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Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis due to its heavy dependency on the import of costly fossil fuels, which ultimately leads to expansive electricity generation, a low power supply, and interruptive load shedding. In this regard, the utilization of available renewable energy resources within the country for production of electricity can lessen this energy crisis. Livestock waste/manure is considered the most renewable and abundant material for biogas generation. Pakistan is primarily an agricultural country, and livestock is widely kept by the farming community, in order to meet their needs. According to the 2016–2018 data on the livestock population, poultry held the largest share at 45.8%, followed by buffaloes (20.6%), cattle (12.7%), goats (10.8%), sheep (8.4%), asses (1.3%), camels (0.25%), horses (0.1%), and mules (0.05%). Different animals produce different amounts of manure, based upon their size, weight, age, feed, and type. The most manure is produced by cattle (10–20 kg/day), while poultry produce the least (0.08–0.1 kg/day). Large quantities of livestock manure are produced from each province of Pakistan; Punjab province was the highest contributor (51%) of livestock manure in 2018. The potential livestock manure production in Pakistan was 417.3 million tons (Mt) in 2018, from which 26,871.35 million m3 of biogas could be generated—with a production potential of 492.6 petajoules (PJ) of heat energy and 5521.5 MW of electricity. Due to its favorable conditions for biodigester technologies, and through the appropriate development of anaerobic digestion, the currently prevailing energy crises in Pakistan could be eliminated.
Muhammad Khan; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Sultan; Ihsanullah Sohoo; Prakash Ghimire; Azlan Zahid; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Farooq; Uzair Sajjad; Peyman Abdeshahian; Maryam Yousaf. Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6751 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Khan, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Sultan, Ihsanullah Sohoo, Prakash Ghimire, Azlan Zahid, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Farooq, Uzair Sajjad, Peyman Abdeshahian, Maryam Yousaf. Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Khan; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Sultan; Ihsanullah Sohoo; Prakash Ghimire; Azlan Zahid; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Farooq; Uzair Sajjad; Peyman Abdeshahian; Maryam Yousaf. 2021. "Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6751.
A computer model was developed to simulate the varying depths of water applied to the ground due to the intermittent movements of a typical center pivot. The stop–go model inputs include the sprinkler application depth, the sprinkler pattern, that pattern’s wetted radius, the center pivot’s % timer setting, the move cycle time, and the end tower maximum travel speed. The model outputs were the depth of application in the pivot’s movement direction, the distribution uniformity (DU), and the coefficient of uniformity (CU). The results revealed that the pivot circular application uniformity is mostly a function of the move distance as a percent of the sprinklers’ wetted radius. This, in turn, is a function of the percent timer setting, the cycle time, and the end tower travel speed. Due to this, the high-speed center pivots had corresponding lower application uniformities compared to low-speed machines, and sprinklers with larger wetted radii resulted in better uniformity. Shortening the cycle time also resulted in higher uniformity coefficients. Based on these results, it is recommended that the run time be set based on the pivot end-tower’s travel speed and sprinkler wetted radius, such that the end tower move distance is equivalent to the sprinkler wetted radius. This will reduce wear to the tower motors due to the on–off cycling, especially for slow travel settings and for sprinklers with larger wetted radii. The ponding depths at different percent of the move distance, for the potential runoff, were estimated, which were set to be equivalent to the wetted radius.
Abdelmoneim Mohamed; R. Peters; Abid Sarwar; Behnaz Molaei; Don McMoran. Impact of the Intermittency Movement of Center Pivots on Irrigation Uniformity. Water 2021, 13, 1167 .
AMA StyleAbdelmoneim Mohamed, R. Peters, Abid Sarwar, Behnaz Molaei, Don McMoran. Impact of the Intermittency Movement of Center Pivots on Irrigation Uniformity. Water. 2021; 13 (9):1167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdelmoneim Mohamed; R. Peters; Abid Sarwar; Behnaz Molaei; Don McMoran. 2021. "Impact of the Intermittency Movement of Center Pivots on Irrigation Uniformity." Water 13, no. 9: 1167.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various irrigation water (W) and nitrogen (N) levels on growth, root-shoot morphology, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency of greenhouse tomatoes in spring–summer and fall–winter. The experiment consisted of three irrigation water levels (W: 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80%, and 60% of full irrigation) and three N application levels (N: 100%, 75%, and 50% of the standard nitrogen concentration in Hoagland’s solution treatments equivalent to 15, 11.25, 7.5 mM). All the growth parameters of tomato significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with the decrease in the amount of irrigation and nitrogen application. Results depicted that a slight decrease in irrigation and an increase in N supply improved average root diameter, total root length, and root surface area, while the interaction was observed non-significant at average diameter of roots. Compared to the control, W80N100 was statistically non-significant in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The W80N100 resulted in a yield decrease of 2.90% and 8.75% but increased irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) by 21.40% and 14.06%. Among interactions, the reduction in a single factor at W80N100 and W100N75 compensated the growth and yield. Hence, W80N100 was found to be optimal regarding yield and IWUE, with 80% of irrigation water and 15 mM of N fertilization for soilless tomato production in greenhouses.
