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Prof. Bruce Kang
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department, West Virginia University

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Fracture Mechanics
0 High Temperature Materials
0 Mechanical alloying
0 additive manufactuing
0 ODS steels

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Journal article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most common additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for thermoplastic materials. With the development of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) filament for FDM, AM parts with improved strength and functionality can be realized. CFRP is anisotropic material and its mechanical properties have been well studied, however, AM printing strategy for CFRP parts has not been developed. This paper proposes a systematic optimization of the FDM 3D printing process for CFRP. Starting with standard coupon specimen tests to obtain mechanical properties of CFRP, finite element analyses (FEA) were conducted to find principal directions of the AM part and utilized to determine fiber orientations. A specific tool-path algorithm has been developed to distribute fibers with the desired orientations. To predict/assess the mechanical behavior of the AM part, the 3D printing process was simulated to obtain the anisotropic mechanical behavior induced by the customized tool-path printing. Bolt hole plate and spur gear were selected as case studies. FE simulations and associated experiments were conducted to assess their performance. CFRP parts printed by the optimized tool-path shows about 8% higher stiffness than those printed at regular infill patterns. In summary, assisted by FEA, a customized 3D printing tool-path for CFRP has been developed with case studies to verify the proposed AM design optimization methodology for FDM.

ACS Style

Jaeyoon Kim; Bruce S. Kang. Enhancing Structural Performance of Short Fiber Reinforced Objects Through Customized Tool-Path. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8168 .

AMA Style

Jaeyoon Kim, Bruce S. Kang. Enhancing Structural Performance of Short Fiber Reinforced Objects Through Customized Tool-Path. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (22):8168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaeyoon Kim; Bruce S. Kang. 2020. "Enhancing Structural Performance of Short Fiber Reinforced Objects Through Customized Tool-Path." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22: 8168.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2018 in Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power
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Increasing turbine inlet temperature is important for improving the efficiency of gas turbine engine. Elevated thermal load causes severe oxidation and corrosion for base alloy in turbine airfoils. To survive in this extreme high-temperature and harsh oxidation environment, both outside protection like thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and inside air cooling have been applied to turbine blades. Significantly more protection can be achieved if the cooling channels are embedded near surface, constructed partially by the coating system and partially by the superalloy substrate. However, neither the ceramic coating layer nor the metallic bond coating layer in current TBC system can provide structural support to such internal cooling channels. Development of structural bond coating layers consequently becomes one of the key technologies to achieve this goal. The present study proposed a method to fabricate structural coating layers on top of turbine blades with the aid of additive manufacturing (AM) and oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel-based alloy. ODS powder comprised of evenly distributed host composite particles (Ni, Al, Cr) with oxide coating layers (Y2O3) was subjected to a direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process to fabricate a desirable structural coating layer above nickel-based superalloy substrates. Systematic experimental tests were carried out focusing on the interface adhesion, mechanical strength, microstructure, and surface finish of the ODS coating layer. Based on characterization results from indentation tests and microscopy observations, an optimal coating quality was obtained under ∼250 W laser power. The selected samples were then characterized under isothermal conditions of 1200 °C for 2000 h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were conducted in different stages of the oxidation process. Results indicated a formation of Al2O3 scale on top of the ODS coating layer at early stage, which showed long-term stability throughout the oxidation test. The formation of a stable alumina scale is acting as a protective layer to prevent oxygen penetrating the top surface. Spallation of part of nickel oxide and chromium oxide is observed but the thickness of oxide scale is almost no change. In addition, the observed adhesion between ODS coating layer and substrate was tight and stable throughout the entire oxidation test. The present study has provided strong proof that additive manufacturing has the capability to fabricate structural and protective coating layers for turbine airfoils.

ACS Style

Zheng Min; Sarwesh Narayan Parbat; Li Yang; Bruce Kang; Minking K. Chyu. Fabrication and Characterization of Additive Manufactured Nickel-Based Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Coating Layer for High-Temperature Application. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 2018, 140, 062101 .

