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The quantity and quality of forage and fodder crops is the major drawback of the livestock sector in the country. There is a need to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of fodder through the adoption of specific sustainable fodder production strategies. The field experiments were conducted during kharif (rainy, June–October), rabi (post-rainy, October–February), and summer (March–May) seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 to identify a sustainable fodder cropping system module in randomized complete block design with fifteen fodder cropping systems in three replications. The main objective of this research was to identify the most productive cereal–legume cropping system, both in terms of quantity and quality of biomass, to reduce the gap between supply and demand of quality livestock feed around the year. Among cropping systems, Bajra–Napier hybrid intercropped with lucerne, cowpea, and sesbania recorded significantly higher green fodder (163.6, 155.2, and 144.0 t/ha/year, respectively) and dry matter yields (32.1, 30.8, and 31.3 t/ha/year, respectively). Similarly, the same perennial systems also recorded higher quality yield and ash content. However, higher crude protein content was noticed in monocrop legumes, with the highest in sesbania (22.32%), while higher ether extractable fat was found in monocrop sesbania (3.78%). The monocrop oats recorded higher non-fiber carbohydrates (36.90%) while a monocrop of pearl millet recorded higher total carbohydrates (80.75%), however they were on par with other monocrop cereal cropping systems. Cultivation of legumes as a monocrop, and their inclusion as an intercrop with cereals resulted in lower fiber fractions and improved crude protein in intercropping systems. Furthermore, this improved the dry matter intake and digestibility of fodder. With higher sustainable yield index values and land-use efficiency, perennial intercropping systems were also found to be sustainable. Thus, cultivation of the Bajra–Napier hybrid with either lucerne, cowpea, or sesbania as an intercrop will help livestock farmers to achieve higher productivity in terms of quantity and quality, and forms a viable option for overcoming livestock feed scarcity.
Konapura Nagaraja Manoj; Bommalapura Gundanaik Shekara; Shankarappa Sridhara; Prakash Kumar Jha; P. V. Vara Prasad. Biomass Quantity and Quality from Different Year-Round Cereal–Legume Cropping Systems as Forage or Fodder for Livestock. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9414 .
AMA StyleKonapura Nagaraja Manoj, Bommalapura Gundanaik Shekara, Shankarappa Sridhara, Prakash Kumar Jha, P. V. Vara Prasad. Biomass Quantity and Quality from Different Year-Round Cereal–Legume Cropping Systems as Forage or Fodder for Livestock. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9414.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonapura Nagaraja Manoj; Bommalapura Gundanaik Shekara; Shankarappa Sridhara; Prakash Kumar Jha; P. V. Vara Prasad. 2021. "Biomass Quantity and Quality from Different Year-Round Cereal–Legume Cropping Systems as Forage or Fodder for Livestock." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9414.
Guar, the most popular vegetable, is tolerant of drought and is a valuable industrial crop enormously grown across India, Pakistan, USA, and South Africa for pharmaceutically and cosmetically usable galactomannan (gum) content present in seed endosperm. Guar genotypes with productive traits which could perform better in differential environmental conditions are of utmost priority for genotype selection. This could be achieved by employing multivariate trait analysis. In this context, Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI) and Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) were employed for identifying high-performing genotypes exhibiting multiple traits. In the current investigation, 85 guar accessions growing in different seasons were assessed for 15 morphological traits. The results obtained by MTSI and MGIDI indexes revealed that, out of 85, only 13 genotypes performed better across and within the seasons, and, based on the coincidence index, only three genotypes (IC-415106, IC-420320, and IC-402301) were found stable with high seed production in multi-environmental conditions. View on strengths and weakness as described by the MGIDI reveals that breeders concentrated on developing genotype with desired traits, such as quality of the gum and seed yield. The strength of the ideal genotypes in the present work is mainly focused on high gum content, short crop cycle, and high seed yield possessing good biochemical traits. Thus, MTSI and MGIDI serve as a novel tool for desired genotype selection process simultaneously in plant breeding programs across multi-environments due to uniqueness and ease in interpreting data with minimal multicollinearity issues.
