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Metal oxide nanoparticles demonstrate uniqueness in various technical applications due to their suitable physiochemical properties. In particular, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticle is familiar for technical applications because of its higher dielectric constant and thermal stability. It is widely used as a host material for a variety of rare-earth dopants, biological imaging, and photodynamic therapies. Y2O3 has also been used as a polarizer, phosphor, laser host material, and in the optoelectronic fields for cancer therapy, biosensor, and bioimaging. Yttrium oxide nanoparticles have attractive antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This review focuses on the promising applications of Y2O3, its drawbacks, and its modifications. The synthetic methods of nanoparticles, such as sol-gel, emulsion, chemical methods, solid-state reactions, combustion, colloid reaction techniques, and hydrothermal processing, are recapitulated. Herein, we also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Y2O3 NPs based biosensors that function through various detection modes including colorimetric, electrochemistry, and chemo luminescent regarding the detection of small organic chemicals, metal ions, and biomarkers.
Govindasamy Rajakumar; Lebao Mao; Ting Bao; Wei Wen; Shengfu Wang; Thandapani Gomathi; Nirmala Gnanasundaram; Maksim Rebezov; Mohammad Shariati; Ill-Min Chung; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Xiuhua Zhang. Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis: An Overview of Methods of Preparation and Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 2172 .
AMA StyleGovindasamy Rajakumar, Lebao Mao, Ting Bao, Wei Wen, Shengfu Wang, Thandapani Gomathi, Nirmala Gnanasundaram, Maksim Rebezov, Mohammad Shariati, Ill-Min Chung, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Xiuhua Zhang. Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis: An Overview of Methods of Preparation and Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (5):2172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovindasamy Rajakumar; Lebao Mao; Ting Bao; Wei Wen; Shengfu Wang; Thandapani Gomathi; Nirmala Gnanasundaram; Maksim Rebezov; Mohammad Shariati; Ill-Min Chung; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Xiuhua Zhang. 2021. "Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis: An Overview of Methods of Preparation and Biomedical Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5: 2172.
The importance of fruit-derived resveratrol (RES) in the treatment of various diseases has been discussed in various research publications. Those research findings have indicated the ability of the molecule as therapeutic in the context of in vitro and in vivo conditions. Mostly, the application of RES in in vivo conditions, encapsulation processes have been carried out using various nanoparticles that are made of biocompatible biomaterials, which are easily digested or metabolized, and RES is absorbed effectively. These biomaterials are non-toxic and are safe to be used as components in the biotherapeutics. They are made from naturally available by-products of food materials like zein or corn or components of the physiological system as with lipids. The versatility of the RES nanoparticles in their different materials, working range sizes, specificity in their targeting in various human diseases, and the mechanisms associated with them are discussed in this review.
Ill-Min Chung; Umadevi Subramanian; Prabhu Thirupathi; Baskar Venkidasamy; Ramkumar Samynathan; Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Muthu Thiruvengadam. Resveratrol Nanoparticles: A Promising Therapeutic Advancement over Native Resveratrol. Processes 2020, 8, 458 .
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Umadevi Subramanian, Prabhu Thirupathi, Baskar Venkidasamy, Ramkumar Samynathan, Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Govindasamy Rajakumar, Muthu Thiruvengadam. Resveratrol Nanoparticles: A Promising Therapeutic Advancement over Native Resveratrol. Processes. 2020; 8 (4):458.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Umadevi Subramanian; Prabhu Thirupathi; Baskar Venkidasamy; Ramkumar Samynathan; Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Muthu Thiruvengadam. 2020. "Resveratrol Nanoparticles: A Promising Therapeutic Advancement over Native Resveratrol." Processes 8, no. 4: 458.
