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The global shipping industry is currently experiencing a tough time due to the sluggish market situation and the oversupply of tonnage. Also, more stringent regulations on exhaust emissions have generated a significant impact on the already delicate market. Leadership in costs is one of the classic strategies to succeed in a competitive environment. Fuel is one of the most important items in the budget to consider when moving cargo across the oceans. However, up to now, there are just a few ships equipped with wind-assisted technologies to reduce fuel expenditures. Positioned in an interdisciplinary framework, this study aims to increase knowledge and understanding about the utilisation of Flettner rotors and parafoil as alternative sources of power to propel merchant vessels. To achieve this purpose, this research draws on data, information, techniques and theories from a variety of sources in both public domain and private databases. The TERA simulation of a parafoil system and Flettner rotors system assisting a 60,000 DWT bulker carrier under different wind patterns was presented. Based on the existing knowledge and scholarship, and the primary data gathered by interviews and questionnaire survey, this paper intends to critically examine the economic benefits derived from the use of two alternative propulsion systems.
Pengfei Zhang; Joan Lozano; Yifan Wang. Using Flettner Rotors and Parafoil as alternative propulsion systems for bulk carriers. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 317, 128418 .
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Joan Lozano, Yifan Wang. Using Flettner Rotors and Parafoil as alternative propulsion systems for bulk carriers. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 317 ():128418.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Joan Lozano; Yifan Wang. 2021. "Using Flettner Rotors and Parafoil as alternative propulsion systems for bulk carriers." Journal of Cleaner Production 317, no. : 128418.
Seafaring, as a traditionally male-dominated industry, continues to have very few female seafarers, with approximately 2% globally being women. This paper draws on the findings of a study that considered both the experiences of women seafarers working in the UK shipping industry and the views of key industry stakeholder representatives, and asks what must be done to improve those experiences? Responses across the industry suggest that all women seafarers will experience some form of harassment during their careers, which has significant implications for their occupational health, safety and wellbeing. These experiences reflect failures of leadership in developing and promoting a safe and inclusive onboard culture. This paper calls for fundamental change within the industry, including improvements in training and leadership to reflect modern seafaring and diversity on board. It also calls for relevant policy and strategic changes to be based on the views of seafarers and their representatives. It concludes that improving the experiences of women on board will improve the occupational health, safety and wellbeing of all seafarers, regardless of gender or any other characteristic or classification.
Kate Pike; Emma Wadsworth; Sarah Honebon; Emma Broadhurst; Minghua Zhao; Pengfei Zhang. Gender in the maritime space: how can the experiences of women seafarers working in the UK shipping industry be improved? Journal of Navigation 2021, 1 -14.
AMA StyleKate Pike, Emma Wadsworth, Sarah Honebon, Emma Broadhurst, Minghua Zhao, Pengfei Zhang. Gender in the maritime space: how can the experiences of women seafarers working in the UK shipping industry be improved? Journal of Navigation. 2021; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKate Pike; Emma Wadsworth; Sarah Honebon; Emma Broadhurst; Minghua Zhao; Pengfei Zhang. 2021. "Gender in the maritime space: how can the experiences of women seafarers working in the UK shipping industry be improved?" Journal of Navigation , no. : 1-14.
The current rules on international tax do not function properly due to the gaps which allow for tax manipulation. Whereas most tax agreements largely contribute to the prevention of double taxation, they do not effectively approach double non-taxation matters arising from tax competition based on the agreements’ bilateral nature. In order to tackle this issue, the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project was introduced. Developed under the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development framework, the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project deals with tax avoidance practices that use mismatches and gaps in tax rules. Nevertheless, the success of this new soft law initiative requires a forum that can promote and enforce its recommendations. The structural nature of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has led to the consideration of the World Trade Organization to be this forum by many. However, the World Trade Organization covered agreements are drafted in a way that includes some of the tax competition matters but not others, including traditional tax havens. This paper aims to bridge the gaps in the area of the international tax regime. By examining the international trade and international tax regimes, it is shown that there is space for variations in the World Trade Organization broadly drafted agreements for such matters to find a resolution. It is argued that the World Trade Organization can play a complementary role in the enforcement of the new international tax rules.