Ikram Ullah; Hanping Mao; Ghulam Rasool; Hongyan Gao; Qaiser Javed; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Imran Khan. Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Reduced N Fertilization on Plant Growth, Root Morphology, and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown in Soilless Culture. Agronomy 2021, 11, 228 .
AMA StyleIkram Ullah, Hanping Mao, Ghulam Rasool, Hongyan Gao, Qaiser Javed, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Imran Khan. Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Reduced N Fertilization on Plant Growth, Root Morphology, and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown in Soilless Culture. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (2):228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIkram Ullah; Hanping Mao; Ghulam Rasool; Hongyan Gao; Qaiser Javed; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2021. "Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Reduced N Fertilization on Plant Growth, Root Morphology, and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown in Soilless Culture." Agronomy 11, no. 2: 228.
Pressurized irrigation systems, center pivots, and linear moves are used worldwide on a large scale. Accurate predictions of wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) could help in improving the system’s uniformity and efficiency. The current study evaluates data analysis techniques for accurately estimating WDEL under moving sprinkler irrigation systems. A total of 72 experiments (2015–2017) were conducted at the research and extension center in Prosser, WA, under a wide variety of climate conditions. Two data analysis techniques, namely linear mixed modeling (LMM) and artificial neural networks (ANN), were used to identify the significant drivers of WDEL from the given weather-related inputs. Four published datasets were also used to check the generalization capabilities of the developed models. The results revealed an average of ~ 20% WDEL under Prosser, WA, conditions. Vapor pressure deficit and wind speed were the only significant weather variables at a 0.05 level of significance. Both in training and in testing, the ANN models (root mean squared error (RMSE = 2%)) worked better than the LMM (RMSE = 5%). Testing results revealed the high generalization and predictive power of ANN models with a RMSE of 1% for the (Yazar 1984) datasets. The best LMM model was with the Sanchez et al. (2011) dataset with a RMSE of 14%. The above results showed that ANN models can be used to accurately predict WDEL. This should help in further research for efficiency improvements in sprinkler irrigation systems.
Abid Sarwar; R. Troy Peters; Abdelmoneim Zakaria Mohamed. Linear mixed modeling and artificial neural network techniques for predicting wind drift and evaporation losses under moving sprinkler irrigation systems. Irrigation Science 2019, 38, 177 -188.
AMA StyleAbid Sarwar, R. Troy Peters, Abdelmoneim Zakaria Mohamed. Linear mixed modeling and artificial neural network techniques for predicting wind drift and evaporation losses under moving sprinkler irrigation systems. Irrigation Science. 2019; 38 (2):177-188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbid Sarwar; R. Troy Peters; Abdelmoneim Zakaria Mohamed. 2019. "Linear mixed modeling and artificial neural network techniques for predicting wind drift and evaporation losses under moving sprinkler irrigation systems." Irrigation Science 38, no. 2: 177-188.
Over half of the irrigated land in the US, 11.5 million ha, is irrigated with center pivot and linear move systems. Because of this, minor changes in the operation efficiency of these systems can have large impact on overall water conservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the water application efficiency (WAE) of low and of mid elevation spray application (LESA and MESA) using catch can test and drainage lysimeters, and develop governing equations based on the weather variables. A three-year (2015–2017) field study was conducted at the Washington State University Research and Extension Center, near Prosser. Catch cans were used to collect the fraction of total irrigation-water applied that reached the ground surface as WAE and drainage lysimeters to measure the overall water loss (OAWL) and wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL), (WDEL = 100-WAE). Air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), short-wave global irradiance (Rg), wind speed (WS), and calculated vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were used as the input weather variables to mixed modeling technique. Results showed that on average 21% more irrigation-water reached the ground with LESA than with MESA systems. Lysimetric measurements showed on average a 16% efficiency difference between MESA and LESA. The monthly WAE differences between MESA and LESA increased from 12 to 30% during the hot summer months and thereafter decreased, from 30 to 9%. The warmer and drier year of 2015 had the highest annual average values of WDEL of 17% for LESA and 19% for MESA. Results indicated a relatively constant WAE for LESA regardless of weather conditions. Mixed modelling showed that VPD was the only significant predictor (P < 0.05) of WAE for LESA, while VPD and WS for MESA. Our results might be used to adjust center pivot travel speed (% settings) to compensate for variations in WAE as the weather changes.
Abid Sarwar; R. Troy Peters; Hani Mehanna; Mohamma Zaman Amini; Abdelmoneim Zakaria Mohamed. Evaluating water application efficiency of low and mid elevation spray application under changing weather conditions. Agricultural Water Management 2019, 221, 84 -91.
