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Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADASs) are used for increasing safety in the automotive domain, yet current ADASs notably operate without taking into account drivers’ states, e.g., whether she/he is emotionally apt to drive. In this paper, we first review the state-of-the-art of emotional and cognitive analysis for ADAS: we consider psychological models, the sensors needed for capturing physiological signals, and the typical algorithms used for human emotion classification. Our investigation highlights a lack of advanced Driver Monitoring Systems (DMSs) for ADASs, which could increase driving quality and security for both drivers and passengers. We then provide our view on a novel perception architecture for driver monitoring, built around the concept of Driver Complex State (DCS). DCS relies on multiple non-obtrusive sensors and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for uncovering the driver state and uses it to implement innovative Human–Machine Interface (HMI) functionalities. This concept will be implemented and validated in the recently EU-funded NextPerception project, which is briefly introduced.
Luca Davoli; Marco Martalò; Antonio Cilfone; Laura Belli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Roberta Presta; Roberto Montanari; Maura Mengoni; Luca Giraldi; Elvio G. Amparore; Marco Botta; Idilio Drago; Giuseppe Carbonara; Andrea Castellano; Johan Plomp. On Driver Behavior Recognition for Increased Safety: A Roadmap. Safety 2020, 6, 55 .
AMA StyleLuca Davoli, Marco Martalò, Antonio Cilfone, Laura Belli, Gianluigi Ferrari, Roberta Presta, Roberto Montanari, Maura Mengoni, Luca Giraldi, Elvio G. Amparore, Marco Botta, Idilio Drago, Giuseppe Carbonara, Andrea Castellano, Johan Plomp. On Driver Behavior Recognition for Increased Safety: A Roadmap. Safety. 2020; 6 (4):55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Davoli; Marco Martalò; Antonio Cilfone; Laura Belli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Roberta Presta; Roberto Montanari; Maura Mengoni; Luca Giraldi; Elvio G. Amparore; Marco Botta; Idilio Drago; Giuseppe Carbonara; Andrea Castellano; Johan Plomp. 2020. "On Driver Behavior Recognition for Increased Safety: A Roadmap." Safety 6, no. 4: 55.
The ongoing diffusion of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is opening new possibilities, and one of the most remarkable applications is associated with the smart city paradigm, which is continuously evolving. In general, it can be defined as the integration of IoT and Information Communication Technologies (ICT) into city management, with the aim of addressing the exponential growth of urbanization and population, thus significantly increasing people’s quality of life. The smart city paradigm is also strictly connected to sustainability aspects, taking into account, for example, the reduction of environmental impact of urban activities, the optimized management of energy resources, and the design of innovative services and solution for citizens. Abiding by this new paradigm, several cities started a process of strong innovation in different fields (such as mobility and transportation, industry, health, tourism, and education), thanks to significant investments provided by stakeholders and the European Commission (EC). In this paper, we analyze key aspects of an IoT infrastructure for smart cities, outlining the innovations implemented in the city of Parma (Emilia Romagna region, Italy) as a successful example. Special attention is dedicated to the theme of smart urban mobility.
Laura Belli; Antonio Cilfone; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Paolo Adorni; Francesco Di Nocera; Alessandro Dall’Olio; Cristina Pellegrini; Marco Mordacci; Enzo Bertolotti. IoT-Enabled Smart Sustainable Cities: Challenges and Approaches. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 1039 -1071.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Antonio Cilfone, Luca Davoli, Gianluigi Ferrari, Paolo Adorni, Francesco Di Nocera, Alessandro Dall’Olio, Cristina Pellegrini, Marco Mordacci, Enzo Bertolotti. IoT-Enabled Smart Sustainable Cities: Challenges and Approaches. Smart Cities. 2020; 3 (3):1039-1071.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Antonio Cilfone; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Paolo Adorni; Francesco Di Nocera; Alessandro Dall’Olio; Cristina Pellegrini; Marco Mordacci; Enzo Bertolotti. 2020. "IoT-Enabled Smart Sustainable Cities: Challenges and Approaches." Smart Cities 3, no. 3: 1039-1071.