Lijun Zhao; Angelina Karaivanova; Pengfei Zhang. The Complementary Role of the WTO in the Enhancement of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project. World 2021, 2, 267 -294.
AMA StyleLijun Zhao, Angelina Karaivanova, Pengfei Zhang. The Complementary Role of the WTO in the Enhancement of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project. World. 2021; 2 (2):267-294.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLijun Zhao; Angelina Karaivanova; Pengfei Zhang. 2021. "The Complementary Role of the WTO in the Enhancement of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project." World 2, no. 2: 267-294.
Modern navigation heavily relies on technology. A modern ship's bridge is a high-tech centre with various equipment, such as Radar/ARPA, Automatic Identification System (AIS), Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), satellite communications, and so on. The ability to operate various maritime technologies is among the most important part of navigation officers’ knowhow. However, as any technology can be an error, there will be failure happen on maritime technologies, such as navigational sensors and computer-based bridge systems. As an unsafe behaviour, over-reliance on technologies in watch keeping may have disastrous consequences. This article analysed the relationship between safe navigation of a ship and an increasing reliance placed on technology by master and officers. It identified at which stage a reliance on technology becomes an over-reliance, and the major causes of this, such as insufficient training and fatigue. Finally, it examines the consequences of an over-reliance on technology and makes some proposals on how these consequences can be prevented.
Jianjun Wu; James Thorne-Large; Pengfei Zhang. Safety first: The risk of over-reliance on technology in navigation. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 2021, 1 -28.
AMA StyleJianjun Wu, James Thorne-Large, Pengfei Zhang. Safety first: The risk of over-reliance on technology in navigation. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security. 2021; ():1-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianjun Wu; James Thorne-Large; Pengfei Zhang. 2021. "Safety first: The risk of over-reliance on technology in navigation." Journal of Transportation Safety & Security , no. : 1-28.
Various studies suggest that the maritime industry will continue to face the challenge of seafarer shortages. Young seafarer turnover has become a serious issue that cannot be underestimated. This paper aims to identify the root causes of young seafarer attrition in China and explore relevant solutions. It collects information via semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and least-significant difference are utilised for the variance analysis. The findings of the study show that occupational recognition and family responsibility are the two major factors contributing to young seafarers’ outflow. Chinese seafarers’ health status is another important factor that has received little attention. In addition, young seafarers of 31–35 years old have the most possibility of turnover, due to a number of reasons discussed in this paper. Age 40 or thereabouts is viewed as the watershed moment in a seafarer's career, so efforts should be made to help young seafarers pass through the hard period in their early thirties. This paper suggests that a clear career plan could be a potential solution to retain this backbone group as prospective senior officers.
Junzhong Bao; Yan Li; Guoping Zheng; Pengfei Zhang. Exploring into contributing factors to young seafarer turnover: empirical evidence from China. Journal of Navigation 2021, 74, 914 -930.
AMA StyleJunzhong Bao, Yan Li, Guoping Zheng, Pengfei Zhang. Exploring into contributing factors to young seafarer turnover: empirical evidence from China. Journal of Navigation. 2021; 74 (4):914-930.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunzhong Bao; Yan Li; Guoping Zheng; Pengfei Zhang. 2021. "Exploring into contributing factors to young seafarer turnover: empirical evidence from China." Journal of Navigation 74, no. 4: 914-930.
Recently, the quality of Maritime Education and Training (MET) has drawn more attention from employers of the shipping industry, because incompetent officers have frequently contributed to ship accidents. The authors intend to explore answers to three questions: (1) Is the quality of Chinese MET satisfactory to the maritime stakeholders? (2) What are the major factors affecting the quality of cadet training? (3) Are there feasible solutions to improve the quality of MET? The authors take China, a major seafarers supplying country, as empirical evidence to disclose the causes of the problems. By an exploratory factor analysis technique, this paper presents the findings of semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys and identifies four principal factors affecting the quality of MET in China. Shortage of skillful instructors, lack of onboard training, over-reliance on theoretical teaching, and limited funding sources are prominent factors in this context. Practical solutions are proposed for the purpose of improving the overall competence of Chinese cadets expected to become the dynamic workforce for the global shipping industry.