Niranjana Benakanahalli; Shankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Tiago Olivoto; Gangaprasad Sreekantappa; Nissren Tamam; Ashraf Abdelbacki; Hosam Elansary; Shaimaa Abdelmohsen. A Framework for Identification of Stable Genotypes Basedon MTSI and MGDII Indexes: An Example in Guar (Cymopsis tetragonoloba L.). Agronomy 2021, 11, 1221 .
AMA StyleNiranjana Benakanahalli, Shankarappa Sridhara, Nandini Ramesh, Tiago Olivoto, Gangaprasad Sreekantappa, Nissren Tamam, Ashraf Abdelbacki, Hosam Elansary, Shaimaa Abdelmohsen. A Framework for Identification of Stable Genotypes Basedon MTSI and MGDII Indexes: An Example in Guar (Cymopsis tetragonoloba L.). Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiranjana Benakanahalli; Shankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Tiago Olivoto; Gangaprasad Sreekantappa; Nissren Tamam; Ashraf Abdelbacki; Hosam Elansary; Shaimaa Abdelmohsen. 2021. "A Framework for Identification of Stable Genotypes Basedon MTSI and MGDII Indexes: An Example in Guar (Cymopsis tetragonoloba L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1221.
Monsoon fluctuation due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a reflective influence on rice production, which is the major food grain crop in India. The impact of ENSO on the spatial variability of summer monsoon rainfall was analyzed from 1950 to 2018 and that on Kharif rice production for the period of 1998–2016. It was clear from the analysis that ENSO had varied influences on rainfall and rice production over different rice-growing districts of Karnataka. During El Niño (strong, moderate, and weak) years, southwest (S-W) monsoon rainfall was below normal in all the districts of Karnataka, wherein the highest negative deviation from normal was recorded in the Mysore district (−21.43%). In contrast, the rice production was higher in 15 districts out of 25, and the deviation from normal ranged from −39.73% in Bidar to 42.11% in Gulbarga district. During the La Niña (strong, moderate, and weak) years, S-W monsoon rainfall was above normal in 12 districts in which Bidar and Bengaluru urban districts have shown the highest positive deviation (19.93 and 19.82%, respectively). However, except for Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Bidar, Davanagere, and Hassan districts, all the other major rice-growing districts have shown a positive deviation in rice production with the highest deviation of 62.39% in Tumkur district. Additionally, correlation coefficient values indicated the influence of southwest monsoon rainfall on Kharif rice production during El Niño years with a major contribution from September month rainfall. This kind of ENSO impact analysis on spatial rice production could be useful for formulating the farm-level site-specific management, planning, and policy decisions during ENSO periods in advance.
Shilpa Cherian; Shankarappa Sridhara; Konapura Manoj; Pradeep Gopakkali; Nandini Ramesh; Abdullah Alrajhi; Ahmed Dewidar; Mohamed Mattar. Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: A Micro-Level Analysis. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1021 .
AMA StyleShilpa Cherian, Shankarappa Sridhara, Konapura Manoj, Pradeep Gopakkali, Nandini Ramesh, Abdullah Alrajhi, Ahmed Dewidar, Mohamed Mattar. Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: A Micro-Level Analysis. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1021.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShilpa Cherian; Shankarappa Sridhara; Konapura Manoj; Pradeep Gopakkali; Nandini Ramesh; Abdullah Alrajhi; Ahmed Dewidar; Mohamed Mattar. 2021. "Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on Rainfall and Rice Production: A Micro-Level Analysis." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1021.