AMA Style

Zheng Min, Sarwesh Narayan Parbat, Li Yang, Bruce Kang, Minking K. Chyu. Fabrication and Characterization of Additive Manufactured Nickel-Based Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Coating Layer for High-Temperature Application. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 2018; 140 (6):062101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zheng Min; Sarwesh Narayan Parbat; Li Yang; Bruce Kang; Minking K. Chyu. 2018. "Fabrication and Characterization of Additive Manufactured Nickel-Based Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Coating Layer for High-Temperature Application." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 140, no. 6: 062101.

Conference paper
Published: 17 October 2017 in Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
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In this research, material time-dependent behavior of Sn3.5Ag, Sn37Pb and Sn5Sb solder alloys were studied by a depth sensing micro-indentation method at room temperature. Stress exponent values were determined through a constant loading process utilizing a spherical micro indentation method, where the strain rate is extracted from the indentation rate. The measured stress exponent values are in good agreement with conventional creep experiments. Utilizing a multiple loading and partial unloading micro-indentation testing procedure, time-dependent stiffness changes of these materials could be measured. This continuous stiffness responses during a creep test can be correlated to test material’s microstructural changes during creep, therefore making it capable to predict onset of tertiary creep failure. Test results show a correlation between measured continuous stiffness response and creep damage with the capability to predict the onset of tertiary stage.

ACS Style

Dumbi C. Otunyo; Bruce S. Kang. Material Creep Behavior with Prediction of Tertiary Creep Failure by a Spherical Micro-indentation Method. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series 2017, 43 -48.

AMA Style

Dumbi C. Otunyo, Bruce S. Kang. Material Creep Behavior with Prediction of Tertiary Creep Failure by a Spherical Micro-indentation Method. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. 2017; ():43-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dumbi C. Otunyo; Bruce S. Kang. 2017. "Material Creep Behavior with Prediction of Tertiary Creep Failure by a Spherical Micro-indentation Method." Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series , no. : 43-48.

Conference paper
Published: 07 October 2017 in Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
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New generation of turbine blade coating using additive manufacturing (AM) technique to coat a layer of oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS) alloy on superalloy substrate is presented. A novel combined mechanochemical bonding (MCB) plus ball milling process is utilized to produce near spherical and uniform alloyed ODS powders. AM-assisted ODS coating by direct energy deposition (DED) method on MAR-247 substrate, with laser powers of 100 W, 150 W and 200 W were carried out. The ODS coated samples were then subjected to cyclic thermal loadings for over 1280 cycles. Corresponding Young’s modulus measurements of ODS coating at various thermal loading cycles were conducted using a unique non-destructive micro-indentation testing method. Correlation of the measured Young’s modulus with evolution of the ODS microstructures are studied. In particular, the presence of secondary gamma prime phase in the ODS coating after thermal cycles is noted. Test results revealed a thin steady durable alpha alumina oxide layer on the 200 W ODS sample. After 1280 thermal cycles, strong bonding at ODS/substrate interface is maintained for the 200 W ODS coated sample. Test results also showed stable substrate microstructures due to the protective ODS coating.

ACS Style

Bruce S. Kang; Jaeyoon Kim; Eric Chia; Yang Li; Minking Chyu. ODS Coating Development Using DED Additive Manufacturing for High Temperature Turbine Components. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series 2017, 65 -71.

AMA Style

Bruce S. Kang, Jaeyoon Kim, Eric Chia, Yang Li, Minking Chyu. ODS Coating Development Using DED Additive Manufacturing for High Temperature Turbine Components. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. 2017; ():65-71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bruce S. Kang; Jaeyoon Kim; Eric Chia; Yang Li; Minking Chyu. 2017. "ODS Coating Development Using DED Additive Manufacturing for High Temperature Turbine Components." Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series , no. : 65-71.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2013 in ECS Transactions
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Oxygen-Deficient Ferrite (ODF) or nickelate-based materials are mixed with YSZ powder via Mechano-Chemical Bonding (MCB) process. The Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) with ODF/YSZ or nickelate/YSZ electrodes and YSZ electrolyte is utilized to decompose carbon dioxide (CO2) into solid carbon (C) or carbon monoxide (CO) and generate oxygen (O2) in a continuous process. The cells are tested in a NexTech ProbostateTM apparatus combined with EIS/potentiostate and gas chromatography (GC). In our preliminary tests, CO or solid carbon at cathode side and O2 at anode side were detected, when CO2 was fed to the cathode side and a small potential bias applied across the electrode. Depending on the applied potential, the system is capable of decomposing CO2 into CO or C. Through in-situ EIS and exhaust gas analyses as well as post mortem microstructural analyses using SEM, XRD, and XPS, the capability and efficiency of CO2 decomposition are evaluated. An energy assessment shows that the net energy input in this process is smaller compared to CCS (carbon capture and sequestration).