The Internet of Things (IoT), being a “network of networks”, promises to allow billions of humans and machines to interact with each other. Owing to this rapid growth, the deployment of IoT-oriented networks based on mesh topologies is very attractive, thanks to their scalability and reliability (in the presence of failures). In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the following relevant wireless technologies: IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4-oriented, and Sub-GHz-based LoRa. Our goal is to highlight how various communication technologies may be suitable for mesh networking, either providing a native support or being adapted subsequently. Hence, we discuss how these wireless technologies, being either standard or proprietary, can adapt to IoT scenarios (e.g., smart cities and smart agriculture) in which the heterogeneity of the involved devices is a key feature. Finally, we provide reference use cases involving all the analyzed mesh-oriented technologies.
Antonio Cilfone; Luca Davoli; Laura Belli; Gianluigi Ferrari. Wireless Mesh Networking: An IoT-Oriented Perspective Survey on Relevant Technologies. Future Internet 2019, 11, 99 .
AMA StyleAntonio Cilfone, Luca Davoli, Laura Belli, Gianluigi Ferrari. Wireless Mesh Networking: An IoT-Oriented Perspective Survey on Relevant Technologies. Future Internet. 2019; 11 (4):99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Cilfone; Luca Davoli; Laura Belli; Gianluigi Ferrari. 2019. "Wireless Mesh Networking: An IoT-Oriented Perspective Survey on Relevant Technologies." Future Internet 11, no. 4: 99.
Mesh networks and, in particular, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are gaining a growing interest because of their scalability, robustness, and ease of deployment. These characteristics make WMNs suitable for several applications, such as distributed sensing, monitoring, and public safety. In this paper, we describe a novel WMN implementation based on the use of low-cost double Wi-Fi interface embedded IoT-oriented devices. At each node, one interface provides external connectivity, whereas the other interface is used to create a mesh backbone. On the mesh side, the Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (B.A.T.M.A.N.) routing algorithm is used to route the traffic flows from external clients (possibly towards an Internet gateway), which can be IoT nodes and/or mobile nodes (e.g., smartphones and tablets). After providing a description of the architecture and relevant implementation details, we carry out an extensive experimental campaign to evaluate the WMN performance, especially in terms of the trade-off between throughput and number of hops.
Luca Davoli; Antonio Cilfone; Laura Belli; Gianluigi Ferrari. Design and experimental performance analysis of a B.A.T.M.A.N.-based double Wi-Fi interface mesh network. Future Generation Computer Systems 2019, 92, 593 -603.
AMA StyleLuca Davoli, Antonio Cilfone, Laura Belli, Gianluigi Ferrari. Design and experimental performance analysis of a B.A.T.M.A.N.-based double Wi-Fi interface mesh network. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2019; 92 ():593-603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Davoli; Antonio Cilfone; Laura Belli; Gianluigi Ferrari. 2019. "Design and experimental performance analysis of a B.A.T.M.A.N.-based double Wi-Fi interface mesh network." Future Generation Computer Systems 92, no. : 593-603.
The Internet of Things (IoT) will consist of billions (50 billions by 2020) of interconnected heterogeneous devices denoted as “Smart Objects:” tiny, constrained devices which are going to be pervasively deployed in several contexts. To meet low-latency requirements, IoT applications must rely on specific architectures designed to handle the gigantic stream of data coming from Smart Objects. This paper propose a novel Cloud architecture for Big Stream applications that can efficiently handle data coming from Smart Objects through a Graph-based processing platform and deliver processed data to consumer applications with low latency. The authors reverse the traditional “Big Data” paradigm, where real-time constraints are not considered, and introduce the new “Big Stream” paradigm, which better fits IoT scenarios. The paper provides a performance evaluation of a practical open-source implementation of the proposed architecture. Other practical aspects, such as security considerations, and possible business oriented exploitation plans are presented.
Laura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Màrius Montón; Marco Picone. A Scalable Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. Fog Computing 2018, 25 -53.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Simone Cirani, Luca Davoli, Gianluigi Ferrari, Lorenzo Melegari, Màrius Montón, Marco Picone. A Scalable Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. Fog Computing. 2018; ():25-53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Màrius Montón; Marco Picone. 2018. "A Scalable Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things." Fog Computing , no. : 25-53.