Among a large number of current biomedical applications in the use of medical devices, carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene (G), graphene oxides (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and carbon nanotube (CNT) are frontline materials that are suitable for developing medical devices. Carbon Based Nanomaterials (CBNs) are becoming promising materials due to the existence of both inorganic semiconducting properties and organic π-π stacking characteristics. Hence, it could effectively simultaneously interact with biomolecules and response to the light. By taking advantage of such aspects in a single entity, CBNs could be used for developing biomedical applications in the future. The recent studies in developing carbon-based nanomaterials and its applications in targeting drug delivery, cancer therapy, and biosensors. The development of conjugated and modified carbon-based nanomaterials contributes to positive outcomes in various therapies and achieved emerging challenges in preclinical biomedical applications. Subsequently, diverse biomedical applications of carbon nanotube were also deliberately discussed in the light of various therapeutic advantages.
Govindasamy Rajakumar; Xiu-Hua Zhang; Thandapani Gomathi; Sheng-Fu Wang; Mohammad Azam Ansari; Govindarasu Mydhili; Gnanasundaram Nirmala; Mohammad A. Alzohairy; Ill-Min Chung. Current Use of Carbon-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications—A Prospective and Review. Processes 2020, 8, 355 .
AMA StyleGovindasamy Rajakumar, Xiu-Hua Zhang, Thandapani Gomathi, Sheng-Fu Wang, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Govindarasu Mydhili, Gnanasundaram Nirmala, Mohammad A. Alzohairy, Ill-Min Chung. Current Use of Carbon-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications—A Prospective and Review. Processes. 2020; 8 (3):355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovindasamy Rajakumar; Xiu-Hua Zhang; Thandapani Gomathi; Sheng-Fu Wang; Mohammad Azam Ansari; Govindarasu Mydhili; Gnanasundaram Nirmala; Mohammad A. Alzohairy; Ill-Min Chung. 2020. "Current Use of Carbon-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications—A Prospective and Review." Processes 8, no. 3: 355.
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and reoccurring cancers and the second most common reason of death in women. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies for breast cancer, early tumor recurrence and metastasis in patients indicate resistance to chemotherapeutic medicines, such as paclitaxel due to the abnormal expression of ER and EGF2 in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the development of alternatives to paclitaxel is urgently needed to overcome challenges involving drug resistance. An increasing number of studies has revealed miRNAs as novel natural alternative substances that play a crucial role in regulating several physiological processes and have a close, adverse association with several diseases, including breast cancer.. Due to the therapeutic potential of miRNA and paclitaxel in cancer research, the current review focuses on the differential roles of various miRNAs in breast cancer development and treatment. miRNA delivery to a specific target site, the development of paclitaxel and miRNA formulations, and nanotechnological strategies for the delivery of nanopaclitaxel in the management of breast cancer are discussed. These strategies involve improving the cellular uptake and bioavailability and reducing the toxicity of free paclitaxel to achieve accumulation tumor site. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed to ascertain the enhanced anticancer activity of the nanoformulation of ANG1005 and Abraxane. An in silico analysis revealed that ANG1005 and Abraxane nanoformulations have superior and significantly enhanced interactions with the proteins α-tubulin and Bcl-2. Therefore, ANG1005 and Abraxane may be more suitable in the therapeutic management of breast cancer than the existing free paclitaxel. miRNAs can revert abnormal gene expression to normalcy; since miRNAs serve as tumor suppressors. Therefore, restoration of particular miRNAs levels as a replacement therapy may be an effective endocrine potential strategy for treating ER positive/ negative breast cancers.
Mohammad Azam Ansari; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Zeba Farooqui; Govindaswamy Rajakumar; Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal; Mohammad A. Alzohairy; Ahmad Almatroudi; Mohammad Alomary; Ill-Min Chung; Ebtesam Abdullah Al-Suhaimi. Nanotechnology, in silico and endocrine-based strategy for delivering paclitaxel and miRNA: Prospects for the therapeutic management of breast cancer. Seminars in Cancer Biology 2019, 69, 109 -128.
