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Lactation is characterized by an increase in energy demand and glucose consumption, which may also be linked to the concurrent compromise in immune function during early lactation. Magnesium (Mg) could be involved in this link based on its role for more than 600 metabolic reactions associated with energy metabolism, in addition to its essential role in glucose metabolism. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the influence of Mg supplementation on the expression of glucose and Mg transport-associated genes in blood cells (predominantly leukocytes) of lactating ewes and to identify possible correlations between the expression of these genes and leukocyte subpopulations. Pregnant ewes were divided into a control group (Control, n = 8) and a Mg group (Mg, n = 8), the latter supplemented with magnesium oxide at a daily Mg intake of approximately 0.30% and 0.38% of dry matter during the last four weeks of gestation and the first four weeks after lambing, respectively. At the end of the supplementation period, blood samples were collected in PAXgene tubes in order to determine the mRNA expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4) and genes linked to Mg transport (SLC41A1, CNNM2, TRPM6, TRPM7 and MagT1) in blood cells. Mg supplementation tended to increase the expression of GLUT1 in blood cells (P = 0.087). Expression values of GLUT3, SLC41A1, CNNM2, TRPM6, TRPM7, and MagT1 were not significantly changed (P > 0.1). Interestingly, GLUT4 was not detected in either group. Counts of circulating neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes showed no significant differences between the two groups. Furthermore, no correlations were observed between the expression of the investigated genes and specific leukocyte subpopulation percentages/frequenciies. In conclusion, the expression of a variety of glucose and Mg transport-associated genes did not respond to dietary Mg supplementation. Nonetheless, a tendency towards higher expression of GLUT1 in the Mg group might support an involvement of Mg in the regulation of glucose metabolism of ovine blood cells.
Mona H. Ahmed; Gerhard Sponder; Mirja R. Wilkens; Hans-Joachim Schuberth; Martin Ganter; Gerhard Breves; Jörg R. Aschenbach. Expression of glucose and magnesium transport-associated genes in whole blood RNA of lactating ewes supplemented with magnesium. Livestock Science 2021, 250, 104583 .
AMA StyleMona H. Ahmed, Gerhard Sponder, Mirja R. Wilkens, Hans-Joachim Schuberth, Martin Ganter, Gerhard Breves, Jörg R. Aschenbach. Expression of glucose and magnesium transport-associated genes in whole blood RNA of lactating ewes supplemented with magnesium. Livestock Science. 2021; 250 ():104583.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMona H. Ahmed; Gerhard Sponder; Mirja R. Wilkens; Hans-Joachim Schuberth; Martin Ganter; Gerhard Breves; Jörg R. Aschenbach. 2021. "Expression of glucose and magnesium transport-associated genes in whole blood RNA of lactating ewes supplemented with magnesium." Livestock Science 250, no. : 104583.
The present study investigated the effects of dietary magnesium supplementation on mineral status and intermediary metabolism of ewes during the transition period (TP). For this purpose, 19 pregnant ewes (2nd and 3rd lactation) were divided into a control group (Con, n = 9) kept on a daily magnesium intake of approximately 3.0 g ante-partum (a.p.) and 5.0 g post-partum (p.p.), and a magnesium group (Mg, n = 10, 4.2 g a.p., 7.7 g p.p.). Blood was collected at day (d) 30 a.p., d 14 a.p., d 1 p.p., d 14 p.p. and d 30 p.p., respectively. Serum levels of total magnesium were not affected by the treatment. In Con animals, serum levels of total calcium and phosphate were lower at d 1 p.p. in comparison to d 30 a.p. (P ≤ 0.05). Only in Con ewes, serum glucose levels showed significant fluctuations throughout the entire observation period (P ˂ 0.05) and were correlated negatively with those of beta-hydroxybutyrate (r2: 0.70; P < 0.01, r2: 0.76; P < 0.01) and positively with insulin (r2: 0.46; P < 0.05, r2: 0.59; P < 0.05) on d 30 and 14 a.p., respectively. At d 30 p.p., serum insulin levels were lower in the Mg group compared to the Con group (P < 0.05). As serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate and glucose seemed more stable throughout the TP, magnesium supplementation might be an approach to promote metabolic health in ewes.
Mona H. Ahmed; Mirja R. Wilkens; Martin Ganter; Gerhard Breves. Serum parameters related to mineral homeostasis and energy metabolism in ewes kept on different dietary magnesium supply during the transition period. Research in Veterinary Science 2020, 134, 19 -26.
AMA StyleMona H. Ahmed, Mirja R. Wilkens, Martin Ganter, Gerhard Breves. Serum parameters related to mineral homeostasis and energy metabolism in ewes kept on different dietary magnesium supply during the transition period. Research in Veterinary Science. 2020; 134 ():19-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMona H. Ahmed; Mirja R. Wilkens; Martin Ganter; Gerhard Breves. 2020. "Serum parameters related to mineral homeostasis and energy metabolism in ewes kept on different dietary magnesium supply during the transition period." Research in Veterinary Science 134, no. : 19-26.
Background Calcinosis has been reported for a broad range of different animals. Causes for calcinosis include metabolic disorders due to kidney failure, intoxication with calcinogenic plants, or iatrogenic overdose of vitamin D. Especially young animals seem to be very susceptible to developing calcinosis. Currently, however, there is a lack of information on calcinosis in wildlife. Case presentation The following case report describes a roe deer fawn admitted to a clinic due to general weakness and myiasis. Plasma levels for creatinine, urea and phosphate were highly elevated, whereas the total calcium level was decreased. Necropsy revealed calcinosis due to calcification in many organs. The reason for calcinosis in this particular case might be kidney failure. Plasma samples from other hunted roe deer fawns also showed high phosphate levels. Conclusions Roe deer fawns might be susceptible to calcinosis due to high plasma phosphate, which could be a result of kidney failure or different feed. Further research into calcium and phosphate homeostasis in roe deer is necessary.