In order to make cloud services attractive for several IT organizations, it is necessary to provide access control and to implement safe and reliable mechanisms of Identity and Access Management (IAM). In this work, we focus on security issues and challenges in the design and implementation of cloud architectures and, in particular, for the management of Big Stream applications in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. The proposed work introduces a new set of modules allowing a federated access control policy for cloud users. An analysis of possible threats and attacks against the proposed Big Stream platform is presented, investigating the system performance in terms of detection and elimination of malicious nodes. In particular, we propose a new module, denoted as Traffic Handler Orchestrator & Rapid Intervention (THORIN), which is very efficient in counteracting botnet-based threats.
Luca Davoli; Laura Belli; Luca Veltri; Gianluigi Ferrari. THORIN: an Efficient Module for Federated Access and Threat Mitigation in Big Stream Cloud Architectures. IEEE Cloud Computing 2018, 5, 38 -48.
AMA StyleLuca Davoli, Laura Belli, Luca Veltri, Gianluigi Ferrari. THORIN: an Efficient Module for Federated Access and Threat Mitigation in Big Stream Cloud Architectures. IEEE Cloud Computing. 2018; 5 (1):38-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Davoli; Laura Belli; Luca Veltri; Gianluigi Ferrari. 2018. "THORIN: an Efficient Module for Federated Access and Threat Mitigation in Big Stream Cloud Architectures." IEEE Cloud Computing 5, no. 1: 38-48.
Research efforts in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) are providing solutions in building new types of “network of networks”, going beyond the technological barriers due to intrinsic limitations of the constrained devices typically used in this context. Thanks to the improvement in communication/networking protocols and the hardware cost reduction, it is now possible to define new IoT architectures, combining the “Micro” IoT paradigm, based on short-range radio technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11), with the rising “Macro” IoT paradigm, based on Sub-GHz radio technologies. This allows the implementation of scalable network architectures, able to collect data coming from constrained devices and process them in order to provide useful services and applications to final consumers. In this work, we focus on practical integration between Micro and Macro IoT approaches, providing architectural and performance details for a set of experimental tests carried out in the campus of the University of Parma. We then discuss challenges and solutions of the proposed Micro-Macro integrated IoT systems.
Luca Davoli; Laura Belli; Antonio Cilfone; Gianluigi Ferrari. From Micro to Macro IoT: Challenges and Solutions in the Integration of IEEE 802.15.4/802.11 and Sub-GHz Technologies. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2017, 5, 784 -793.
AMA StyleLuca Davoli, Laura Belli, Antonio Cilfone, Gianluigi Ferrari. From Micro to Macro IoT: Challenges and Solutions in the Integration of IEEE 802.15.4/802.11 and Sub-GHz Technologies. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2017; 5 (2):784-793.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Davoli; Laura Belli; Antonio Cilfone; Gianluigi Ferrari. 2017. "From Micro to Macro IoT: Challenges and Solutions in the Integration of IEEE 802.15.4/802.11 and Sub-GHz Technologies." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 5, no. 2: 784-793.
Michele Amoretti; Laura Belli; Francesco Zanichelli. UTravel: Smart Mobility with a Novel User Profiling and Recommendation Approach. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 2017, 38, 474 -489.
AMA StyleMichele Amoretti, Laura Belli, Francesco Zanichelli. UTravel: Smart Mobility with a Novel User Profiling and Recommendation Approach. Pervasive and Mobile Computing. 2017; 38 ():474-489.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Amoretti; Laura Belli; Francesco Zanichelli. 2017. "UTravel: Smart Mobility with a Novel User Profiling and Recommendation Approach." Pervasive and Mobile Computing 38, no. : 474-489.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is supposed to connect billions of devices to the Internet through IP-based communications. The main goal is to foster a rapid deployment of Web-enabled everyday objects, allowing end users to manage and control smart things in a simple way, by using Web browsers. This paper focuses on the integration of Wi-Fi nodes, hosting HTTP resources, into a Web of Things Testbed (WoTT). The main novelty of the proposed approach is that the WoTT integrates new nodes by using only standard mechanisms, allowing end-users to interact with all Smart Objects without worrying about protocol-specific details.