AMA StyleMohammad Azam Ansari, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Zeba Farooqui, Govindaswamy Rajakumar, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Mohammad A. Alzohairy, Ahmad Almatroudi, Mohammad Alomary, Ill-Min Chung, Ebtesam Abdullah Al-Suhaimi. Nanotechnology, in silico and endocrine-based strategy for delivering paclitaxel and miRNA: Prospects for the therapeutic management of breast cancer. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2019; 69 ():109-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Azam Ansari; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Zeba Farooqui; Govindaswamy Rajakumar; Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal; Mohammad A. Alzohairy; Ahmad Almatroudi; Mohammad Alomary; Ill-Min Chung; Ebtesam Abdullah Al-Suhaimi. 2019. "Nanotechnology, in silico and endocrine-based strategy for delivering paclitaxel and miRNA: Prospects for the therapeutic management of breast cancer." Seminars in Cancer Biology 69, no. : 109-128.
Potato is the most widely cultivated non-cereal crop in the world, and like any other crop, it is susceptible to yield losses because of various factors, including pathogen attacks. Among the various diseases of potato, late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is considered as the most devastating disease worldwide. In this study, transgenic potato plants overexpressing the D-galacturonic acid reductase (GalUR) gene with an enhanced level of cellular L-ascorbate (L-AsA) were challenged with Phytophthora infestans to determine the level of stress tolerance induced in those plants. With the onset of pathogen infection, necrotic lesions progressively expanded and became necrotic in the control plants. The transgenic potato lines with enhanced ascorbic acid showed reduced necrotic lesions. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were relatively lower in transgenic plants compared to the untransformed control (UT) plants. The mRNA expressions of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, such as pathogenesis related 1 (PR1) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were slightly higher in GalUR overexpressing transgenic lines as compared to the untransformed control plants. Pathogen infection also altered the mRNA expression of genes associated with gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Furthermore, the increase in various antioxidant enzymes was also observed in the gene expression analysis with the transgenic plants. The complete loss of the pathogen growth and disease occurrence was not observed in our study; however, the findings indicated that an increase in the level of cellular L-ascorbate in the transgenic potato leads to enhanced cellular antioxidants, PR genes and plant defense hormones, such as GA and ABA resulting in the reduction of the disease symptoms caused by the Phytophthora infestans.
Ill-Min Chung; Baskar Venkidasamy; Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya; Gurusaravanan Packiaraj; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Muthu Thiruvengadam. Alleviation of Phytophthora infestans Mediated Necrotic Stress in the Transgenic Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with Enhanced Ascorbic acid Accumulation. Plants 2019, 8, 365 .
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Baskar Venkidasamy, Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya, Gurusaravanan Packiaraj, Govindasamy Rajakumar, Muthu Thiruvengadam. Alleviation of Phytophthora infestans Mediated Necrotic Stress in the Transgenic Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with Enhanced Ascorbic acid Accumulation. Plants. 2019; 8 (10):365.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Baskar Venkidasamy; Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya; Gurusaravanan Packiaraj; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Muthu Thiruvengadam. 2019. "Alleviation of Phytophthora infestans Mediated Necrotic Stress in the Transgenic Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with Enhanced Ascorbic acid Accumulation." Plants 8, no. 10: 365.
The phenomenal and astonishing properties and their different application in the field of pharmaceutical made copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) to be in the spotlight of the researcher's focus. In the present study, copper nanoparticles were biologically synthesized with the aqueous extract of the flower Millettia pinnata, and their corresponding characteristics were studied using UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and SAED analysis. Copper acetate was reduced to copper nanoparticles and is confirmed by UV–visible spectrophotometer analysis. The maximum absorption occurring at 384 nm at the visible spectrum of UV rays confirms the surface plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles. The result of the FTIR spectroscopy analysis of the nanoparticles complements the involvement of organic mioties of the flower extract in the synthesis. The synthesized particles were extremely durable, spherical with the average particle size in the range of 23 ± 1.10 nm. The Cu-NPs exhibited greater inhibition on DPPH radical and nitric oxide scavenging activities. The biologically synthesized Cu-NPs was receptive to the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well. The Cu-NPs exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization. The present study is the first effort done to synthesize of Cu-NPs from the extract of M. pinnata flower. Consequently, to authenticate the results and to establish the antioxidant, antibacterial, an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agent, in vivo studies are made in the molecular level.