ACS Style

Huang Guo; Bruce Kang; Ayyakkannu Manivannan. Carbon Dioxide Decomposition and Oxygen Generation Via SOEC. ECS Transactions 2013, 50, 129 -136.

AMA Style

Huang Guo, Bruce Kang, Ayyakkannu Manivannan. Carbon Dioxide Decomposition and Oxygen Generation Via SOEC. ECS Transactions. 2013; 50 (49):129-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang Guo; Bruce Kang; Ayyakkannu Manivannan. 2013. "Carbon Dioxide Decomposition and Oxygen Generation Via SOEC." ECS Transactions 50, no. 49: 129-136.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2011 in Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology
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Nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) is the most widely used material for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes. Anode-supported SOFCs rely on the anode to provide mechanical strength to the positive–electrolyte–negative (PEN) structure. The stresses generated in the anode can result in the formation of microcracks that degrade its structural properties and electrochemical performance. In this paper, a brittle elastic damage model is developed for Ni-YSZ and implemented in finite element analysis with the help of a user-defined subroutine. The model is exploited to predict Ni-YSZ stress–strain relations at temperatures and porosities that are difficult to generate experimentally. It is observed that the anode material degradation depends on the level of strain regardless of the temperature at the same porosity: at higher temperature, lower load is required to produce a specified level of strain than at lower temperature. Conversely, the anode material degrades and fails at a lower level of strain at higher porosity at the same temperature. The information obtained from this research will be useful to establish material parameters to achieve optimal robustness of SOFC stacks.

ACS Style

Gulfam Iqbal; Bruce Kang. Elastic Brittle Damage Model of Ni-YSZ and Predicted Stress–Strain Relations as a Function of Temperature and Porosity. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2011, 8, 051002 .

AMA Style

Gulfam Iqbal, Bruce Kang. Elastic Brittle Damage Model of Ni-YSZ and Predicted Stress–Strain Relations as a Function of Temperature and Porosity. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology. 2011; 8 (5):051002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gulfam Iqbal; Bruce Kang. 2011. "Elastic Brittle Damage Model of Ni-YSZ and Predicted Stress–Strain Relations as a Function of Temperature and Porosity." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 8, no. 5: 051002.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2010 in International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology
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ACS Style

Huang Guo; Gulfam Iqbal; Bruce S. Kang. Effects of PH3 Contaminant on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Performance and Related Anode Surface Temperature Measurements. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 2010, 8, 68 -73.

AMA Style

Huang Guo, Gulfam Iqbal, Bruce S. Kang. Effects of PH3 Contaminant on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Performance and Related Anode Surface Temperature Measurements. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2010; 8 (1):68-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang Guo; Gulfam Iqbal; Bruce S. Kang. 2010. "Effects of PH3 Contaminant on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Performance and Related Anode Surface Temperature Measurements." International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 8, no. 1: 68-73.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2010 in ASME 2010 8th International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: Volume 2
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) is one of the enabling technologies that are being extensively researched for clean power generation from coal-derived syngas. Anode structural degradation is one of the problems that limit the SOFCs operation lifetime and it is further aggravated by some common contaminants found in coal syngas such as phosphine. An accurate model for predicting the degradation patterns inside an SOFC anode operating under different conditions will be an effective tool for advancement of this technology. In this study, a structural durability model developed earlier for button SOFC anodes is extended to simulate the planar-SOFC anodes. The model accounts for thermo-mechanical and fuel gas contaminants effects on the anode material properties to predict evolution, in space and time, of degradation patterns inside the anode and consequently its lifetime. The temperature field and contaminant concentration distribution inside the SOFC anode are the required inputs for the degradation model which are obtained from DREAM-SOFC: a multi-physics code for SOFC modeling. Due to larger active areas compared to button cell, planar-SOFCs bear greater spatial and temporal temperature gradients which lead to higher thermo-mechanical degradation. Moreover, fuel contaminants are distributed on the anode surface which leads to non-uniform microstructure degradation along the fuel flow. For the case of co-flow configuration, anode thermo-mechanical degradation is severe at the anode-electrolyte interface at the fuel outlet. Whereas the fuel gas contaminants effects on the anode microstructure begin at the fuel inlet and propagate through the anode thickness and along the fuel flow. This research will be useful to establish control parameters to achieve desired service life of SOFC stacks working under coal syngas.