Brassinosteroids have emerged as pleiotropic phytohormone owing to their wide function in crop growth and metabolism. Homobrassinolide being an analogue of brassinosteroids is known to improve the growth, yield and quality parameters in many crop plants. Thus, an evaluation study was conducted for two years (2018 and 2019) to elucidate the performance of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to a novel group of phytohormone, homobrassinolide. The field experiment comprised of seven treatments with homobrassinolide 0.04% (Emulsifiable Concentrate) EC at four different concentrations (0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.12 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha-1) and two well-known growth promoters viz., Gibberellic acid, Naphthalene Acetic Acid along with the untreated control. Plant height and chlorophyll concentration were found significantly different in both years of experiment as well as among the different treatments. Homobrassinolide at 0.12 g a.i. ha-1 was found better with maximum number of fruits (77.36 plant-1), fruit length (6.72 cm), fruit breadth (6.45 cm) and fruit weight (80.52 g) over other concentrations and treatments. Fruit yield was more pronounced in the plots treated with plant growth regulators compared to untreated control. However, significantly higher fruit yield of 91.07 t ha-1 (62.58 t ha-1 with untreated control) along with improved quality traits viz., fruit firmness (4.11 kg cm-2), ascorbic acid content (24.09 mg 100g-1), total soluble solids (4.43 oBrix) and keeping quality (12.50 days) was recorded in 0.12 g a.i. ha-1 homobrassinolide treated plots. Thus, it can be inferred that homobrassinolide application would be a better option to enhance growth, yield as well as quality traits in tomato.
Shankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Pradeep Gopakkali; Venkatesh Paramesh; Nissren Tamam; Ashraf M.M. Abdelbacki; Hosam O. Elansary; Ahmed M. El-Sabrout; Shaimaa A.M. Abdelmohsen. Application of homobrassinolide enhances growth, yield and quality of tomato. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 4800 -4806.
AMA StyleShankarappa Sridhara, Nandini Ramesh, Pradeep Gopakkali, Venkatesh Paramesh, Nissren Tamam, Ashraf M.M. Abdelbacki, Hosam O. Elansary, Ahmed M. El-Sabrout, Shaimaa A.M. Abdelmohsen. Application of homobrassinolide enhances growth, yield and quality of tomato. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (8):4800-4806.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Pradeep Gopakkali; Venkatesh Paramesh; Nissren Tamam; Ashraf M.M. Abdelbacki; Hosam O. Elansary; Ahmed M. El-Sabrout; Shaimaa A.M. Abdelmohsen. 2021. "Application of homobrassinolide enhances growth, yield and quality of tomato." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 8: 4800-4806.
Crop growth largely depends on radiation. Radiation is the main impetus for photosynthesis and movement of photosynthates from source to sink. Therefore, identification of the optimum sowing windows and suitable cultivars for efficient utilization of radiation is of prime importance. A field study was conducted in red clay soil during 2014 and 2015 Kharif season and the treatments consisted of three genotypes and three sowing windows by using randomized complete block design with three replications. The effect of genotypes and sowing windows was found significant with respect to number of trifoliate leaves, leaf area ratio, dry matter production, grain numbers, pod length, test weight, grain yield, and stover yield of guar during 2014 as compared to 2015 sown crop. Statistically significant plant height, number of trifoliate leaves, number of branches, leaf area ratio, absolute growth rate, leaf area index, dry matter, grain number, pod length, grain yield, stover yield and a higher cumulative radiation interception were recorded with 15th August sown crop as compared to other sowing windows. The plant height, number of trifoliate leaves, number of branches, leaf area ratio, absolute growth rate, leaf area index, dry matter, grain number, pod length, grain yield, stover yield and maximum cumulative interception of radiation were significant with RGC-1003 as compared to RGC-936 and HG-365. It is observed that the incident PAR to dry matter accumulation conversion efficiency was varied with cultivars and different sowing windows which ranges from 0.74 g MJ−1 to 0.79 g MJ−1.
Pavithra A. Honnaiah; Shankarappa Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali; Nandini Ramesh; Eman A. Mahmoud; Shaimaa A.M. Abdelmohsen; Fatema H. Alkallas; Diaa O. El-Ansary; Hosam O. Elansary. Influence of sowing windows and genotypes on growth, radiation interception, conversion efficiency and yield of guar. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 3453 -3460.
AMA StylePavithra A. Honnaiah, Shankarappa Sridhara, Pradeep Gopakkali, Nandini Ramesh, Eman A. Mahmoud, Shaimaa A.M. Abdelmohsen, Fatema H. Alkallas, Diaa O. El-Ansary, Hosam O. Elansary. Influence of sowing windows and genotypes on growth, radiation interception, conversion efficiency and yield of guar. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (6):3453-3460.