Muthu Thiruvengadam; Ill-Min Chung; Thandapani Gomathi; Mohammad Azam Ansari; Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna; Vaishnavi Babu; Govindasamy Rajakumar. Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological potential of green synthesized copper nanoparticles. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 2019, 42, 1769 -1777.
AMA StyleMuthu Thiruvengadam, Ill-Min Chung, Thandapani Gomathi, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna, Vaishnavi Babu, Govindasamy Rajakumar. Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological potential of green synthesized copper nanoparticles. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 2019; 42 (11):1769-1777.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuthu Thiruvengadam; Ill-Min Chung; Thandapani Gomathi; Mohammad Azam Ansari; Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna; Vaishnavi Babu; Govindasamy Rajakumar. 2019. "Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological potential of green synthesized copper nanoparticles." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 42, no. 11: 1769-1777.
Gymnema sylvestre is a plant that is enriched in bioactive compounds. In particular, gymnemic acids (GA) and phenolic compounds (PC) are pharmaceutically important. There is a commercial demand for naturally occurring bioactive compounds, but their availability is limited due to geographical and seasonal variations. The elicitation approach can enhance the biosynthesis of phytochemicals during in vitro culture of G. sylvestre. Here, to further improve gymnemic acid II (GA II) and phenolic compounds (PC) production by G. sylvestre, cell suspension cultures (CSC), which has attracted attention for the production of essential phytochemicals, was explored using copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). Callus was obtained on MS medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, kinetin, phytoagar, and sucrose. Agar-free MS medium was used to initiate CSC, which was treated with three concentrations of CuO NPs (1, 3 or 5 mg/L). Treatment for 48 h with 3 mg/L CuO NPs resulted in the greatest yields of GA II, total phenolics, and flavonoids. The cultures also displayed pronounced antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. The use of CuO NPs (3 mg/L) significantly increased the production of GA II (nine-fold) and PC compared to unamended CSC. We propose that CSC and use of nanoparticles (NPs) as a new generation of elicitors, offer a suitable prospect for the production of bioactive compounds.
Ill-Min Chung; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Umadevi Subramanian; Baskar Venkidasamy; Muthu Thiruvengadam. Impact of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds Using Cell Suspension Cultures of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 2165 .
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Govindasamy Rajakumar, Umadevi Subramanian, Baskar Venkidasamy, Muthu Thiruvengadam. Impact of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds Using Cell Suspension Cultures of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (10):2165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Umadevi Subramanian; Baskar Venkidasamy; Muthu Thiruvengadam. 2019. "Impact of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds Using Cell Suspension Cultures of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10: 2165.
A considerable amount of bioactive compounds have been used for the biopharmaceutical engineering to help human health and nutrition. Hairy root culture (HRC) or transgenic root is a favourable alternative technique for phytochemical production. Ligularia fischeri is a significant source of pharmaceutically important active compounds with an enormous range of health care applications. HRC of L. fischeri was developed using Agrobacterium rhizogenes for the production of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical activities. Hairy roots (HRs) were selected by morphological assessment, genetic and molecular analyses. The maximum accumulation of fresh mass (94.15 g/L) and dry mass (9.45 g/L) was recorded in MS liquid medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose at 28 days. Furthermore, HRs successfully produced numerous polyphenolic compounds, including six hydroxycinnamic acids, seven flavonols, seven hydroxybenzoic acids, vanillin, resveratrol, pyrogallol, homogentisic, and veratric acids, which were identified by UHPLC analysis. HRs produced higher total phenolic (185.65 mg/g), and flavonoid (5.25 mg/g) contents than non-transformed roots (125.55 mg/g and 3.75 mg/g). As a result of these metabolic changes, pharmaceutical activities were found higher in HRs than non-transformed roots (NTRs). The present study indicates that HRC has the potential to increase the content of beneficial polyphenolic compounds with higher potential pharmaceutical activities. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on enhancing the production of polyphenolic compounds with pharmaceutical activities from the HRCs of L. fischeri.