ACS Style

Gulfam Iqbal; Suryanarayana Pakalapati; Francisco Elizalde-Blancas; Huang Guo; Ismail Celik; Bruce Kang. Anode Structure Degradation Model for Planar-SOFC Configuration Under Fuel Gas Contaminants. ASME 2010 8th International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: Volume 2 2010, 147 -152.

AMA Style

Gulfam Iqbal, Suryanarayana Pakalapati, Francisco Elizalde-Blancas, Huang Guo, Ismail Celik, Bruce Kang. Anode Structure Degradation Model for Planar-SOFC Configuration Under Fuel Gas Contaminants. ASME 2010 8th International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: Volume 2. 2010; ():147-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gulfam Iqbal; Suryanarayana Pakalapati; Francisco Elizalde-Blancas; Huang Guo; Ismail Celik; Bruce Kang. 2010. "Anode Structure Degradation Model for Planar-SOFC Configuration Under Fuel Gas Contaminants." ASME 2010 8th International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: Volume 2 , no. : 147-152.

Technical report
Published: 06 February 2009 in Multifunctional Metallic and Refractory Materials for Energy Efficient Handling of Molten Metals
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The goal of the project was to extend the lifetime of hardware submerged in molten metal by an order of magnitude and to improve energy efficiency of molten metal handling process. Assuming broad implementation of project results, energy savings in 2020 were projected to be 10 trillion BTU/year, with cost savings of approximately $100 million/year. The project team was comprised of materials research groups from West Virginia University and the Missouri University of Science and Technology formerly University of Missouri – Rolla, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, International Lead and Zinc Research Organization, Secat and Energy Industries of Ohio. Industry partners included six suppliers to the hot dip galvanizing industry, four end-user steel companies with hot-dip Galvanize and/or Galvalume lines, eight refractory suppliers, and seven refractory end-user companies. The results of the project included the development of: (1) New families of materials more resistant to degradation in hot-dip galvanizing bath conditions were developed; (2) Alloy 2020 weld overlay material and process were developed and applied to GI rolls; (3) New Alloys and dross-cleaning procedures were developed for Galvalume processes; (4) Two new refractory compositions, including new anti-wetting agents, were identified for use with liquid aluminum alloys; (5) A new thermal conductivitymore » measurement technique was developed and validated at ORNL; (6) The Galvanizing Energy Profiler Decision Support System (GEPDSS)at WVU; Newly Developed CCW Laser Cladding Shows Better Resistance to Dross Buildup than 316L Stainless Steel; and (7) A novel method of measuring the corrosion behavior of bath hardware materials. Project in-line trials were conducted at Southwire Kentucky Rod and Cable Mill, Nucor-Crawfordsville, Nucor-Arkansas, Nucor-South Carolina, Wheeling Nisshin, California Steel, Energy Industries of Ohio, and Pennex Aluminum. Cost, energy, and environmental benefits resulting from the project are due to: i) a reduced number of process shutdowns to change hardware or lining material, ii) reduced need to produce new hardware or lining material, iii) improved product quality leads to reduced need to remake product or manufacturing of new product, iv) reduction in contamination of melt from degradation of refractory and metallic components, v) elimination of worn hardware will increase efficiency of process, vi) reduced refractory lining deterioration or formation of a less insulating phase, would result in decreased heat loss through the walls. Projected 2015 benefits for the U.S. aluminum industry, assuming 21% market penetration of improved refractory materials, are energy savings of approximately 0.2 trillion BTU/year, cost savings of $2.3 billion/year and carbon reductions of approximately 1.4 billion tons/year. The carbon reduction benefit of the project for the hot-dip galvanize and aluminum industries combined is projected to be approximately 2.2 billion tons/year in 2015. Pathways from research to commercialization were based on structure of the project’s industrial partnerships. These partnerships included suppliers, industrial associations, and end users. All parties were involved in conducting the project including planning and critiquing the trials. Supplier companies such as Pyrotech Metaullics, Stoody, and Duraloy have commercialized products and processes developed on the project.« less