Matthias Gerhard Wagener; Annika Lehmbecker; Melanie Bühler; Mirja Wilkens; Teresa Punsmann; Martin Ganter. Calcinosis in a roe deer fawn (Capreolus capreolus) in northern Germany. BMC Veterinary Research 2020, 16, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMatthias Gerhard Wagener, Annika Lehmbecker, Melanie Bühler, Mirja Wilkens, Teresa Punsmann, Martin Ganter. Calcinosis in a roe deer fawn (Capreolus capreolus) in northern Germany. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020; 16 (1):1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthias Gerhard Wagener; Annika Lehmbecker; Melanie Bühler; Mirja Wilkens; Teresa Punsmann; Martin Ganter. 2020. "Calcinosis in a roe deer fawn (Capreolus capreolus) in northern Germany." BMC Veterinary Research 16, no. 1: 1-6.
Homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi) is maintained by a concerted interplay of absorption and reabsorption via the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney and by storage and mobilization from the bone regulated mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin. The present study aimed at characterizing the effects of dietary P restriction on bone, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits reflecting the endogenous P cycle maintaining the ruminal P supply for microbial metabolism. The experiments were done in eleven female, non‐pregnant, non‐lactating four‐ to nine‐year‐old Black Headed Mutton sheep allotted to two feeding groups: "P‐restricted" (0.11% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM) and "Control" (0.38% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM). Dietary P restriction did not lead to hypophosphataemia, probably due to a compensation by bone mobilization, demonstrated by increased serum concentrations of a resorption marker and altered gene expression in bone tissue. In addition, the RNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 23, a bone‐derived factor involved in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism, was significantly reduced with dietary P restriction. Furthermore, several genes related to vitamin D metabolism and plasma concentrations of 1,25‐(OH)2D were associated with serum concentrations of phosphate (Pi). In the parotid gland, the expression of the Pi transporter NaPi2b was negatively associated with serum Pi and positively with parathyroid PTH expression. Although Pi concentrations in saliva and the gastrointestinal tract were significantly reduced, we found no adverse effects of the P‐restricted ration on the production of short chain fatty acids, but slight differences in the production of butyrate as well as its relationship to rumen Pi and ammonia concentrations that might indicate an impact on ruminal fermentation.
Oriana M. Köhler; Walter Grünberg; Nadine Schnepel; Alexandra S. Muscher‐Banse; Abbas Rajaeerad; Jürgen Hummel; Gerhard Breves; Mirja R. Wilkens. Dietary phosphorus restriction affects bone metabolism, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits in sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2020, 105, 35 -50.
AMA StyleOriana M. Köhler, Walter Grünberg, Nadine Schnepel, Alexandra S. Muscher‐Banse, Abbas Rajaeerad, Jürgen Hummel, Gerhard Breves, Mirja R. Wilkens. Dietary phosphorus restriction affects bone metabolism, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits in sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2020; 105 (1):35-50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOriana M. Köhler; Walter Grünberg; Nadine Schnepel; Alexandra S. Muscher‐Banse; Abbas Rajaeerad; Jürgen Hummel; Gerhard Breves; Mirja R. Wilkens. 2020. "Dietary phosphorus restriction affects bone metabolism, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits in sheep." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 105, no. 1: 35-50.
In modern laying hybrids, calcium (Ca) homeostasis is immensely challenged by daily eggshell calcification. However, excessive mobilization of Ca from bones may lead to osteoporosis, which then manifests in a high incidence of poor bone quality. The aim of this study was to characterize the hens’ adaptation response to an alternating dietary Ca restriction. The animal model consisted of four purebred layer lines, differing in laying performance (high vs. moderately performing lines) and phylogenetic origin (white- vs. brown-egg lines). According to the resource allocation theory, hens selected for high egg production were assumed to show a different response pattern to cope with this nutritive challenge compared to moderately performing lines. Data collected included egg number, egg quality traits, body weight and bone characteristics. The Ca depletion led to a temporary drop in egg production and shell quality and a loss of bone stability due to Ca mobilization. The white-egg lines response was more pronounced, whereas the brown-egg lines were less sensitive towards reduced Ca supply. Our study shows that the hens’ responsiveness to coping with a nutritive Ca depletion is not ultimately linked to genetic selection for increased egg production but rather to phylogenetic origin.
Simon Jansen; Mara Bues; Ulrich Baulain; Christin Habig; Ingrid Halle; Stefanie Petow; Ahmad Reza Sharifi; Annett Weigend; Mirja Rosmarie Wilkens; Steffen Weigend. Bone Health or Performance? Adaptation Response of Genetically Divergent Chicken Layer Lines to a Nutritive Calcium Depletion. Animals 2020, 10, 1645 .
AMA StyleSimon Jansen, Mara Bues, Ulrich Baulain, Christin Habig, Ingrid Halle, Stefanie Petow, Ahmad Reza Sharifi, Annett Weigend, Mirja Rosmarie Wilkens, Steffen Weigend. Bone Health or Performance? Adaptation Response of Genetically Divergent Chicken Layer Lines to a Nutritive Calcium Depletion. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1645.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimon Jansen; Mara Bues; Ulrich Baulain; Christin Habig; Ingrid Halle; Stefanie Petow; Ahmad Reza Sharifi; Annett Weigend; Mirja Rosmarie Wilkens; Steffen Weigend. 2020. "Bone Health or Performance? Adaptation Response of Genetically Divergent Chicken Layer Lines to a Nutritive Calcium Depletion." Animals 10, no. 9: 1645.