Mohammad Azam Ansari; Ill-Min Chung; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Mohammad A. Alzohairy; Ahmad Almatroudi; Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna; Muthu Thiruvengadam. Evaluation of Polyphenolic Compounds and Pharmacological Activities in Hairy Root Cultures of Ligularia fischeri Turcz. f. spiciformis (Nakai). Molecules 2019, 24, 1586 .
AMA StyleMohammad Azam Ansari, Ill-Min Chung, Govindasamy Rajakumar, Mohammad A. Alzohairy, Ahmad Almatroudi, Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna, Muthu Thiruvengadam. Evaluation of Polyphenolic Compounds and Pharmacological Activities in Hairy Root Cultures of Ligularia fischeri Turcz. f. spiciformis (Nakai). Molecules. 2019; 24 (8):1586.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Azam Ansari; Ill-Min Chung; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Mohammad A. Alzohairy; Ahmad Almatroudi; Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna; Muthu Thiruvengadam. 2019. "Evaluation of Polyphenolic Compounds and Pharmacological Activities in Hairy Root Cultures of Ligularia fischeri Turcz. f. spiciformis (Nakai)." Molecules 24, no. 8: 1586.
Proximity ligation assays such as circularized chromosome conformation capture and high-throughput chromosome capture assays have shed light on the structural organization of the interphase genome. Functional topologically associating domains (TADs) that constitute the building blocks of genomic organization are disrupted and reconstructed during the cell cycle. Epigenetic memory, as well as the sequence of chromosomes, regulate TAD reconstitution. Sub-TAD domains that are invariant across cell types have been identified, and contacts between these domains, rather than looping, are speculated to drive chromatin folding. Replication domains are established simultaneously with TADs during the cell cycle and the two correlate well in terms of characteristic features, such as lamin association and histone modifications. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin cooperate across different cell types to regulate genes and genome organization. CTCF elements that demarcate TAD boundaries are commonly disrupted in cancer and promote oncogene activation. Chromatin looping facilitates interactions between distant promoters and enhancers, and the resulting enhanceosome complex promotes gene expression. Deciphering the chromatin tangle requires comprehensive integrative analyses of DNA- and protein-dependent factors that regulate genomic organization.
Ill-Min Chung; Sarada Ketharnathan; Seung-Hyun Kim; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Mari Kavitha Rani; Govindasamy Rajakumar. Making Sense of the Tangle: Insights into Chromatin Folding and Gene Regulation. Genes 2016, 7, 71 .
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Sarada Ketharnathan, Seung-Hyun Kim, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Mari Kavitha Rani, Govindasamy Rajakumar. Making Sense of the Tangle: Insights into Chromatin Folding and Gene Regulation. Genes. 2016; 7 (10):71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Sarada Ketharnathan; Seung-Hyun Kim; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Mari Kavitha Rani; Govindasamy Rajakumar. 2016. "Making Sense of the Tangle: Insights into Chromatin Folding and Gene Regulation." Genes 7, no. 10: 71.
This study reports the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by the reduction of HAuCl4 by using of Eclipta prostrata leaf extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. AuNPs were characterized using Ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The UV-visible spectrum of the synthesized AuNPs showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) around 534 nm. The face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of the AuNPs was confirmed by XRD peaks at 38.10°, 44.13°, 64.43°, and 77.32°, which correspond to (111), (200), (220), and (311) miller indices, respectively, with clear circular spots in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED). FTIR measurements showed the AuNPs having a coating of phenolic compounds, indicating a possible role of biomolecules responsible for capping and efficient stabilization of the AuNPs. The HRTEM images determined the particles are spherical, hexagonal, and triangular in shape, with an average size of 31 ± 1.6 nm. The synthesized AuNPs show good antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity. The outcomes of this study indicate that these nanoparticles could be effectively utilized in pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and biomedical applications.