ACS Style

Xingbo Liu; Ever J Barbero; Bruce Kang; Bhaskaran Gopalakrishnan; James Headrick; Carl Irwin. Multifunctional Metallic and Refractory Materials for Energy Efficient Handling of Molten Metals. Multifunctional Metallic and Refractory Materials for Energy Efficient Handling of Molten Metals 2009, 1 .

AMA Style

Xingbo Liu, Ever J Barbero, Bruce Kang, Bhaskaran Gopalakrishnan, James Headrick, Carl Irwin. Multifunctional Metallic and Refractory Materials for Energy Efficient Handling of Molten Metals. Multifunctional Metallic and Refractory Materials for Energy Efficient Handling of Molten Metals. 2009; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xingbo Liu; Ever J Barbero; Bruce Kang; Bhaskaran Gopalakrishnan; James Headrick; Carl Irwin. 2009. "Multifunctional Metallic and Refractory Materials for Energy Efficient Handling of Molten Metals." Multifunctional Metallic and Refractory Materials for Energy Efficient Handling of Molten Metals , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2004 in Materials Science and Engineering: A
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In direct chill (DC) casting of aluminum ingots uneven cooling rates at different regions of the ingot generate thermal stresses, which cause solidification cracks that might propagate to failure. As the microstructure changes in different parts of the ingot due to the different cooling rates, it is important to evaluate the cracking resistance at different locations of the ingot during DC ingot casting. Quench cracking tests, which simulate the cold crack propagation of the cast ingots under thermal stresses, were conducted for Al 2024 and Al 3004 alloys to determine the cracking resistance. Coupon specimens which represent the different locations of the cast ingot having different solidification rates were tested under specific thermomechanical loading conditions. The cracking resistance was observed to increase in the region with higher solidification rate and the cracking resistance of Al 3004 was observed to be higher than Al 2024 for a given solidification rate. The variations were investigated and found to correlate well with the microstructural and fractography analyses. The results provide further understanding of the often-observed center crack failure of casting ingot at the production runs.

ACS Style

Rohit K. Paramatmuni; Keh-Minn Chang; Bruce S. Kang; Xingbo Liu. Evaluation of cracking resistance of DC casting high strength aluminum ingots. Materials Science and Engineering: A 2004, 379, 293 -301.

AMA Style

Rohit K. Paramatmuni, Keh-Minn Chang, Bruce S. Kang, Xingbo Liu. Evaluation of cracking resistance of DC casting high strength aluminum ingots. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2004; 379 (1):293-301.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rohit K. Paramatmuni; Keh-Minn Chang; Bruce S. Kang; Xingbo Liu. 2004. "Evaluation of cracking resistance of DC casting high strength aluminum ingots." Materials Science and Engineering: A 379, no. 1: 293-301.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2004 in Materials Science and Engineering: A
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In direct chill (DC) casting of aluminum ingots uneven cooling rates at different regions of the ingot generate thermal stresses, which cause solidification cracks that might propagate to failure. As the microstructure changes in different parts of the ingot due to the different cooling rates, it is important to evaluate the cracking resistance at different locations of the ingot during DC ingot casting. Quench cracking tests, which simulate the cold crack propagation of the cast ingots under thermal stresses, were conducted for Al 2024 and Al 3004 alloys to determine the cracking resistance. Coupon specimens which represent the different locations of the cast ingot having different solidification rates were tested under specific thermomechanical loading conditions. The cracking resistance was observed to increase in the region with higher solidification rate and the cracking resistance of Al 3004 was observed to be higher than Al 2024 for a given solidification rate. The variations were investigated and found to correlate well with the microstructural and fractography analyses. The results provide further understanding of the often-observed center crack failure of casting ingot at the production runs.

ACS Style

Rohit K. Paramatmuni; Keh-Minn Chang; Bruce S. Kang; Xingbo Liu. Evaluation of cracking resistance of DC casting high strength aluminum ingots. Materials Science and Engineering: A 2004, 1 .