This study investigated the effects of low potassium diets with different levels of Ca compared to two diets low in dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) fed prepartum as a strategy to prevent hypocalcemia on sorting behaviour, total tract digestibility, oxidative status and energy and protein metabolism of transition cows. Forty‐eight pregnant dairy cows were assigned to 4 treatment groups: Low Ca, low K (LCLK), High Ca, low K (HCLK), Supplementation with anionic mineral mixture (AMS) supplementation with SoyChlor (CAS). After parturition, all animals were fed a standard postpartum diet. Data were collected until 21 DIM. Prepartum urinary pH was significantly reduced by the low DCAD diets, while postpartum Ca homeostasis was affected by the HCLK ration. Feeding AMS induced sorting against particles 19 mm prepartum. In contrast, cows fed CAS showed an increase in selective consumption of fine particles and sorted against longer particles similar to the HCLK and LCLK groups. Postpartum sorting activity was not affected by the dietary treatments. After calving, apparent digestibility of NDF was significantly reduced in the HCLK group. Prepartum, we observed effects on serum concentrations of non‐esterified fatty acids were higher and insulin sensitivity was lower in the AMS group. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was decreased in cows fed the CAS ration. Postpartum, we found serum protein to be decreased with the low DCAD diets while BUN was decreased in the CAS group. The low DCAD rations increased prepartum serum malondialdehyde concentrations, while postpartum total antioxidant capacity was lower in the HCLK and the AMS group. From these data, we conclude that AMS decreased prepartum intake due to compromised palatability. Intermediate protein metabolism was affected by the low DCAD diets, while parameters of oxidative stress were probably affected by acid–base balance and Ca homeostasis.
Abbas Rajaeerad; Gholam R. Ghorbani; Mohammad Khorvash; Ali Sadeghi‐Sefidmazgi; Amir H. Mahdavi; Mirja R. Wilkens. Low potassium diets with different levels of calcium in comparison with different anionic diets fed to prepartum dairy cows: Effects on sorting behaviour, total tract digestibility, energy metabolism, oxidative status and hormonal response. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2020, 105, 14 -25.
AMA StyleAbbas Rajaeerad, Gholam R. Ghorbani, Mohammad Khorvash, Ali Sadeghi‐Sefidmazgi, Amir H. Mahdavi, Mirja R. Wilkens. Low potassium diets with different levels of calcium in comparison with different anionic diets fed to prepartum dairy cows: Effects on sorting behaviour, total tract digestibility, energy metabolism, oxidative status and hormonal response. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2020; 105 (1):14-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbas Rajaeerad; Gholam R. Ghorbani; Mohammad Khorvash; Ali Sadeghi‐Sefidmazgi; Amir H. Mahdavi; Mirja R. Wilkens. 2020. "Low potassium diets with different levels of calcium in comparison with different anionic diets fed to prepartum dairy cows: Effects on sorting behaviour, total tract digestibility, energy metabolism, oxidative status and hormonal response." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 105, no. 1: 14-25.
This study investigated the effect of diets negative in dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) or restricted in Ca fed prepartum to dairy cows for three weeks on colostrum yield and composition, and the health and growth performance of their calves. Thirty-six pregnant non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned to three isoenergetic diets: (1) low Ca: 0.24% Ca, DCAD: +86 mEq/kg; (2) high Ca: 1.23% Ca, DCAD: +95 mEq/kg; and (3) low DCAD: 1.28% Ca, DCAD: −115 mEq/kg (all dry matter (DM) basis). While colostrum quality was not affected, low Ca supply prepartum tended to increase the colostrum yield compared to high Ca (low Ca = 8.81 vs. high Ca = 5.39 kg). However, calves from cows fed low DCAD showed higher serum concentrations of K, lower body weight (BW), starter feed intake and average daily weight gain before weaning compared to low Ca and high Ca calves (53.12 vs. 57.68 and 57.32 kg) but BW was similar postweaning (d 70). In addition, calves from dams fed low DCAD were more likely to develop diarrhea and had increased number of days with abnormal fecal scores. Consequently, calves from low DCAD dams had to be treated more frequently.
Abbas Rajaeerad; Gholam Reza Ghorbani; Mohammad Khorvash; Ali Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi; Amir Hossein Mahdavi; Saman Rashidi; Mirja Rosmarie Wilkens; Martin Hünerberg. Impact of a Ration Negative in Dietary Cation–Anion Difference and Varying Calcium Supply Fed before Calving on Colostrum Quality of the Dams and Health Status and Growth Performance of the Calves. Animals 2020, 10, 1465 .
AMA StyleAbbas Rajaeerad, Gholam Reza Ghorbani, Mohammad Khorvash, Ali Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, Amir Hossein Mahdavi, Saman Rashidi, Mirja Rosmarie Wilkens, Martin Hünerberg. Impact of a Ration Negative in Dietary Cation–Anion Difference and Varying Calcium Supply Fed before Calving on Colostrum Quality of the Dams and Health Status and Growth Performance of the Calves. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1465.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbas Rajaeerad; Gholam Reza Ghorbani; Mohammad Khorvash; Ali Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi; Amir Hossein Mahdavi; Saman Rashidi; Mirja Rosmarie Wilkens; Martin Hünerberg. 2020. "Impact of a Ration Negative in Dietary Cation–Anion Difference and Varying Calcium Supply Fed before Calving on Colostrum Quality of the Dams and Health Status and Growth Performance of the Calves." Animals 10, no. 9: 1465.