Govindasamy Rajakumar; Thandapani Gomathi; Abdul Abdul Rahuman; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Govindarasu Mydhili; Seung-Hyun Kim; Tak-Jun Lee; Ii-Min Chung. Biosynthesis and Biomedical Applications of Gold Nanoparticles Using Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract. Applied Sciences 2016, 6, 222 .
AMA StyleGovindasamy Rajakumar, Thandapani Gomathi, Abdul Abdul Rahuman, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Govindarasu Mydhili, Seung-Hyun Kim, Tak-Jun Lee, Ii-Min Chung. Biosynthesis and Biomedical Applications of Gold Nanoparticles Using Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract. Applied Sciences. 2016; 6 (8):222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovindasamy Rajakumar; Thandapani Gomathi; Abdul Abdul Rahuman; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Govindarasu Mydhili; Seung-Hyun Kim; Tak-Jun Lee; Ii-Min Chung. 2016. "Biosynthesis and Biomedical Applications of Gold Nanoparticles Using Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract." Applied Sciences 6, no. 8: 222.
Over 70 different genetic variants with a significant association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been discovered. Anti-citrullination protein antibodies (ACPA)-positive RA variants are more well-defined than their ACPA-negative counterparts. The human leukocyte antigen, HLA-DRB1 locus remains the prime suspect in anti-citrullination protein antibodies (ACPA)—positive RA. Different HLA-DRB1 alleles are linked to RA susceptibility across different ethnicities. With evolving techniques, like genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, more non-HLA susceptibility loci have been identified for both types of RA. However, the functional significance of only a handful of these variants is known. Their roles include increasing susceptibility to RA or in determining the speed at which the disease progresses. Additionally, a couple of variations are associated with protection from RA. Defining such clear-cut biological functions can aid in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RA. Recent research has focused on the implication of microRNAs, with miR-146a widely studied. In addition to disease susceptibility, genetic variations that influence the efficacy and toxicity of anti-RA agents have also been identified. Polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene influence the effectiveness of methotrexate, the first line of therapy in RA. Larger studies are, however, needed to identify potential biomarkers for early disease identification and monitoring disease progression.
Ill-Min Chung; Sarada Ketharnathan; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Govindasamy Rajakumar. Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Stride from Research to Clinical Practice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2016, 17, 900 .
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Sarada Ketharnathan, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Govindasamy Rajakumar. Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Stride from Research to Clinical Practice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17 (6):900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Sarada Ketharnathan; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Govindasamy Rajakumar. 2016. "Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Stride from Research to Clinical Practice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 6: 900.
Interest in “green nanotechnology” in nanoparticle biosynthesis is growing among researchers. Nanotechnologies, due to their physicochemical and biological properties, have applications in diverse fields, including drug delivery, sensors, optoelectronics, and magnetic devices. This review focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant sources. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an eco-friendly approach, which should be further explored for the potential of different plants to synthesize nanoparticles. The sizes of AgNPs are in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles is accomplished through UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. AgNPs have great potential to act as antimicrobial agents. The green synthesis of AgNPs can be efficiently applied for future engineering and medical concerns. Different types of cancers can be treated and/or controlled by phytonanotechnology. The present review provides a comprehensive survey of plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs with specific focus on their applications, e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.
Ill-Min Chung; Inmyoung Park; Kim Seung-Hyun; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Govindasamy Rajakumar. Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characteristic Properties and Therapeutic Applications. Nanoscale Research Letters 2016, 11, 1 -14.
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Inmyoung Park, Kim Seung-Hyun, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Govindasamy Rajakumar. Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characteristic Properties and Therapeutic Applications. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2016; 11 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Inmyoung Park; Kim Seung-Hyun; Muthu Thiruvengadam; Govindasamy Rajakumar. 2016. "Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characteristic Properties and Therapeutic Applications." Nanoscale Research Letters 11, no. 1: 1-14.