Junzhong Bao; Yan Li; Zunlei Duan; Tingting Li; Pengfei Zhang. Key factors affecting the quality of maritime education and training: empirical evidence from China. Journal of Navigation 2021, 1 -13.
AMA StyleJunzhong Bao, Yan Li, Zunlei Duan, Tingting Li, Pengfei Zhang. Key factors affecting the quality of maritime education and training: empirical evidence from China. Journal of Navigation. 2021; ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunzhong Bao; Yan Li; Zunlei Duan; Tingting Li; Pengfei Zhang. 2021. "Key factors affecting the quality of maritime education and training: empirical evidence from China." Journal of Navigation , no. : 1-13.
The German shipping industry, run by well-educated and experienced professionals, is of utmost importance for the whole economy. However, due to the ongoing shipping crisis and the flagging-out strategy of German shipowners, the number of German seafarers is declining. The German Shipping Foundation (GSF), established in 2012 and started its operation in 2013, is financed by German shipowners themselves. Its main objective is to maintain the maritime know-how in the German shipping industry with support payments to the owners who are still training and employing young German seafarers. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Foundation in maintaining maritime expertise in Germany. It reveals that the number of German young professionals starting a career at sea increased in 2014 and was on a stable level since then. The Foundation's support payments compensated the higher costs for the employment of German junior officers in their education and therefore encouraged more shipowners to employ and educate young seafarers. Furthermore, the creation of the Foundation itself and the induced involvement of German shipowners in the education of national seafarers was a strong policy signal. Thus, the government subsidy system was maintained and even expanded in the last years.
Pengfei Zhang; Lukas Drumm. The German Shipping Foundation: Has it been effective in maintaining maritime expertise in Germany? Marine Policy 2020, 115, 103871 .
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Lukas Drumm. The German Shipping Foundation: Has it been effective in maintaining maritime expertise in Germany? Marine Policy. 2020; 115 ():103871.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Lukas Drumm. 2020. "The German Shipping Foundation: Has it been effective in maintaining maritime expertise in Germany?" Marine Policy 115, no. : 103871.
The maritime industry is a cornerstone of Germany's export-driven economy. It contributes about €50bn annually to the national GDP in recent years. At the same time, it is the sixth-largest ship owning country worldwide with a merchant fleet of 2672 ships by the end of 2018. However, German ship owners have adopted a flagging-out strategy. Out of the entire German-owned fleet, only 212 vessels are registered in the German ship register and fly the national flag. The strategy contributed considerably to the success of German ship owners and sustained their competitiveness in the global shipping industry during the last three decades. In the meantime, there are negative impacts on the German maritime industry, such as the lower demand for national seafarers and the declining of maritime expertise. This paper explains the motivation and benefits of the German flagging-out strategy and contains an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of the strategy for the national industry.
Pengfei Zhang; Lukas Drumm. The flagging-out strategy: An examination of the impacts on the decreasing German national fleet. Marine Policy 2020, 115, 103872 .
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Lukas Drumm. The flagging-out strategy: An examination of the impacts on the decreasing German national fleet. Marine Policy. 2020; 115 ():103872.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Lukas Drumm. 2020. "The flagging-out strategy: An examination of the impacts on the decreasing German national fleet." Marine Policy 115, no. : 103872.
Lijun Tang; Pengfei Zhang. Global problems, local solutions: unfree labour relations and seafarer employment with crewing agencies in China. Industrial Relations Journal 2019, 50, 277 -291.
AMA StyleLijun Tang, Pengfei Zhang. Global problems, local solutions: unfree labour relations and seafarer employment with crewing agencies in China. Industrial Relations Journal. 2019; 50 (3):277-291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLijun Tang; Pengfei Zhang. 2019. "Global problems, local solutions: unfree labour relations and seafarer employment with crewing agencies in China." Industrial Relations Journal 50, no. 3: 277-291.