Luca Davoli; Laura Belli; Antonio Cilfone; Gianluigi Ferrari. Integration of Wi-Fi mobile nodes in a Web of Things Testbed. ICT Express 2016, 2, 96 -99.
AMA StyleLuca Davoli, Laura Belli, Antonio Cilfone, Gianluigi Ferrari. Integration of Wi-Fi mobile nodes in a Web of Things Testbed. ICT Express. 2016; 2 (3):96-99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Davoli; Laura Belli; Antonio Cilfone; Gianluigi Ferrari. 2016. "Integration of Wi-Fi mobile nodes in a Web of Things Testbed." ICT Express 2, no. 3: 96-99.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to interconnect billions (around 50 by 2020) of heterogeneous sensor/actuator-equipped devices denoted as “Smart Objects” (SOs), characterized by constrained resources in terms of memory, processing, and communication reliability. Several IoT applications have real-time and low-latency requirements and must rely on architectures specifically designed to manage gigantic streams of information (in terms of number of data sources and transmission data rate). We refer to “Big Stream” as the paradigm which best fits the selected IoT scenario, in contrast to the traditional “Big Data” concept, which does not consider real-time constraints. Moreover, there are many security concerns related to IoT devices and to the Cloud. In this paper, we analyze security aspects in a novel Cloud architecture for Big Stream applications, which efficiently handles Big Stream data through a Graph-based platform and delivers processed data to consumers, with low latency. The authors detail each module defined in the system architecture, describing all refinements required to make the platform able to secure large data streams. An experimentation is also conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture when integrating security mechanisms.
Laura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Marco Picone. Applying Security to a Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 2016, 7, 37 -58.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Simone Cirani, Luca Davoli, Gianluigi Ferrari, Lorenzo Melegari, Marco Picone. Applying Security to a Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies. 2016; 7 (1):37-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Marco Picone. 2016. "Applying Security to a Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 7, no. 1: 37-58.
The Internet of Things (IoT) will consist of billions (50 billions by 2020) of interconnected heterogeneous devices denoted as “Smart Objects:” tiny, constrained devices which are going to be pervasively deployed in several contexts. To meet low-latency requirements, IoT applications must rely on specific architectures designed to handle the gigantic stream of data coming from Smart Objects. This paper propose a novel Cloud architecture for Big Stream applications that can efficiently handle data coming from Smart Objects through a Graph-based processing platform and deliver processed data to consumer applications with low latency. The authors reverse the traditional “Big Data” paradigm, where real-time constraints are not considered, and introduce the new “Big Stream” paradigm, which better fits IoT scenarios. The paper provides a performance evaluation of a practical open-source implementation of the proposed architecture. Other practical aspects, such as security considerations, and possible business oriented exploitation plans are presented.
Laura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Marius Monton; Marco Picone. A Scalable Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 2015, 5, 26 -53.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Simone Cirani, Luca Davoli, Gianluigi Ferrari, Lorenzo Melegari, Marius Monton, Marco Picone. A Scalable Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering. 2015; 5 (4):26-53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Marius Monton; Marco Picone. 2015. "A Scalable Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 5, no. 4: 26-53.
The global reach and extreme heterogeneity of the Internet of Things present major application development challenges. Using the same Web-based approach underlying the Internet's evolution into the IoT, the Web of Things Testbed provides a stable, open, dynamic, and secure infrastructure to simplify application design and testing.
Laura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Andrea Gorrieri; Mirko Mancin; Marco Picone; Gianluigi Ferrari. Design and Deployment of an IoT Application-Oriented Testbed. Computer 2015, 48, 32 -40.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Simone Cirani, Luca Davoli, Andrea Gorrieri, Mirko Mancin, Marco Picone, Gianluigi Ferrari. Design and Deployment of an IoT Application-Oriented Testbed. Computer. 2015; 48 (9):32-40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Andrea Gorrieri; Mirko Mancin; Marco Picone; Gianluigi Ferrari. 2015. "Design and Deployment of an IoT Application-Oriented Testbed." Computer 48, no. 9: 32-40.
Laura Belli. Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2015 on MobiSys PhD Forum 2015, 5 -6.