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent the biggest fraction of morbid congenital anomalies worldwide. Owing to their complex inheritance patterns and multifactorial etiologies, these defects are difficult to identify before complete manifestation. Research over the past two decades has established firmly the role of genetics in the development of these congenital defects. While syndromic CHDs are more straightforward, non-syndromic CHDs are usually characterized by multiple mutations that affect intricate inter-connected developmental pathways. Knock-out and gene expression studies in mice and other genetic models have been performed to elucidate the roles of these implicated genes. Functional analysis has not been able to resolve the complete picture, as increasingly more downstream effects are continuously being assigned to CHD mutant factors. NKX2-5, a cardiac transcription factor, has received much attention for its role in cardiac dysmorphogenesis. Approximately 50 different mutations in this gene have been identified to date, and only a few have been functionally characterized. The mutant NKX2-5 factor can regulate a number of off-targets downstream to facilitate CHD development. This review summarizes the genetic etiology of congenital heart defects and emphasizes the need for NKX2-5 mutation screening.
Ill-Min Chung; Govindasamy Rajakumar. Genetics of Congenital Heart Defects: The NKX2-5 Gene, a Key Player. Genes 2016, 7, 6 .
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Govindasamy Rajakumar. Genetics of Congenital Heart Defects: The NKX2-5 Gene, a Key Player. Genes. 2016; 7 (2):6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Govindasamy Rajakumar. 2016. "Genetics of Congenital Heart Defects: The NKX2-5 Gene, a Key Player." Genes 7, no. 2: 6.
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and sustained focus is on the discovery and development of newer and better tolerated anticancer drugs, especially from plants. In the present study, a simple, eco-friendly, and inexpensive approach was followed for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Selected area (electron) diffraction (SAED). The HRTEM images confirmed the presence of triangle, radial, hexagonal, rod, and rectangle, shaped with an average size of 29 ± 1.3 nm. The functional groups for synthesized ZnO NPs were 3852 cm−1 for H-H weak peak, 3138 cm−1 for aromatic C-H extend, and 1648 cm−1 for Aromatic ring stretch. The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), caspase and DNA fragmentation assays were carried out using various concentrations of ZnO NPs ranging from 1 to 100 mg/mL. The synthesized ZnO NPs showed dose dependent cytopathic effects in the Hep-G2 cell line. At 100 mg/mL concentration, the synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited significant cytotoxic effects and the apoptotic features were confirmed through caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation assays.
Ill-Min Chung; Abdul Abdul Rahuman; Sampath Marimuthu; Arivarasan Vishnu Kirthi; Karunanithi Anbarasan; Govindasamy Rajakumar. An Investigation of the Cytotoxicity and Caspase-Mediated Apoptotic Effect of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eclipta prostrata on Human Liver Carcinoma Cells. Nanomaterials 2015, 5, 1317 -1330.
AMA StyleIll-Min Chung, Abdul Abdul Rahuman, Sampath Marimuthu, Arivarasan Vishnu Kirthi, Karunanithi Anbarasan, Govindasamy Rajakumar. An Investigation of the Cytotoxicity and Caspase-Mediated Apoptotic Effect of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eclipta prostrata on Human Liver Carcinoma Cells. Nanomaterials. 2015; 5 (3):1317-1330.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIll-Min Chung; Abdul Abdul Rahuman; Sampath Marimuthu; Arivarasan Vishnu Kirthi; Karunanithi Anbarasan; Govindasamy Rajakumar. 2015. "An Investigation of the Cytotoxicity and Caspase-Mediated Apoptotic Effect of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eclipta prostrata on Human Liver Carcinoma Cells." Nanomaterials 5, no. 3: 1317-1330.