The effects of subclinical hypocalcemia have been explored in numerous observational and mechanistic studies in recent years. Besides obvious, well-known effects on muscle contractility, the role of Ca with respect to immune function and intermediary metabolism explains the contribution of subclinical hypocalcemia to the development of several diseases observed in early lactation and underlines its importance in high-performing dairy cows. The present review aims at integrating recent scientific progress, such as discoveries about the role of the mammary gland in regulating bone mobilization, into generally accepted aspects of the endocrine control of Ca homeostasis. We will discuss Ca transport mechanisms through absorption, resorption, secretion, and mobilization, as well as the physiological regulation of Ca through parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, fibroblast growth factor 23, and serotonin, in addition to dietary mineral requirements. To improve hypocalcemia prevention strategies, our knowledge of the physiological mechanisms necessary to maintain normocalcemia and their endogenous regulation should be combined with data derived from herd-level studies. Using such studies, we will discuss prepartum nutritional strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of subclinical hypocalcemia, as well as options for postpartum Ca supplementation and their effects on early-lactation health and production. Especially in respect to approaches that might interfere with endogenous adaptation processes, such as supplementation with vitamin D metabolites or large doses of Ca, a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms that might induce unwanted hypocalcemia rebound effects will be crucial to ameliorate our future management of transition cows. Continued efforts by researchers to understand the interaction of Ca homeostasis with prevention strategies is necessary to optimize cow health and support copious milk production.
Mirja R. Wilkens; Corwin D. Nelson; Laura L. Hernandez; Jessica A.A. McArt. Symposium review: Transition cow calcium homeostasis—Health effects of hypocalcemia and strategies for prevention. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 2909 -2927.
AMA StyleMirja R. Wilkens, Corwin D. Nelson, Laura L. Hernandez, Jessica A.A. McArt. Symposium review: Transition cow calcium homeostasis—Health effects of hypocalcemia and strategies for prevention. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (3):2909-2927.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirja R. Wilkens; Corwin D. Nelson; Laura L. Hernandez; Jessica A.A. McArt. 2020. "Symposium review: Transition cow calcium homeostasis—Health effects of hypocalcemia and strategies for prevention." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 3: 2909-2927.
In comparison to monogastric animals, ruminants show some peculiarities in respect to the regulation of mineral homeostasis, which can be regarded as a concerted interplay between gastrointestinal absorption, renal excretion and bone mobilisation to maintain physiological Ca and phosphate (Pi) concentrations in serum. Intestinal absorption of Ca or Pi is mediated by two general mechanisms: paracellular, passive transport dominates when luminal Ca or Pi concentrations are high and transcellular. The contribution of active transport becomes more important when dietary Ca or Pi supply is restricted or the demand increased. Both pathways are modulated directly by dietary interventions, influenced by age and regulated by endocrine factors such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Similar transport processes are observed in the kidney. After filtration, Ca and Pi are resorbed along the nephron. However, as urinary Ca and Pi excretion is very low in ruminants, the regulation of these renal pathways differs from that described for monogastric species, too. Furthermore, salivary secretion, as part of endogenous Pi recycling, and bone mobilisation participate in the maintenance of Ca and Pi homeostasis in ruminants. Saliva contains large amounts of Pi for buffering rumen pH and to ensure optimal conditions for the rumen microbiome. The skeleton is a major reservoir of Ca and Pi to compensate for discrepancies between demand and uptake. But alterations of the regulation of mineral homeostasis induced by other dietary factors such as a low protein diet were observed in growing ruminants. In addition, metabolic changes, for example, at the onset of lactation have pronounced effects on gastrointestinal mineral transport processes in some ruminant species. As disturbances of mineral homeostasis do not only increase the risk of the animals to develop other diseases, but are also associated with protein and energy metabolism, further research is needed to improve our knowledge of its complex regulation.
M.R. Wilkens; A.S. Muscher-Banse. Review: Regulation of gastrointestinal and renal transport of calcium and phosphorus in ruminants. Animal 2020, 14, s29 -s43.
AMA StyleM.R. Wilkens, A.S. Muscher-Banse. Review: Regulation of gastrointestinal and renal transport of calcium and phosphorus in ruminants. Animal. 2020; 14 ():s29-s43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.R. Wilkens; A.S. Muscher-Banse. 2020. "Review: Regulation of gastrointestinal and renal transport of calcium and phosphorus in ruminants." Animal 14, no. : s29-s43.
For economic reasons and in order to minimize nitrogen excretion and thus pollution, the crude protein content in the diet of livestock animals should be as low as possible without negatively affecting the animals´ health and performance. As ruminants can efficiently use dietary protein because of the ruminohepatic circulation of urea, they are considered to cope more easily with such a feeding regime than monogastric animals. However, despite unaltered daily weight gain, massive changes in mineral homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism were observed with dietary protein reduction (N-) in young, growing goats. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) were decreased with a low N intake, even if calcium (Ca) was also restricted (Ca-). Interestingly, concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) measured as an indirect assessment for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) activity were not affected by low protein. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the sensitivity of the parathyroid gland is modulated during these dietary interventions. Four groups of male German colored goats received a control (N+/Ca+), a reduced protein (N-/Ca+), a reduced Ca (N+/Ca-) or a reduced protein and Ca (N-/Ca-) diet. After six weeks we determined the expression of PTH, PTH receptor, Ca sensing receptor (CASR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor (RXRα), Klotho, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c-splicing form, and the sodium-dependent Pi transporter (PiT1) in the parathyroid glands. Concentrations of cAMP were not affected, while those of Ca and 1,25-(OH)2D3were diminished and that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was increased with N- feeding. The expression patterns of the described target genes were not altered. In contrast, animals fed the Ca- rations showed enhanced serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 and cAMP levels with no changes in blood Ca concentrations demonstrating an efficient adaptation. The mRNA expression of expression of VDR and CASR in the parathyroid gland was significantly diminished and RXRα, PTHR and PiT1 expression was elevated. Instead of the assumed desensitization of the parathyroid gland with N-, our results indicate elevated responsiveness to decreased blood Ca with feeding Ca-.
