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We report here the results of three successive toxicity studies against a selection of forest insect pests, conducted in New Zealand to determine the efficacy of reduced methyl bromide (MB) rates, i.e. rates lower than those currently used, to disinfest export pine logs. First, the relative tolerance to MB among the naked life stages of the golden-haired bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda, the black pine bark beetle, Hylastes ater (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and burnt pine longhorn beetle, Arhopalus ferus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) was determined in the laboratory. Then, the most MB-tolerant species and life stage(s) in pine logs was subjected to selected fumigation schedules using reduced concentrations of MB. Finally, the results of the laboratory studies were validated under commercial conditions at the Port of Tauranga, New Zealand, using logs infested with the most tolerant life stage, and log stacks. Our results indicated that either 30 g/m3 MB at >15 °C or 40 g/m3 MB at ≤ 15 °C for 16 h would ensure quarantine security against forest insects in New Zealand export logs. These reduced MB concentrations are approximately 70% and 65%, respectively, lower than 80 g/m3 at >15 °C or 120 g/m3 at ≤15 °C. If implemented by regulatory agencies and accepted by trading partners, these concentrations will provide significant environmental and economic benefits to the New Zealand forest industry and will pave the way for other countries to implement similar approaches to reduce MB usage in accordance to the Montreal Protocol.
Adriana J. Najar-Rodriguez; Matthew K.D. Hall; Anthony R. Adlam; Saeedeh Afsar; Kambiz Esfandi; Catherine Wilks; Emma Noakes; Graeme K. Clare; Anne Barrington; Don W. Brash; Kate Richards. Efficacy of quarantine treatments using reduced methyl bromide concentrations to disinfest Pinus radiata logs from New Zealand. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 89, 101718 .
AMA StyleAdriana J. Najar-Rodriguez, Matthew K.D. Hall, Anthony R. Adlam, Saeedeh Afsar, Kambiz Esfandi, Catherine Wilks, Emma Noakes, Graeme K. Clare, Anne Barrington, Don W. Brash, Kate Richards. Efficacy of quarantine treatments using reduced methyl bromide concentrations to disinfest Pinus radiata logs from New Zealand. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 89 ():101718.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdriana J. Najar-Rodriguez; Matthew K.D. Hall; Anthony R. Adlam; Saeedeh Afsar; Kambiz Esfandi; Catherine Wilks; Emma Noakes; Graeme K. Clare; Anne Barrington; Don W. Brash; Kate Richards. 2020. "Efficacy of quarantine treatments using reduced methyl bromide concentrations to disinfest Pinus radiata logs from New Zealand." Journal of Stored Products Research 89, no. : 101718.
We tested the efficacy of ethanedinitrile (EDN), a new fumigant considered as a potential methyl bromide (MB) replacement for the quarantine treatment of New Zealand pine, Pinus radiata D. Don, export logs. Firstly, toxicity trials were conducted in the laboratory with pine logs infested with the larvae, pupae, or adults of pine bark beetles, Hylurgus ligniperda and Hylastes ater, at 10 and 20 °C in 28-L chambers, to identify the most tolerant species and life stages. Then, logs infested with the most tolerant species and life stage were fumigated in 500-L laboratory chambers to determine whether the increase in the volume of the fumigated space and logs that will occur when scaling up from laboratory to commercial fumigations would affect EDN efficacy. Finally, confirmatory fumigation trials using commercial or semi-commercial sized log stacks, were conducted in a deforested commercial plantation area in Tokoroa, New Zealand, to demonstrate the efficacy of EDN in the field. Our results suggest EDN could be an effective alternative fumigant to MB for the phytosanitary treatment of logs exported from New Zealand. A phytosanitary fumigation schedule with EDN for P. radiata export logs that uses a concentration of 100 g/m3 for 20 h across a range of temperatures from 10 to 20 °C is recommended. Future efforts should focus on implementing the recommended schedule, under commercial practices, to provide quarantine security for export logs using EDN as a replacement for MB.
Adriana J. Najar-Rodriguez; Saeedeh Afsar; Kambiz Esfandi; Matthew K.D. Hall; Anthony R. Adlam; Catherine Wilks; Emma Noakes; Kate Richards. Laboratory toxicity and large-scale commercial validation of the efficacy of ethanedinitrile, a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide, to disinfest New Zealand Pinus radiata export logs. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 88, 101671 .
AMA StyleAdriana J. Najar-Rodriguez, Saeedeh Afsar, Kambiz Esfandi, Matthew K.D. Hall, Anthony R. Adlam, Catherine Wilks, Emma Noakes, Kate Richards. Laboratory toxicity and large-scale commercial validation of the efficacy of ethanedinitrile, a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide, to disinfest New Zealand Pinus radiata export logs. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 88 ():101671.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdriana J. Najar-Rodriguez; Saeedeh Afsar; Kambiz Esfandi; Matthew K.D. Hall; Anthony R. Adlam; Catherine Wilks; Emma Noakes; Kate Richards. 2020. "Laboratory toxicity and large-scale commercial validation of the efficacy of ethanedinitrile, a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide, to disinfest New Zealand Pinus radiata export logs." Journal of Stored Products Research 88, no. : 101671.