AMA StyleLaura Belli. Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2015 on MobiSys PhD Forum. 2015; ():5-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli. 2015. "Big Stream Cloud Architecture for the Internet of Things." Proceedings of the 2015 on MobiSys PhD Forum , no. : 5-6.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is shaping to a worldwide network of networks consisting of billions of interconnected heterogeneous sensor/actuator-equipped devices (denoted as “things” or “smart objects”), which are expected to exceed 50 billions by 2020. Smart objects, which will be pervasively deployed, are constrained devices with (i) limited processing power and available memory and (ii) limited communication capabilities, in terms of transmission rate and reliability. Future Smart-X applications, such as Smart Cities and Home Automation, will be fostered by the use of standard and interoperable IP-based communication protocols that smart objects are going to implement, by simplifying their development, integration, and deployment. Smart-X applications will significantly differ from traditional Internet services, in terms of: (i) the number of data sources; (ii) rate of information exchange; and, (iii) need for real-time processing. Because of these requirements, such services are denoted as “Big Stream” applications, in order to distinguish them from traditional Big Data applications. In this paper, we present an implementation of a novel Cloud architecture for Big Stream applications based on standard protocols and open-source components, which provides a scalable and efficient processing platform for IoT applications, designed to be open and extensible and to guarantee minimal latency between data generation and consumption. We also provide a performance evaluation based on experimentation in a real-world Smart Parking scenario, to assess the feasibility and scalability of the proposed architecture.
Laura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Lorenzo Melegari; Màrius Montón; Marco Picone. An Open-Source Cloud Architecture for Big Stream IoT Applications. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2015, 9001, 73 -88.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Simone Cirani, Luca Davoli, Lorenzo Melegari, Màrius Montón, Marco Picone. An Open-Source Cloud Architecture for Big Stream IoT Applications. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2015; 9001 ():73-88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Simone Cirani; Luca Davoli; Lorenzo Melegari; Màrius Montón; Marco Picone. 2015. "An Open-Source Cloud Architecture for Big Stream IoT Applications." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 9001, no. : 73-88.
The Internet of Things (IoT) will consist of billions of interconnected heterogeneous devices denoted as “smart objects.” Smart objects are generally sensor/actuator-equipped and have constrained resources in terms of: (i) processing capabilities; (ii) available ROM/RAM; and (iii) communication reliability. To meet low-latency requirements, real-time IoT applications must rely on specific architectures designed in order to handle and process gigantic (in terms of number of sources of information and rate of received data) streams of data coming from smart objects. We refer to this smart object-generated data stream as “Big Stream,” in contrast to traditional “Big Data” scenarios, where real-time constraints are not considered. In this paper, we propose a novel Cloud architecture for Big Stream applications that can efficiently handle data coming from deployed smart objects through a graph-based processing platform and deliver processed data to consumer applications with lowest latency.
Laura Belli; Simone Cirani; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Marco Picone. A Graph-Based Cloud Architecture for Big Stream Real-Time Applications in the Internet of Things. Communications in Computer and Information Science 2015, 508, 91 -105.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Simone Cirani, Gianluigi Ferrari, Lorenzo Melegari, Marco Picone. A Graph-Based Cloud Architecture for Big Stream Real-Time Applications in the Internet of Things. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 2015; 508 ():91-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Simone Cirani; Gianluigi Ferrari; Lorenzo Melegari; Marco Picone. 2015. "A Graph-Based Cloud Architecture for Big Stream Real-Time Applications in the Internet of Things." Communications in Computer and Information Science 508, no. : 91-105.
Laura Belli; Simone Cirani; Andrea Gorrieri; Marco Picone. A Novel Smart Object-Driven UI Generation Approach for Mobile Devices in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Real World Domain Specific Languages 2015, 1 -6.
AMA StyleLaura Belli, Simone Cirani, Andrea Gorrieri, Marco Picone. A Novel Smart Object-Driven UI Generation Approach for Mobile Devices in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Real World Domain Specific Languages. 2015; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Belli; Simone Cirani; Andrea Gorrieri; Marco Picone. 2015. "A Novel Smart Object-Driven UI Generation Approach for Mobile Devices in the Internet of Things." Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Real World Domain Specific Languages , no. : 1-6.