Mirja Wilkens; Nadine Schnepel; Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse. Dietary protein and calcium modulate parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression in young ruminants. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2019, 196, 105503 .
AMA StyleMirja Wilkens, Nadine Schnepel, Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse. Dietary protein and calcium modulate parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression in young ruminants. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2019; 196 ():105503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirja Wilkens; Nadine Schnepel; Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse. 2019. "Dietary protein and calcium modulate parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression in young ruminants." The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 196, no. : 105503.
From studies on different species and in cell culture systems, it has been suggested that vitamin D metabolites might affect the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics. Although most studies performed on rodents and cell cultures report an upregulation of respective enzymes and transporters, data from the literature are inconsistent. Especially results obtained with sheep differ from these observations. As vitamin D metabolites are widely used as feed additives or therapeutics in livestock animals, we aimed to assess whether these differences indicate species-specific responses or occurred due to the very high dosages used in the rodent studies. Therefore, we applied treatment protocols to rats that had been used previously in sheep or cattle. Forty-eight female rats were divided into three treatment and corresponding placebo groups: (1) a single intraperitoneal injection of 1,25-(OH)2D3 or placebo 12 h before sacrifice; (2) daily supplementation with 25-OHD3 by oral gavage or placebo for 10 days; and (3) a single intramuscular injection of vitamin D3 10 days before sacrifice. In contrast to a previous study using sheep, treatment of rats with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 did not result in an upregulation of cytochrome P450 3A isoenzymes (CYP3A), but a decrease was found in hepatic and intestinal expressions. In addition, a downregulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein was found in the brain. Taken together, the stimulating effects of vitamin D metabolites on the expression of genes involved in the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics reported previously for rodents and sheep could not be reproduced. In contrast, we even observed a negative impact on the expression of CYP3A enzymes and their most important regulator, the pregnane X receptor. Most interestingly, we could demonstrate an effect of treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 on the functional activity of ileal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using the Ussing chamber technique.
Karoline Klumpp; Frauke Lange; Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse; Nadine Schnepel; Kathrin Hansen; Adrian L. Lifschitz; Laura Mate; Mirja R. Wilkens. Administration of Vitamin D Metabolites Affects RNA Expression of Xenobiotic Metabolising Enzymes and Function of ABC Transporters in Rats. Journal of Chemistry 2019, 2019, 1 -11.
AMA StyleKaroline Klumpp, Frauke Lange, Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse, Nadine Schnepel, Kathrin Hansen, Adrian L. Lifschitz, Laura Mate, Mirja R. Wilkens. Administration of Vitamin D Metabolites Affects RNA Expression of Xenobiotic Metabolising Enzymes and Function of ABC Transporters in Rats. Journal of Chemistry. 2019; 2019 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaroline Klumpp; Frauke Lange; Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse; Nadine Schnepel; Kathrin Hansen; Adrian L. Lifschitz; Laura Mate; Mirja R. Wilkens. 2019. "Administration of Vitamin D Metabolites Affects RNA Expression of Xenobiotic Metabolising Enzymes and Function of ABC Transporters in Rats." Journal of Chemistry 2019, no. : 1-11.
Absorption of dietary calcium from the rumen is a quantitatively important process in calcium homeostasis of ruminants. In 3 separate experiments in dairy cows, we applied a technique developed in sheep to measure the rate of strontium (Sr) absorption from the rumen as an indicator of calcium absorption capacity. Absorption from the rumen after an oral dose of SrCl2 resulted in a maximum plasma concentration of Sr after 1 h, whereas absorption from the small intestine after injection of SrCl2 into the abomasum through a cannula occurred more slowly. The second experiment demonstrated that the calcium absorption capacity index of the rumen was significantly greater in 21 lactating Friesian cows (230 ± 66, mean ± SEM) than in 6 mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant heifers (101 ± 21, mean ± SEM). In a third experiment, we compared clinically normal cows at the onset of lactation with those that developed parturient paresis. In cows that developed severe hypocalcemia, plasma concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D were significantly elevated (144 ± 60 pg/mL vs. 90 ± 54 pg/mL; means ± SEM) and their rumen calcium absorption index was significantly decreased compared with that of clinically normal cows. Evidence suggested that mobilization of calcium from bone as lactation commenced was significantly depressed in paretic cows compared with those that did not show clinical signs of hypocalcemia. Moreover, ruminal stasis suppressed the absorption of calcium from the rumen. We conclude that measurement of Sr concentration in blood plasma after an oral dose of SrCl2 into the rumen can be used as an index of rumen calcium absorption capacity under different states of calcium homeostasis.
Michelle L. Hyde; Mirja R. Wilkens; David R. Fraser. In vivo measurement of strontium absorption from the rumen of dairy cows as an index of calcium absorption capacity. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 5699 -5705.
AMA StyleMichelle L. Hyde, Mirja R. Wilkens, David R. Fraser. In vivo measurement of strontium absorption from the rumen of dairy cows as an index of calcium absorption capacity. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (6):5699-5705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichelle L. Hyde; Mirja R. Wilkens; David R. Fraser. 2019. "In vivo measurement of strontium absorption from the rumen of dairy cows as an index of calcium absorption capacity." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 6: 5699-5705.