The right to life is a basic and fundamental core human right. Despite the idea that the lives of all human beings are equal under the protection of the law, the special characteristics of the seafarers’ profession suggests that they should be granted additional attention and protection. In recent years, issues related to seafarers’ welfare have moved to the forefront of concern, however, discussion on seafarers’ right to life has drawn little attention. This paper is intended to contribute to knowledge in this aspect by drawing together themes from theoretical policy and governance studies and uses case studies that apply lessons from these disciplines to the practical context of the worldwide shipping industry. Specifically, the discussion clarifies the concept and dimension of the human right to life as well as seafarers’ right to life as a special group of industrial workers, notes the hazardous feature of seafaring as an occupation, identifies the sources of seafarers rights in the related maritime policies and international regulations and illustrates the obligation of the state from the perspective of the ‘flag’ and the ‘port’. The paper finally provides conclusions to the ongoing major issues and suggests a mechanism that should be established to ensure seafarers’ right to life is to be respected.
Pengfei Zhang; Desai Shan; Minghua Zhao; Nicola Pryce-Roberts. Navigating seafarer’s right to life across the shipping industry. Marine Policy 2018, 99, 80 -86.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Desai Shan, Minghua Zhao, Nicola Pryce-Roberts. Navigating seafarer’s right to life across the shipping industry. Marine Policy. 2018; 99 ():80-86.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Desai Shan; Minghua Zhao; Nicola Pryce-Roberts. 2018. "Navigating seafarer’s right to life across the shipping industry." Marine Policy 99, no. : 80-86.
Seafarers make a critical contribution to the entire civil society, but their welfare has not addressed sufficient attention in the maritime world. The implementation of the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (hereinafter MLC 2006) has made a significant contribution to the improvement of living and working conditions of seafarers. However, seafarers’ welfare is still compromised in many aspects, such as social isolation, fatigue, stresses and feeling that their occupation might be criminalised and targeted in many places around the world. While there is a considerable volume of published work related to shipping and seafarers, the availability of literature specifically on seafarers’ welfare is significantly limited. Bases on the existing knowledge and scholarship available in the public domain, and the primary data collected in several phases of fieldwork, this paper aims to critically review a number of major issues relating to seafarers’ welfare under the regulatory framework of MLC 2006. The paper concludes that a continuous revision in maritime legislation is imperative to reduce incidents of unfair treatment and exploitation of seafarers.
Georgios Exarchopoulos; Pengfei Zhang; Nicola Pryce-Roberts; Minghua Zhao. Seafarers’ welfare: A critical review of the related legal issues under the Maritime Labour Convention 2006. Marine Policy 2018, 93, 62 -70.
AMA StyleGeorgios Exarchopoulos, Pengfei Zhang, Nicola Pryce-Roberts, Minghua Zhao. Seafarers’ welfare: A critical review of the related legal issues under the Maritime Labour Convention 2006. Marine Policy. 2018; 93 ():62-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorgios Exarchopoulos; Pengfei Zhang; Nicola Pryce-Roberts; Minghua Zhao. 2018. "Seafarers’ welfare: A critical review of the related legal issues under the Maritime Labour Convention 2006." Marine Policy 93, no. : 62-70.
Minghua Zhao; Lijuan Zhao; Pengfei Zhang; Jianjun Wu; Kate Pike; Emma Broadhurst. Chinese women seafarers: A case study of the women cadets in Shanghai. Marine Policy 2017, 83, 40 -47.
AMA StyleMinghua Zhao, Lijuan Zhao, Pengfei Zhang, Jianjun Wu, Kate Pike, Emma Broadhurst. Chinese women seafarers: A case study of the women cadets in Shanghai. Marine Policy. 2017; 83 ():40-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinghua Zhao; Lijuan Zhao; Pengfei Zhang; Jianjun Wu; Kate Pike; Emma Broadhurst. 2017. "Chinese women seafarers: A case study of the women cadets in Shanghai." Marine Policy 83, no. : 40-47.