Chicago/Turabian StylePavithra A. Honnaiah; Shankarappa Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali; Nandini Ramesh; Eman A. Mahmoud; Shaimaa A.M. Abdelmohsen; Fatema H. Alkallas; Diaa O. El-Ansary; Hosam O. Elansary. 2021. "Influence of sowing windows and genotypes on growth, radiation interception, conversion efficiency and yield of guar." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 6: 3453-3460.
Climate change has increasing effects on horticultural crops. To investigate the impact of CO2 and temperature at elevated levels on tomato production and quality of fruits an experiment was conducted by growing plants in open top chambers. The tomato plants were raised at EC550 (elevated CO2 at 550 ppm) and EC700 (elevated CO2 at 700 ppm) alone and in combination with elevated temperature (ET) + 2 °C in the open top chambers. These elevate CO2 and temperature treatment effects were compared with plants grown under ambient conditions. Outcome of the experiment indicated that growth parameters namely plant stature in terms of height (152.20 cm), leaf number (158.67), canopy spread (6127.70 cm2), leaf area (9110.68 cm2) and total dry matter (223.0 g/plant) were found to be high at EC700 compared to plants grown at ambient conditions in open field. The plants grown at EC700 also exhibited significantly higher number of flowers (273.80) and fruits (261.13), more fruit weight (90.46 g) and yield (5.09 kg plant−1) compared to plants grown at ambient conditions in open field. The percent increase in fruit yield due to EC varied from 18.37 (EC550) to 21.41 (EC700) percent respectively compared to open field and the ET by 2 °C has reduced the fruit yield by 20.01 percent. Quality traits like Total Soluble Solids (3.67 °Brix), reducing sugars (2.48%), total sugars (4.41%) and ascorbic acid (18.18 mg/100 g) were found maximum in EC700 treated tomato than other elevated conditions. Keeping quality was also improved in tomato cultivated under EC700 (25.60 days) than the open field (17.80 days). These findings reveal that CO2 at 700 ppm would be a better option to improve both quantitative as well as qualitative traits in tomato. Among the combinations, EC550 + 2 °C proved better than EC700 + 2 °C with respect to yield as well as for the quality traits. The tomato grown under ET (+2 °C) alone recorded lowest growth and yield attributes compared to open field conditions and rest of the treatments. The positive influence of EC700 is negated to an extent of 14.35 % when the EC700 combined with elevated temperature of + 2 °C. The present study clearly demonstrates that the climate change in terms of increased temperature and CO2 will have a positive effect on tomato by way of increase in production and quality of fruits. Meanwhile the increase in EC beyond 700 ppm along with ET may reduce the positive effects on yield and quality of tomato.
Tejaswini Rangaswamy; Shankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Pradeep Gopakkali; Diaa El-Ansary; Eman Mahmoud; Shaimaa Abdelmohsen; Ashraf Abdelbacki; Hosam Elansary; Amal Abdel-Hamid. Assessing the Impact of Higher Levels of CO2 and Temperature and Their Interactions on Tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.). Plants 2021, 10, 256 .
AMA StyleTejaswini Rangaswamy, Shankarappa Sridhara, Nandini Ramesh, Pradeep Gopakkali, Diaa El-Ansary, Eman Mahmoud, Shaimaa Abdelmohsen, Ashraf Abdelbacki, Hosam Elansary, Amal Abdel-Hamid. Assessing the Impact of Higher Levels of CO2 and Temperature and Their Interactions on Tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.). Plants. 2021; 10 (2):256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTejaswini Rangaswamy; Shankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Pradeep Gopakkali; Diaa El-Ansary; Eman Mahmoud; Shaimaa Abdelmohsen; Ashraf Abdelbacki; Hosam Elansary; Amal Abdel-Hamid. 2021. "Assessing the Impact of Higher Levels of CO2 and Temperature and Their Interactions on Tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.)." Plants 10, no. 2: 256.
