su vez, una de las líneas de investigación que está adquiriendo gran relevancia está relacionada con las tendencias de aplicación de software y hardware abiertos. Una de estas ramas son las bien conocidas Plataformas de Código Abierto (OSP), que permite el desarrollo de proyectos de desarrollo propio (DIY). Gracias a ello, actualmente es posible llevar a cabo proyectos y soluciones que hasta ahora difícilmente eran posibles hacer realidad. El presente trabajo muestra una de las líneas de investigación que se está llevando a cabo desde el grupo en el ámbito de la monitorización y automatización de los edificios a través de la combinación de las OSP y el IoT. Además de mostrar las posibilidades de desarrollo existentes se presentará un caso práctico de esta tecnología que se llevó a cabo durante el proceso de monitorización energética en el edificio San Roke 32 de Donostia-San Sebastián rehabilitado bajo los criterios Passivhaus. Abstract Today, cities are experiencing radical operational changes. These new models known as Smart Cities aim to improve the quality of citizens life using data collected about the environment through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). In addition, the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the great technologies that supports Smart Cities to achieve these objectives. At the same time, one of the research lines that is becoming very relevant is related to open software and hardware application trends. One of these branches are the well-known Open Source Platforms (OSP), which allows the development of self-developed projects (DIY). Thanks to this, it is now possible to carry out projects and solutions that until now were hardly possible to achieve. The present work shows one of the lines of research that is being carried out from the group in the field of monitoring and automation of buildings through the combination of the OSP and the IoT. In addition to showing the existing development possibilities, a practical case of this technology will be presented, which was carried out during the energy monitoring process in the San Roke 32 building in Donostia-San Sebastián, rehabilitated under the Passivhaus criteria.

ACS Style

Alexander Martín-Garín; Jose Antonio Millán Garcia; Jose Maria Sala Lizarraga; Juan Maria Hidalgo-Betanzos; Abdherraman Baïri. Internet de las cosas y plataformas de código abierto como herramientas de apoyo para la construcción 4.0.= Internet of things and open source platforms as support tools for construction 4.0. Anales de Edificación 2018, 4, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Alexander Martín-Garín, Jose Antonio Millán Garcia, Jose Maria Sala Lizarraga, Juan Maria Hidalgo-Betanzos, Abdherraman Baïri. Internet de las cosas y plataformas de código abierto como herramientas de apoyo para la construcción 4.0.= Internet of things and open source platforms as support tools for construction 4.0. Anales de Edificación. 2018; 4 (2):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander Martín-Garín; Jose Antonio Millán Garcia; Jose Maria Sala Lizarraga; Juan Maria Hidalgo-Betanzos; Abdherraman Baïri. 2018. "Internet de las cosas y plataformas de código abierto como herramientas de apoyo para la construcción 4.0.= Internet of things and open source platforms as support tools for construction 4.0." Anales de Edificación 4, no. 2: 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Automation in Construction
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This paper deals with the design and development of a low cost building environmental monitoring system, and it is based on Open Source Platforms and on the Internet of Things. To achieve this aim, a wireless microcontroller with attached sensors has been used to collect the environmental data. The information obtained from the sensors is collected and stored in a flash memory card, and simultaneously is sent via WiFi to the cloud. This data is stored in an online spreadsheet, which permits us to access the information in real time. On the other hand, a comparative analysis of the results obtained from sensors has been carried out, thanks to which several guidance guidelines have been developed for the selection of the most appropriate environmental sensor for each project. Finally, an additional evaluation of the device has been carried out through the analysis of its energy performance and providing information related to the data storage and its cost of development. The current research shows a clear ability to develop monitoring systems for the building sector, which can also be extended to multiple applications of Smart Environments. The development of projects through these platforms will allow future research to tackle the existing barriers in monitoring campaigns.

ACS Style

A. Martín-Garín; J.A. Millán-García; A. Baïri; J. Millán-Medel; J.M. Sala-Lizarraga. Environmental monitoring system based on an Open Source Platform and the Internet of Things for a building energy retrofit. Automation in Construction 2018, 87, 201 -214.

AMA Style

A. Martín-Garín, J.A. Millán-García, A. Baïri, J. Millán-Medel, J.M. Sala-Lizarraga. Environmental monitoring system based on an Open Source Platform and the Internet of Things for a building energy retrofit. Automation in Construction. 2018; 87 ():201-214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Martín-Garín; J.A. Millán-García; A. Baïri; J. Millán-Medel; J.M. Sala-Lizarraga. 2018. "Environmental monitoring system based on an Open Source Platform and the Internet of Things for a building energy retrofit." Automation in Construction 87, no. : 201-214.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2017 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

A. Baïri; N. Nithyadevi; I. Baïri; Alexander Martín-Garín; Jose Antonio Millan-Garcia. Thermal design of a sensor for building control equipped with QFN electronic devices subjected to free convection. Effects of the encapsulating resin. Energy and Buildings 2017, 141, 218 -225.

AMA Style

A. Baïri, N. Nithyadevi, I. Baïri, Alexander Martín-Garín, Jose Antonio Millan-Garcia. Thermal design of a sensor for building control equipped with QFN electronic devices subjected to free convection. Effects of the encapsulating resin. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 141 ():218-225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Baïri; N. Nithyadevi; I. Baïri; Alexander Martín-Garín; Jose Antonio Millan-Garcia. 2017. "Thermal design of a sensor for building control equipped with QFN electronic devices subjected to free convection. Effects of the encapsulating resin." Energy and Buildings 141, no. : 218-225.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Microelectronics Reliability
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The performance and reliability of electronic components and assemblies strongly depend on their thermal state. The knowledge of the temperature distribution throughout the assembly is therefore an essential element to ensure their correct operation. This is the main objective of this work that examines the case of a conventional assembly equipped with a quad flat nonlead QFN64 subjected to free convection. This active electronic package is welded on a PCB which may be inclined by an angle varying between 0° and 90° (horizontal and vertical positions respectively) and generates during its operation a high power ranging from 0.1 to 1W. Thermoregulation of the assembly is ensured by natural convection, given its many well known advantages in this engineering field. Accurate relationships are proposed to determine the temperature on different areas of the device and the PCB. They are determined by means of a 3D numerical survey based on the finite volume method confirmed by measurements on an actual installation. These relationships allow reliability improvement of these electronic assemblies widely used in many engineering fields, as computing industry, mobile telephony, home automation, automotive, embarked electronics and smart building considered in this survey. The present survey complements a recent study which quantifies the natural convective heat transfer on the considered electronic assembly equipped with the QFN64 device, for the same power range and angle of inclination

ACS Style

A. Baïri; L. Roseiro; Alexander Martín-Garín; Kemi Adeyeye; Jose Antonio Millan-Garcia. Thermal state of electronic assemblies applied to smart building equipped with QFN64 device subjected to natural convection. Microelectronics Reliability 2017, 70, 79 -83.

AMA Style

A. Baïri, L. Roseiro, Alexander Martín-Garín, Kemi Adeyeye, Jose Antonio Millan-Garcia. Thermal state of electronic assemblies applied to smart building equipped with QFN64 device subjected to natural convection. Microelectronics Reliability. 2017; 70 ():79-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Baïri; L. Roseiro; Alexander Martín-Garín; Kemi Adeyeye; Jose Antonio Millan-Garcia. 2017. "Thermal state of electronic assemblies applied to smart building equipped with QFN64 device subjected to natural convection." Microelectronics Reliability 70, no. : 79-83.