Pengfei Zhang; Minghua Zhao. Maritime health of Chinese seafarers. Marine Policy 2017, 83, 259 -267.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Minghua Zhao. Maritime health of Chinese seafarers. Marine Policy. 2017; 83 ():259-267.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Minghua Zhao. 2017. "Maritime health of Chinese seafarers." Marine Policy 83, no. : 259-267.
Ocean-going seafarers receive special attention at the ILO, the UN’s specialised agency whose main aims are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues (ILO 2013). For example, the ILO has the Joint Maritime Commission (JMC), a specialist bipartite standing body (representing shipowners and seafarers) designed particularly for workers in the shipping industry, which provides advice to the Governing Body on maritime issues, including labour standard-setting for the shipping industry (ILO 2011). The JMC represents the only statutory wage-fixing mechanism across all the sectors in the world economy (UN 2013).
Pengfei Zhang. The Development of Maritime Legislation in China Under the Impact of MLC 2006. Seafarers’ Rights in China 2016, 19 -68.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang. The Development of Maritime Legislation in China Under the Impact of MLC 2006. Seafarers’ Rights in China. 2016; ():19-68.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang. 2016. "The Development of Maritime Legislation in China Under the Impact of MLC 2006." Seafarers’ Rights in China , no. : 19-68.
This chapter summarises the key findings from the study and highlights how the research contributes to the understanding of the impact of the MLC 2006 on Chinese seafarers’ rights. It discusses the way in which the book has answered the research question and acknowledges some of the significance and limitations of the research process. It also identifies a number of supplementary findings that emerged from the study and that have an indirect yet important influence on the effective implementation of the MLC 2006. The final section draws out the policy and practice implications of the research and suggests how further research is essential for a better understanding of the subject.
Pengfei Zhang. Seafarers’ Rights in China Calling for More Research. Seafarers’ Rights in China 2016, 153 -171.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang. Seafarers’ Rights in China Calling for More Research. Seafarers’ Rights in China. 2016; ():153-171.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang. 2016. "Seafarers’ Rights in China Calling for More Research." Seafarers’ Rights in China , no. : 153-171.
The overall objective of the research is to critically investigate the conditions of seafarers’ rights in China in legislation and practice; in particular, the restructuring process under the impact of the Maritime Labour Convention 2006. In order to achieve the objective of this research, key research questions were posed which sought the responses of Chinese major stakeholders to the Convention, to identify whether improvement in the protection of Chinese seafarers had taken place since the advent of the Convention, and further, to identify the continuing challenges for improvement. The key findings that have emerged from this research include that the Chinese government has adopted a considerable body of legal instruments as countermeasures to the Convention. However, although seafarer protection in China has been improved significantly, in particular in the areas of pre-employment conditions, there are still many serious problems. The major challenges for future improvement come from not only the front of the government authorities, but also from the practices of the maritime industry, as well as from Chinese seafarers themselves.
Pengfei Zhang. Seafarers’ Rights in China: A Restructuring Process. Seafarers’ Rights in China 2016, 1 -18.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang. Seafarers’ Rights in China: A Restructuring Process. Seafarers’ Rights in China. 2016; ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang. 2016. "Seafarers’ Rights in China: A Restructuring Process." Seafarers’ Rights in China , no. : 1-18.
The sea has been the world’s greatest highway and can be used by all countries. However, the power of the sea and the weather are still uncontrollable, and seafaring is one of the world’s most dangerous occupations (Ozcayir 2001, p. 35). First, working aboard a ship is unlike occupations on land. Seafarers are exposed daily to ‘an unusual hazardous situation, natural disasters, highly risky and dangerous working environment and poor living conditions’ (Dimitrova 2010, p. 32). In addition, seafarers are at a great distance from shore, it is therefore very difficult for them to obtain external assistance, and they have to rely primarily on themselves when the ship is in an emergency situation. Seafaring is therefore considered as one of the most dangerous professions ‘involving high fatality’, and seafarers are working in an ‘extremely complex and strenuous environment’ (Zevallos et al. 2014).