A field experiment was conducted at college of Agriculture, UAHS, Shivamogga during kharif 2015 to study the effect of date of sowing and hybrids on growth and yield of Maize (Zea maysL.). The experi-ment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial concept and replicated thrice. There were eight treatment combinations which includes four dates of sowing (15thJune, 30thJune, 15thJuly and 30thJuly) and two hybrids (PAC-740 and CP-818). Crop sown on 15thJune recorded significantly higher plant height (201.03 cm), number of green leaves (3.03), leaf area (992.49 cm2), LAI (0.74), total dry matter (305.65 g), cob length (22.16 cm), kernels cob-1 (670.93), kernel yield cob-1(230.95 g), test weight (43.08 g), kernel yield (7632.57 kg ha-1), stover yield (9512.56 kg ha-1) andhar-vest index (44.52 %)as compared to other sowing dates. Among the hybrids CP -818 recorded significantly higher plant height (191.85 cm), number of green leaves (2.72), leaf area (954.32 cm2), LAI (0.71), total dry matter (277.65 g), cob length (19.81 cm), kernels cob-1 (541.88), kernel yield cob-1(207.71 g), test weight (39.16 g), kernel yield (7060.72 kg ha-1), Stover yield (8839.98 kg ha-1) and harvest in-dex (44.44%) as compared to PAC-740. The interaction between dates of sowing and hybrids are non-significant.
Dadapeer Belaghatta Hassan Sab; Shankarappa Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali. Growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by date of sowing and hybrids. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology 2020, 1, 38 -45.
AMA StyleDadapeer Belaghatta Hassan Sab, Shankarappa Sridhara, Pradeep Gopakkali. Growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by date of sowing and hybrids. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology. 2020; 1 (2):38-45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDadapeer Belaghatta Hassan Sab; Shankarappa Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali. 2020. "Growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by date of sowing and hybrids." Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology 1, no. 2: 38-45.
A field experiment was conducted to know the crop weather relationships under different sowing windows and hybrids in maize at the College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, during Kharif 2015. The experimental site is situated at 14°01 to 14°11 North latitude and 75°401 to 75°421 East longitude with an altitude of 650 meters above mean sea level. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial concept and replicated thrice. There were eight treatment combinations, including four-date of sowing (15th June, 30th June, 15th July and 30th July) and two hybrids (PAC-740 and CP-818). Maize sown on 15th June recorded significantly higher grain yield (7632.57 kg ha-1) as compared to other dates of sowing and among the hybrids, CP-818 (7060.72 kg ha-1) was found superior than PAC-740 (6776.93 kg ha-1). Grain yield had a highly significant positive correlation with weather parameters such as cumulative pan evaporation (0.85**), cumulative solar radiation (0.83**), cumulative rainfall (0.79**) and average relative humidity (0.75**) during silking to maturity stage. The variation in grain yield was primarily affected by average maximum temperature (69%) followed by cumulative sunshine hours (68%) and cumulative pan evaporation (66%) during sowing to maturity and lower variation was observed in average relative humidity (54%) during silking to maturity. From the present findings it can be inferred that sowing maize on June 15th with CP-818 hybrid can be a better option to get higher productivity in southern transition zone of Karnataka.
B. H. Dadapeer; S. Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali. Crop Weather Relationships of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Sowing Windows and Hybrids. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 2020, 87 -94.
AMA StyleB. H. Dadapeer, S. Sridhara, Pradeep Gopakkali. Crop Weather Relationships of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Sowing Windows and Hybrids. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2020; ():87-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. H. Dadapeer; S. Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali. 2020. "Crop Weather Relationships of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Sowing Windows and Hybrids." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change , no. : 87-94.