Besides other adverse effects, a low protein diet has been shown to modulate cholesterol and vitamin D metabolism in monogastric species like rats and humans. As ruminants can increase the efficiency of the rumino-hepatic circulation of urea, it is assumed that goats should be able to compensate for a low dietary protein intake better. After a dietary protein restriction (9% vs. 20%) for six weeks, plasma concentrations of urea, albumin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium were decreased, while plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3), and total cholesterol were significantly increased in young goats. Because this was not accompanied by any decrease in expression of CYP24A1 mRNA, we investigated mRNA expression of additional enzymes with known 24- and/or 25-hydroxylase activities (CYP2R1, CYP2J2, CYP3 A24, CYP27A1), receptors involved in their regulation (VDR, PXR, RXRα) and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). CYP2R1expression was stimulated with the low dietary protein intake, negatively correlated with plasma urea and positively associated with serum 25-OHD3. The greater plasma concentrations of total cholesterol could be explained with the reduction of CYP2J2 and CYP27A1 expression. None of the receptors investigated were affected by the dietary protein restriction but mRNA expression of VDBP was slightly reduced. Taken together our results show that dietary protein restriction has an impact on vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in ruminants, too. Therefore, further investigations are needed before dietary interventions aiming at diminishing nitrogen excretion can be implemented.
Mirja Wilkens; Caroline S. Firmenich; Nadine Schnepel; Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse. A reduced protein diet modulates enzymes of vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in young ruminants. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2018, 186, 196 -202.
AMA StyleMirja Wilkens, Caroline S. Firmenich, Nadine Schnepel, Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse. A reduced protein diet modulates enzymes of vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in young ruminants. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2018; 186 ():196-202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirja Wilkens; Caroline S. Firmenich; Nadine Schnepel; Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse. 2018. "A reduced protein diet modulates enzymes of vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism in young ruminants." The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 186, no. : 196-202.
Environmental concerns with P of animal origin polluting surface waters are leading to legal incentives aimed at reducing the dietary P content of dairy cow rations to the lowest possible level that does not negatively affect health and productivity. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of feeding rations with low dietary P content in late gestation on the Ca homeostasis of the periparturient dairy cow. Eighteen multiparous dairy cows were either fed a P-deficient (0.15% P in dry matter antepartum and 0.20% P in dry matter postpartum) but otherwise balanced ration or a control ration with adequate P content (0.28% P in dry matter antepartum and 0.44% P in dry matter postpartum) during the last 4 wk of gestation until d 10 postpartum. Blood was obtained before initiation of P-deprivation (baseline) and -10, -2, +1, +3, and +10 d relative to parturition to be analyzed for plasma concentrations of Ca [Ca] and inorganic phosphate [Pi]. In addition, plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone [PTH], the bone resorption marker CrossLaps [CTX], 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were determined in a subset of samples. Feeding a P-deficient diet for 4 wk antepartum positively affected the Ca homeostasis of periparturient cows. Clinical hypocalcemia occurred in 3/9 control and 0/9 P-deprived cows. [Calcium], [PTH], and plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites did not differ between groups until parturition, whereas [Pi] was decreased and [CTX] significantly increased in P-deprived animals. At parturition [PTH] was significantly greater in control cows compared with P-depleted cows. The P-deprived cows had significantly higher [Ca] than control cows on d +1 (2.46 ± 0.11 vs. 2.27 ± 0.41 mmol/L) and +2 (2.61 ± 0.13 vs. 2.35 ± 0.25 mmol/L). Plasma [CTX] was significantly higher in P-deprived than in control cows on d +2. Bone resorption and the typical increase in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in periparturient P-deprived cows seemed to occur despite the smaller rise of [PTH], suggesting either greatly increased sensitivity to PTH or bone mobilization independent of PTH. Future studies must explore potentially negative effects of P-deprivation antepartum on health and productivity of the dairy cow in the following lactation.
I. Cohrs; Mirja Wilkens; W. Grünberg. Short communication: Effect of dietary phosphorus deprivation in late gestation and early lactation on the calcium homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 9591 -9598.
AMA StyleI. Cohrs, Mirja Wilkens, W. Grünberg. Short communication: Effect of dietary phosphorus deprivation in late gestation and early lactation on the calcium homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (10):9591-9598.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI. Cohrs; Mirja Wilkens; W. Grünberg. 2018. "Short communication: Effect of dietary phosphorus deprivation in late gestation and early lactation on the calcium homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 10: 9591-9598.
In young goats, a reduction in dietary nitrogen (N) had an impact on mineral homeostasis although ruminants are able to recycle N effectively due to rumino-hepatic circulation. A solitary calcium (Ca) reduction stimulated calcitriol synthesis and Ca concentrations remained unchanged, whereas a dietary N reduction led to a decrease in calcitriol which could not be prevented by a simultaneous reduction of N and Ca. In a previous study, it was shown that a reduced dietary N intake caused a decrease in intestinal Ca absorption due to a reduction of intestinal Ca transporting proteins. As no data on the potential role of the kidneys are available, it was the aim of the present study to evaluate whether an N and/or Ca reduced diet had an impact on renal Ca and phosphate (Pi) transporting protein expression in young goats. The animals were divided into four feeding groups, each receiving an adequate N and Ca supply, a reduced N supply, a reduced Ca supply or a combined N and Ca reduction for six to eight weeks. The protein expression of the renal Ca channel TRPV5 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5) was diminished in N reduced fed goats (P = 0.03), whereas in Ca restricted animals the expression remained unaltered. The mRNA and protein expression of the Ca-binding protein calbindin-D28K (CaBPD28K) and the sodium-Ca exchanger 1 (NCX1) were significantly decreased due to the N reduced feeding (mRNA, P = 0.003; P < 0.0001; protein, P = 0.002; P = 0.02), whereas dietary Ca reduction increased the CaBPD28K and NCX1 mRNA expression (P = 0.05; P = 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression of the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) decreased due to the N reduced feeding (P = 0.02; P = 0.03). These results confirm that a reduced dietary N intake led to decreased TRPV5, CaBPD28K, PTHR and NCX1 expression levels, contributing to low levels of calcitriol and plasma Ca. In contrast to this, NaPi IIa expression and plasma Pi concentration were increased during dietary N reduction, thus indicating that Pi homeostasis is modulated in a calcitriol-independent manner. In conclusion, the modulation of Ca transporting proteins expression in the kidney is not able to prevent changes in mineral homeostasis in young goats receiving an N reduced diet.