Development of resistance against the frontline anti-malarial drugs has created an alarming situation, which requires intensive drug discovery to develop new, more effective, affordable and accessible anti-malarial agents. Inspired by their ethnobotanical reputation for being effective against febrile diseases, antiplasmodial potential of ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) and methanol extracts (ME) of 17 medicinal plants collected from the Eastern Ghats of South India and Buchpora, North India were explored against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using the SYBR Green assay. The results were validated both by confirmation that the fall in fluorescence signal was not due to quenching effects mediated by phytochemical extracts and by Giemsa-stained microscopy. Using EAE or ME, promising antiplasmodial activity (IC50Pf3D7 ≤ 20 μg/ml), was seen in Aerva lanata (Whole aerial parts-EAE), Anisomeles malabarica (Leaf-EAE), Anogeissus latifolia (bark-EAE), Cassia alata (leaves-EAE), Glycyrrhiza glabra (root-EAE), Juglans regia (seed-ME), Psidium guajava (leaf-ME and EAE) and Solanum xanthocarpum (Whole aerial parts-EAE). EAEs from leaves of Couroupita guianensis, Euphorbia hirta, Pergularia daemia, Tinospora cordifolia and Tridax procumbens as also ME from Ricinus communis (leaf and seed) showed good antiplasmodial activity (Pf 3D7 IC50 21 - 40 μg/ml). Moderate activity (Pf 3D7 IC50: 40–60 μg/mL) was shown by the leaf EAEs of Cardiospermum halicacabum, Indigofera tinctoria and Ricinus communis while the remaining extracts showed marginal (Pf 3D7 IC50 60 to >100 μg/ml) activities. The promising extracts showed good resistance indices (0.41 – 1.4) against the chloroquine resistant INDO strain of P. falciparum and good selectivity indices (3 to > 22.2) when tested against the HeLa cell line. These results provide validity to the traditional medicinal usage of some of these plants and further make a case for activity-guided purification of new pharmacophores against malaria.
Naveen K Kaushik; Asokan Bagavan; Abdul A Rahuman; Abdul A Zahir; Chinnaperumal Kamaraj; Gandhi Elango; Chidambaram Jayaseelan; Arivarasan V Kirthi; Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar; Sampath Marimuthu; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Santosh K Tiwari; Dinkar Sahal. Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from North Indian Buchpora and South Indian Eastern Ghats. Malaria Journal 2015, 14, 65 -8.
AMA StyleNaveen K Kaushik, Asokan Bagavan, Abdul A Rahuman, Abdul A Zahir, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Gandhi Elango, Chidambaram Jayaseelan, Arivarasan V Kirthi, Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar, Sampath Marimuthu, Govindasamy Rajakumar, Santosh K Tiwari, Dinkar Sahal. Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from North Indian Buchpora and South Indian Eastern Ghats. Malaria Journal. 2015; 14 (1):65-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaveen K Kaushik; Asokan Bagavan; Abdul A Rahuman; Abdul A Zahir; Chinnaperumal Kamaraj; Gandhi Elango; Chidambaram Jayaseelan; Arivarasan V Kirthi; Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar; Sampath Marimuthu; Govindasamy Rajakumar; Santosh K Tiwari; Dinkar Sahal. 2015. "Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from North Indian Buchpora and South Indian Eastern Ghats." Malaria Journal 14, no. 1: 65-8.
To evaluate the potential environmental effects of engineered nano metals, it is important to determine the adverse effects of various nanomaterials on aquatic species. Adult tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) were maintained in 10 L glass aquaria, and exposed to a graded series of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) at 25, 50 and 75 mg/L for eight days. The LC50 value was 12.6 mg/L. Reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of antioxidants were lowered in the gills and liver of fishes treated with Ag-NPs, which resulted in heavy accumulation of free radicals. Histopathological results imply that the balance between the oxidative and antioxidant system in the fish was broken down during Ag-NPs exposure. The principal concern related with the release of nanomaterials and their smaller particle may change the materials transport and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms compared to larger particles.
Rajakumar Govindasamy; Abdul Abdul Rahuman. Histopathological studies and oxidative stress of synthesized silver nanoparticles in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012, 24, 1091 -1098.
AMA StyleRajakumar Govindasamy, Abdul Abdul Rahuman. Histopathological studies and oxidative stress of synthesized silver nanoparticles in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2012; 24 (6):1091-1098.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajakumar Govindasamy; Abdul Abdul Rahuman. 2012. "Histopathological studies and oxidative stress of synthesized silver nanoparticles in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)." Journal of Environmental Sciences 24, no. 6: 1091-1098.