Pengfei Zhang. The Pre-employment Conditions of Chinese Seafarers. Seafarers’ Rights in China 2016, 69 -110.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang. The Pre-employment Conditions of Chinese Seafarers. Seafarers’ Rights in China. 2016; ():69-110.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang. 2016. "The Pre-employment Conditions of Chinese Seafarers." Seafarers’ Rights in China , no. : 69-110.
The concept of seaworthiness has evolved over many years, and in common with similar concepts (for instance, the definition and application of “prudent seamanship”), its precise meaning has varied considerably. In this context, the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC 2006) can be regarded as focusing the concept in a manner that is not found elsewhere (whether in treaties or in case law). The implementation of the Convention will change shipowners' obligations to ensure ship safety and constitute an essential element of the standard of seaworthiness. Moreover, it is submitted that the MLC 2006 shifts the centre of emphasis in a manner that is both focussed and necessary. These changes are tracked and critically examined in this paper and conclusions are submitted based on the relevant analysis.
Pengfei Zhang; Edward Phillips. Safety first: Reconstructing the concept of seaworthiness under the maritime labour convention 2006. Marine Policy 2016, 67, 54 -59.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Edward Phillips. Safety first: Reconstructing the concept of seaworthiness under the maritime labour convention 2006. Marine Policy. 2016; 67 ():54-59.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Edward Phillips. 2016. "Safety first: Reconstructing the concept of seaworthiness under the maritime labour convention 2006." Marine Policy 67, no. : 54-59.
As one of the most important conventions adopted by the International Labour Organization, the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 (MLC, 2006) has been in force since 20 August, 2013. As of April 2015, the Convention has been ratified by 66 states, including most major maritime nations. Being one of the most important maritime nations, China has the largest number of seafarers and the third largest merchant fleet in the world. The Convention, therefore, has perhaps more significant impact on China than any other country. However, China has not yet ratified the Convention at the time when this paper was drafted. Nevertheless, the Convention has generated significant impact in terms of policy, regulation or legislation as well as in the attitude and behaviour of the key stakeholders in the country. Based on the existing knowledge and scholarship available in the public domain, and the empirical data collected in two field research trips, this paper intends to have a critical review and evaluation of the response of Chinese government and other major stakeholders in the maritime sector to the MLC, 2006.
Pengfei Zhang; Minghua Zhao. Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 and the Chinese seafarers: How far is China to ratification? Marine Policy 2015, 61, 54 -65.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Minghua Zhao. Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 and the Chinese seafarers: How far is China to ratification? Marine Policy. 2015; 61 ():54-65.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Minghua Zhao. 2015. "Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 and the Chinese seafarers: How far is China to ratification?" Marine Policy 61, no. : 54-65.
The global maritime industry plays an important role in international trade, the world economy, global stability and civil society as a whole. Both the IMO and the ILO have made great efforts to promote women’s employment in the maritime transportation sector. However, until now, less than 2 % of the global seafarers are women. In China, the government has advocated women’s rights, liberation and gender equality since the communists came into government in 1949. Chinese women have been encouraged to be employed in the traditionally male-dominant industries, such as mining, construction and seafaring. China feels proud of its strong track record of placing women on board commercial vessels as captains, chief engineers, radio officers and as navigating seafarers in various other positions. But, the glory has long become a history of the past. Now, in the twenty-first century, the number of navigating women seafarers in China has become extremely small. Training women as seafarers has drawn both praise and criticism from both scholars and practitioners in the industry. This paper takes the approach of a case study and analyses the key issues concerning the training and recruitment of women seafarers in China today. The rich empirical data presented, provides a clear picture of Chinese women seafarers today.
Pengfei Zhang; Minghua Zhao. Chinese Women Seafarers: Past, Present and Prospects. Maritime Women: Global Leadership 2015, 235 -253.
AMA StylePengfei Zhang, Minghua Zhao. Chinese Women Seafarers: Past, Present and Prospects. Maritime Women: Global Leadership. 2015; ():235-253.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Zhang; Minghua Zhao. 2015. "Chinese Women Seafarers: Past, Present and Prospects." Maritime Women: Global Leadership , no. : 235-253.