AMA StyleAbid Sarwar, R. Troy Peters, Hani Mehanna, Mohamma Zaman Amini, Abdelmoneim Zakaria Mohamed. Evaluating water application efficiency of low and mid elevation spray application under changing weather conditions. Agricultural Water Management. 2019; 221 ():84-91.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbid Sarwar; R. Troy Peters; Hani Mehanna; Mohamma Zaman Amini; Abdelmoneim Zakaria Mohamed. 2019. "Evaluating water application efficiency of low and mid elevation spray application under changing weather conditions." Agricultural Water Management 221, no. : 84-91.
Distribution Uniformity (DU) and the Coefficient of Uniformity (CU) are commonly used irrigation performance measures of how evenly water is applied across a field during irrigation. The more DU or CU can be improved, the more water will be conserved and the better the crop will perform. DU and CU are most commonly measured for sprinkler irrigation using catch cans. Gross irrigation amounts are often increased to account for poor DU and CU by dividing the net irrigation required by the DU or CU as a decimal. However, non-uniformity on a very small scale (i.e. less than 30 cm) is less important since the soil can redistribute the water and the crop roots can get water from wetter regions. In this paper, a new method is suggested to measure and adjust DU and CU for the less important irrigation application variability on a small scale. These methods were applied to uniformity evaluations in grower fields at different locations in Washington and Oregon, USA. The results showed that the absolute value of DU and CU might be adjusted up 6–8% and 3–6%, respectively. If gross irrigation depth is being corrected for poor DU or CU, then using this method would result in 9–12.5% less water being applied to compensate for poor DU. This method helps give a DU and a CU that are more representative of what the crops in a field as a whole “feel” and helps prevent over application of irrigation water to correct for variability in water application depths on a small scale.
Abdelmoneim Z. Mohamed; R. Troy Peters; Xingye Zhu; Abid Sarwar. Adjusting irrigation uniformity coefficients for unimportant variability on a small scale. Agricultural Water Management 2019, 213, 1078 -1083.
AMA StyleAbdelmoneim Z. Mohamed, R. Troy Peters, Xingye Zhu, Abid Sarwar. Adjusting irrigation uniformity coefficients for unimportant variability on a small scale. Agricultural Water Management. 2019; 213 ():1078-1083.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdelmoneim Z. Mohamed; R. Troy Peters; Xingye Zhu; Abid Sarwar. 2019. "Adjusting irrigation uniformity coefficients for unimportant variability on a small scale." Agricultural Water Management 213, no. : 1078-1083.
The rainfall events of extreme magnitude over the past few decades have caused destructive damages to lives and properties, especially in the subcontinent (e.g. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh etc). Rainfall hazard maps for these areas can be of great practical and theoretical interests. In our work, we used extreme value analysis and spatial interpolation techniques to provide such maps through a combination of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation (TRMM) 3B42 product and raingauge data. This mixed approach takes advantage of both the long time series available at a limited number of stations, and the large spatial coverage of the satellite data which, instead, has a poor temporal extent. The methodology is implemented by (1) creating a unique growth curve for the homogeneous region by utilizing in-situ rainfall data and (2) mapping the parameters of intensity-duration functions for the entire length of the study area by using TRMM 3B42 product. The regional results obtained by using mixed approach and TRMM 3B42 are compared with the estimates obtained by using in-situ data. The comparison showed that the overall output of mixed approach is more consistent with what transpired by in-situ data for a pre-defined return period.
Muhammad Uzair Qamar; Muhammad Azmat; Muhammad Adnan Shahid; Daniele Ganora; Shakil Ahmad; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Shafeeque; Muhammad Imran Khan. Rainfall Extremes: a Novel Modeling Approach for Regionalization. Water Resources Management 2017, 31, 1975 -1994.
AMA StyleMuhammad Uzair Qamar, Muhammad Azmat, Muhammad Adnan Shahid, Daniele Ganora, Shakil Ahmad, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Shafeeque, Muhammad Imran Khan. Rainfall Extremes: a Novel Modeling Approach for Regionalization. Water Resources Management. 2017; 31 (6):1975-1994.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Uzair Qamar; Muhammad Azmat; Muhammad Adnan Shahid; Daniele Ganora; Shakil Ahmad; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Shafeeque; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2017. "Rainfall Extremes: a Novel Modeling Approach for Regionalization." Water Resources Management 31, no. 6: 1975-1994.
Muhammad Shafeeque; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Waqas Hussain. QUANTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION USING SWAT MODEL IN HAKRA BRANCH CANAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2016, 53, 249 -255.
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafeeque, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Waqas Hussain. QUANTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION USING SWAT MODEL IN HAKRA BRANCH CANAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2016; 53 (1):249-255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafeeque; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Waqas Hussain. 2016. "QUANTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION USING SWAT MODEL IN HAKRA BRANCH CANAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53, no. 1: 249-255.