Sorghum is an important dual-purpose crop of India grown for food and fodder. Prevailing weather conditions during the crop growth period determine the yield of sorghum. Hence, the crop yield forecasting models based on weather parameters will be an appropriate option for policymakers and researchers to develop sustainable cropping strategies. In the present study, six multivariate weather-based models viz., least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), elastic net (ENET), principal component analysis (PCA) in combination with stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), artificial neural network (ANN) alone and in combination with PCA and ridge regression model are examined by fixing 90% of the data for calibration and remaining dataset for validation to forecast rabi sorghum yield for different districts of Karnataka. The R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) during calibration ranged between 0.42 to 0.98 and 30.48 to 304.17 kg ha−1, respectively, without actual evapotranspiration (AET) whereas, these evaluation parameters varied from 0.38 to 0.99 and 19.84 to 308.79 kg ha−1, respectively with AET inclusion. During validation, the RMSE and nRMSE (normalized root mean square error) varied between 88.99 to 1265.03 kg ha−1 and 4.49 to 96.84%, respectively without AET and including AET as one of the weather variable RMSE and nRMSE were 63.48 to 1172.01 kg ha−1 and 4.16 to 92.56%, respectively. The performance of six multivariate models revealed that LASSO was the best model followed by ENET compared to PCA_SMLR, ANN, PCA_ANN and ridge regression models because of reduced overfitting through penalisation of regression coefficient. Thus, it can be concluded that LASSO and ENET weather-based models can be effectively utilized for the district level forecast of sorghum yield.
Shankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Pradeep Gopakkali; Bappa Das; Soumya D. Venkatappa; Shivaramu H. Sanjivaiah; Kamalesh Kumar Singh; Priyanka Singh; Diaa El-Ansary; Eman A. Mahmoud; Hosam O. Elansary. Weather-Based Neural Network, Stepwise Linear and Sparse Regression Approach for Rabi Sorghum Yield Forecasting of Karnataka, India. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1645 .
AMA StyleShankarappa Sridhara, Nandini Ramesh, Pradeep Gopakkali, Bappa Das, Soumya D. Venkatappa, Shivaramu H. Sanjivaiah, Kamalesh Kumar Singh, Priyanka Singh, Diaa El-Ansary, Eman A. Mahmoud, Hosam O. Elansary. Weather-Based Neural Network, Stepwise Linear and Sparse Regression Approach for Rabi Sorghum Yield Forecasting of Karnataka, India. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (11):1645.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShankarappa Sridhara; Nandini Ramesh; Pradeep Gopakkali; Bappa Das; Soumya D. Venkatappa; Shivaramu H. Sanjivaiah; Kamalesh Kumar Singh; Priyanka Singh; Diaa El-Ansary; Eman A. Mahmoud; Hosam O. Elansary. 2020. "Weather-Based Neural Network, Stepwise Linear and Sparse Regression Approach for Rabi Sorghum Yield Forecasting of Karnataka, India." Agronomy 10, no. 11: 1645.
Biology of Raoiella indica Hirst was studied under laboratory at 27 ± 2°C temperature and 79 ± 5.75 percent RH. The finding showed that life cycle of R. indica consisted of five stages viz., eggs, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The eggs incubation period of R. indica was 9.790 ± 1.94 days. The larval body measured 0.09 and 0.13 mm in length and 0.08 to 0.10 mm in width and lived for 8.35 ± 0.84 days. The total developmental period of female was 29.80 ± 2.73 days and male took 31.27±40 days. Mated female lived for longer time and laid higher number of eggs than unmated female.
Indhusri Chavan; S. Pradeep; M. Manjunatha; H. Narayanaswamy; Shankarappa Sridhara. Biology of Raoiella indica Hirst. (Acari: Tenupalpidae) on Arecanut Leaves under Laboratory Conditions. Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleIndhusri Chavan, S. Pradeep, M. Manjunatha, H. Narayanaswamy, Shankarappa Sridhara. Biology of Raoiella indica Hirst. (Acari: Tenupalpidae) on Arecanut Leaves under Laboratory Conditions. Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal. 2020; (OF):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIndhusri Chavan; S. Pradeep; M. Manjunatha; H. Narayanaswamy; Shankarappa Sridhara. 2020. "Biology of Raoiella indica Hirst. (Acari: Tenupalpidae) on Arecanut Leaves under Laboratory Conditions." Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal , no. OF: 1.