AMA Style

Rohit K. Paramatmuni, Keh-Minn Chang, Bruce S. Kang, Xingbo Liu. Evaluation of cracking resistance of DC casting high strength aluminum ingots. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2004; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rohit K. Paramatmuni; Keh-Minn Chang; Bruce S. Kang; Xingbo Liu. 2004. "Evaluation of cracking resistance of DC casting high strength aluminum ingots." Materials Science and Engineering: A , no. : 1.

Report
Published: 31 August 2001 in High-Temperature Fatigue Cracking Mechanisms
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The ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) presents a unique environment to study the interactions between hotspots and ridges with highly segmented geometry. Using recently available satellite free-air gravity and shipboard bathymetry data, we obtain mantle Bouguer (MBA) and residual mantle Bouguer anomalies (RMBA) by removing from free-air gravity the attractions of seafloor topography, sediment thickness variations, a reference crust, and theoretically-predicted effects of lithospheric cooling. The Bouvet hotspot, previously observed to be associated with anomalous bathymetry and geochemistry near the Bouvet triple junction,. has an MBA axial gravity low of 100 mGal, implying pronounced localized crustal thickening.

ACS Style

Keh-Minn Chang; Bernard Cooper; Bruce Kang. High-Temperature Fatigue Cracking Mechanisms. High-Temperature Fatigue Cracking Mechanisms 2001, 1 .

AMA Style

Keh-Minn Chang, Bernard Cooper, Bruce Kang. High-Temperature Fatigue Cracking Mechanisms. High-Temperature Fatigue Cracking Mechanisms. 2001; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Keh-Minn Chang; Bernard Cooper; Bruce Kang. 2001. "High-Temperature Fatigue Cracking Mechanisms." High-Temperature Fatigue Cracking Mechanisms , no. : 1.

Original articles
Published: 01 January 1999 in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers
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This paper summarizes research efforts at WVU, conducted to comprehensively understand the fundamental mechanism of solidification cracking of high‐strength aluminum alloys for aerospace plate applications. Three important technical approaches were adapted: 1. in‐situ thermal couples drop measurement of DC casting; 2. characterization of thermo‐mechanical properties of cast ingots, correlated with the cast structure; 3. numerical modeling of ingot thermal/stress history. The alloy of interest was 7050. The research efforts focused on both the transient and steady stages of DC casting.

ACS Style

Keh‐Minn Chang; Bruce Kang. Cracking control in DC casting of high‐strength aluminum alloys. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 1999, 22, 27 -42.

AMA Style

Keh‐Minn Chang, Bruce Kang. Cracking control in DC casting of high‐strength aluminum alloys. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 1999; 22 (1):27-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Keh‐Minn Chang; Bruce Kang. 1999. "Cracking control in DC casting of high‐strength aluminum alloys." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 22, no. 1: 27-42.

Report
Published: 01 March 1990 in C3I Test Instrumentation System (Data Collection Subsystem): MANPRINT Findings
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The objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive understanding of high-temperature fatigue cracking mechanisms in various high-strength superalloys. The alloying effects on fatigue cracking resistance will be studied through a multi-disciplinary effort, which combines metallurgy, micro-mechanics, finite element analysis, and material physics.

ACS Style

Richard L. Palmer; Keh-Minn Chang; Bernard Cooper; Bruce Kang. C3I Test Instrumentation System (Data Collection Subsystem): MANPRINT Findings. C3I Test Instrumentation System (Data Collection Subsystem): MANPRINT Findings 1990, 1 .

AMA Style

Richard L. Palmer, Keh-Minn Chang, Bernard Cooper, Bruce Kang. C3I Test Instrumentation System (Data Collection Subsystem): MANPRINT Findings. C3I Test Instrumentation System (Data Collection Subsystem): MANPRINT Findings. 1990; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard L. Palmer; Keh-Minn Chang; Bernard Cooper; Bruce Kang. 1990. "C3I Test Instrumentation System (Data Collection Subsystem): MANPRINT Findings." C3I Test Instrumentation System (Data Collection Subsystem): MANPRINT Findings , no. : 1.