C S Firmenich; K Elfers; Mirja Wilkens; G Breves; A S Muscher-Banse. Modulation of renal calcium and phosphate transporting proteins by dietary nitrogen and/or calcium in young goats1. Journal of Animal Science 2018, 96, 3208 -3220.
AMA StyleC S Firmenich, K Elfers, Mirja Wilkens, G Breves, A S Muscher-Banse. Modulation of renal calcium and phosphate transporting proteins by dietary nitrogen and/or calcium in young goats1. Journal of Animal Science. 2018; 96 (8):3208-3220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC S Firmenich; K Elfers; Mirja Wilkens; G Breves; A S Muscher-Banse. 2018. "Modulation of renal calcium and phosphate transporting proteins by dietary nitrogen and/or calcium in young goats1." Journal of Animal Science 96, no. 8: 3208-3220.
In livestock, feeding a reduced nitrogen (N) diet is favoured for economic and ecological reasons. Ruminants cope more easily with a reduced N diet than monogastric species. However, changes in mineral homeostasis such as a reduction in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) concentrations, calcium (Ca) and IGF1 levels were observed in goats kept on a reduced N diet. The decrease in 1,25-(OH)2D3 occurred even during a simultaneous reduction in dietary N and Ca, while a solitary Ca reduction stimulated 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of N and/or Ca reduced diets on the expression of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), 1-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), Klotho and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c (FGFR1c) in kidneys of young goats. Four groups were kept on a control diet, an N reduced diet, a Ca reduced diet or an N and Ca reduced diet. Renal expression of CYP24A1 was not affected, whereas CYP27B1 expression was significantly diminished in the N reduced fed goats (P < 0.05) and significantly elevated with the Ca reduction (P < 0.001). The VDR expression was not modified, while RXRα (P < 0.05) and Klotho expression (P < 0.001) were stimulated during Ca reduction. The IGF1R (P < 0.05) and FGFR1c (P < 0.05) expression were enhanced with the N reduction. From these data it can be concluded that the down-regulation of renal CYP27B1 expression observed with dietary N reduction is probably mediated by a complex interaction between somatotropic axis and the Klotho/FGF signalling pathway in young goats.
M.R. Wilkens; K. Elfers; M. Schmicke; G. Breves; A.S. Muscher-Banse. Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate CYP27B1 expression in young goats. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2018, 64, 70 -76.
AMA StyleM.R. Wilkens, K. Elfers, M. Schmicke, G. Breves, A.S. Muscher-Banse. Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate CYP27B1 expression in young goats. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2018; 64 ():70-76.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.R. Wilkens; K. Elfers; M. Schmicke; G. Breves; A.S. Muscher-Banse. 2018. "Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate CYP27B1 expression in young goats." Domestic Animal Endocrinology 64, no. : 70-76.
The aim of this study was to investigate how controlled UVB irradiation in combination with reduced nutritional vitamin D (vitD) supply affects vitD status and Ca metabolism of growing goats and sheep. The hypothesis was that, like dairy cows, goats and sheep are able to compensate for the missing nutritional supply of vitD through endogenous production in the skin, with the consequence of a high vitD status and a balanced Ca homeostasis. Sixteen lambs and 14 goat kids aged 3 and a half months were housed in an UVB free environment and fed hay and a vitD-free concentrate over a period of 13 wk. One group of each species was exposed to UVB lamps daily during individual feeding; the other groups served as controls. Serum, urine, and feces samples were taken at the start and at a monthly interval. Serum was analyzed for vitD metabolites, bone markers, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, Ca, and P. Apparent digestibility and urinary excretion of Ca and P were determined. The left metatarsus was analyzed by peripheral quantitative computer tomography for bone mineral density before starting and at the end of the trial. In wk 13, all animals were slaughtered and samples of skin, rumen, duodenum, kidney, and bone (metatarsus) were collected. Content of sterols of vitD synthesis in the skin, Ca flux rates in rumen and duodenum, expression of vitD receptor in duodenum and kidney, renal and intestinal gene expression of Ca transport proteins, and renal enzymes related to vitD metabolism were determined. The UVB exposure led to lower 7-dehydrocholesterol content in the skin and a better vitD status (higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D), but no signs of vitD deficiency were seen in the control groups and no effect of irradiation was detected in the analyzed parameters of Ca homeostasis. Differences between the 2 species were detected: lambs had a higher increase of bone mineral density, lower values of bone markers, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I in serum and higher tachysterol and lower lumisterol content in skin compared with goat kids. The results indicated that growing lambs and goat kids are able to compensate for a vitD-reduced diet by cutaneous vitD synthesis when exposed to UVB irradiation and therefore to keep a high vitD status. In contrast, when a reduced vitD diet is combined with missing UVB exposure, the vitD status drops, but the experimental time was probably too short to induce a vitD deficiency or an effect on Ca homeostasis.
Malin Veronique Nemeth; Mirja Wilkens; Annette Liesegang. Vitamin D status in growing dairy goats and sheep: Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Journal of Dairy Science 2017, 100, 8072 -8086.
AMA StyleMalin Veronique Nemeth, Mirja Wilkens, Annette Liesegang. Vitamin D status in growing dairy goats and sheep: Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017; 100 (10):8072-8086.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalin Veronique Nemeth; Mirja Wilkens; Annette Liesegang. 2017. "Vitamin D status in growing dairy goats and sheep: Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis." Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 10: 8072-8086.
The aim of this study was to prove whether pigs are able to synthesize vitamin D (vitD) in the skin and to investigate the influence of ultraviolet irradiation (UVB) on vitD status and calcium (Ca) homeostasis of growing pigs. Thirty-two 11-week-old pigs were kept without access to sunlight and divided into four groups receiving the following treatment in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (i) UVB irradiation or not and (ii) vitD in feed or not. Blood, urine and faeces were sampled every third week. In serum, vitD metabolites, Ca, phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and bone markers were analysed. Digestibility of Ca, P and Mg as well as urinary excretion of these minerals was analysed. After 14 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and samples of skin, intestines, kidneys and bones (metatarsus) were taken for further analyses: sterols of vitD synthesis in the skin, Ca flux rates in the intestines, expression of genes involved in Ca transport in the intestines and kidneys, bone mineral density (BMD) with the aid of peripheral quantitative computer tomography and bone mineral content by ashing the metatarsus. Irradiated animals showed higher levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol and tachysterol in the skin, higher levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the serum and higher Ca net flux rates were determined in Ussing chambers. In contrast, the expression of genes involved in Ca transport in the intestines and kidneys was not altered. Similarly, the digestibility of Ca and P as well as the urinary excretion was not affected. With respect to the metatarsus, no differences in mineral contents and BMD were found between groups. At the end of the study, some subclinical signs of beginning vitD 'insufficiency' were observed in the group without access to vitD (represented by higher expression of 1α-hydroxylase in the kidney and increased parathyroid hormone in serum).
E. Kolp; M. R. Wilkens; Wolfgang Pendl; B. Eichenberger; A. Liesegang. Vitamin D metabolism in growing pigs: influence of UVB irradiation and dietary vitamin D supply on calcium homeostasis, its regulation and bone metabolism. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2017, 101, 79 -94.
AMA StyleE. Kolp, M. R. Wilkens, Wolfgang Pendl, B. Eichenberger, A. Liesegang. Vitamin D metabolism in growing pigs: influence of UVB irradiation and dietary vitamin D supply on calcium homeostasis, its regulation and bone metabolism. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2017; 101 ():79-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Kolp; M. R. Wilkens; Wolfgang Pendl; B. Eichenberger; A. Liesegang. 2017. "Vitamin D metabolism in growing pigs: influence of UVB irradiation and dietary vitamin D supply on calcium homeostasis, its regulation and bone metabolism." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 101, no. : 79-94.
Intestinal calcium absorption plays a key role in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and may either occur by paracellular or transcellular mechanisms. The horse has some unique peculiarities in calcium homeostasis compared to other species including a high absorptive capacity for calcium in the intestine, high plasma calcium concentrations, high renal excretion, and low plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. So far, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms and the regulation of intestinal calcium absorption is still limited concerning this species. Several studies have documented that intestinal calcium transport in horses is not as dependent on vitamin D as in other species. However, published data on other potential regulatory mechanisms are still lacking. In the present study, paracellular and transcellular transport mechanisms for intestinal calcium transport along the intestinal axis were identified in horses using the Ussing chamber technique. Furthermore, the expression of respective transport proteins including transient receptor potential vanilloid member 6, calbindin-D and calcium ATPase type 1 in line with the determined calcium flux rates was documented. In respect to regulation of transepithelial calcium transport, novel regulatory proteins for maintaining calcium homeostasis such as B-box and SPRY-domain containing protein and calmodulin were investigated for the first time in equine intestinal tissues in this study. This provides the basis for a new approach for a better understanding of equine calcium homeostasis regulation.
M.R. Wilkens; L. Marholt; N. Eigendorf; Alexandra Muscher-Banse; K. Feige; B. Schröder; G. Breves; A. Cehak. Trans- and paracellular calcium transport along the small and large intestine in horses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2017, 204, 157 -163.
AMA StyleM.R. Wilkens, L. Marholt, N. Eigendorf, Alexandra Muscher-Banse, K. Feige, B. Schröder, G. Breves, A. Cehak. Trans- and paracellular calcium transport along the small and large intestine in horses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2017; 204 ():157-163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.R. Wilkens; L. Marholt; N. Eigendorf; Alexandra Muscher-Banse; K. Feige; B. Schröder; G. Breves; A. Cehak. 2017. "Trans- and paracellular calcium transport along the small and large intestine in horses." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 204, no. : 157-163.
A. S. Muscher-Banse; L. Marholt; N. Eigendorf; M. R. Wilkens; B. Schröder; G. Breves; A. Cehak. Segmental diversity of phosphate transport along the intestinal axis in horses. Journal of Animal Science 2017, 95, 165 .
AMA StyleA. S. Muscher-Banse, L. Marholt, N. Eigendorf, M. R. Wilkens, B. Schröder, G. Breves, A. Cehak. Segmental diversity of phosphate transport along the intestinal axis in horses. Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 95 (1):165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. S. Muscher-Banse; L. Marholt; N. Eigendorf; M. R. Wilkens; B. Schröder; G. Breves; A. Cehak. 2017. "Segmental diversity of phosphate transport along the intestinal axis in horses." Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 1: 165.