Aims: To know the rainfall and temperature trend for all the districts of Karnataka state to develop suitable coping mechanisms for changing weather conditions during the cropping season. Study Design: The available daily data of rainfall (1971-2011) and minimum and maximum temperature (1971-2007) for each district was collected from NICRA-ICAR website. A non-parametric model such as the Mann-Kendall (MK) test complemented with Sen’s slope estimator was used to determine the magnitude of the trend. Place and Duration of Study: The rainfall data of 41 years (1971-2011) and temperature data of 37 years (1971-2007) was collected for all 27 districts of Karnataka. Methodology: Basic statistics related to rainfall like mean, standard deviation (SD), the coefficient of variation (CV) and the percentage contribution to annual rainfall were computed for monthly and season-wise. Mann-Kendall test was used to detect trend for rainfall as well as temperature. Results: An increasing trend in rainfall during winter, monsoon and annual basis for all most all the districts of Karnataka and decreasing trend of rainfall during pre and post-monsoon season was noticed. An early cessation of rainfall during September month in all most all the districts of Karnataka was observed. Similarly, monthly mean, maximum and the minimum temperature had shown an increasing trend over the past 37 years for all the districts of Karnataka. Conclusion: The more variation in rainfall during the pre-monsoon season was observed, which is more important for land preparation and other operations. The increasing trend of maximum and minimum temperature throughout the year may often cause a reduction in crop yield. It is necessary to change crops with its short duration varieties in order to avoid late season drought.
Shankarappa Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali; R. Nandini. Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature over Different Districts of Karnataka: An Aid to Climate Change Detection and Cropping System Option. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 2020, 15 -25.
AMA StyleShankarappa Sridhara, Pradeep Gopakkali, R. Nandini. Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature over Different Districts of Karnataka: An Aid to Climate Change Detection and Cropping System Option. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2020; ():15-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShankarappa Sridhara; Pradeep Gopakkali; R. Nandini. 2020. "Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature over Different Districts of Karnataka: An Aid to Climate Change Detection and Cropping System Option." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change , no. : 15-25.
Chandra Shekhar; M. Hanumanthappa; Shankarappa Sridhara; R. Jayaprakash. Dry Matter Production, Agro-Meterological Indices of Rice As Influenced By Methods of Establishment and Transplanting Dates. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 2018, 7, 913 -918.
AMA StyleChandra Shekhar, M. Hanumanthappa, Shankarappa Sridhara, R. Jayaprakash. Dry Matter Production, Agro-Meterological Indices of Rice As Influenced By Methods of Establishment and Transplanting Dates. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018; 7 (9):913-918.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChandra Shekhar; M. Hanumanthappa; Shankarappa Sridhara; R. Jayaprakash. 2018. "Dry Matter Production, Agro-Meterological Indices of Rice As Influenced By Methods of Establishment and Transplanting Dates." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 9: 913-918.
S. B. Satish; S. Pradeep; Shankarappa Sridhara; H. Narayanaswamy; M. Manjunatha. Bioefficacy of Acaricides against Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard. Infesting Soybean. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 2018, 5, 44 -50.
AMA StyleS. B. Satish, S. Pradeep, Shankarappa Sridhara, H. Narayanaswamy, M. Manjunatha. Bioefficacy of Acaricides against Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard. Infesting Soybean. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology. 2018; 5 (9):44-50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. B. Satish; S. Pradeep; Shankarappa Sridhara; H. Narayanaswamy; M. Manjunatha. 2018. "Bioefficacy of Acaricides against Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard. Infesting Soybean." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 5, no. 9: 44-50.
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U Divyashree; M Dinesh Kumar; Shankarappa Sridhara; T Basavaraj Naik. Effect of different levels of fertilizers on growth and yield of little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem and Schult). International Journal of Farm Sciences 2018, 8, 104 .
AMA StyleU Divyashree, M Dinesh Kumar, Shankarappa Sridhara, T Basavaraj Naik. Effect of different levels of fertilizers on growth and yield of little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem and Schult). International Journal of Farm Sciences. 2018; 8 (2):104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleU Divyashree; M Dinesh Kumar; Shankarappa Sridhara; T Basavaraj Naik. 2018. "Effect of different levels of fertilizers on growth and yield of little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem and Schult)." International Journal of Farm Sciences 8, no. 2: 104.
M. Ashwini; C.J. Sridhar; B.G. Yamuna; Sridhar C.J. Yamuna B.G. Saraswathi; Shankarappa Sridhara; Ashwini M.; Sridhara S.. Effect of enriched farm yard manure and fertilizer levels on root characteristics and water use efficiency of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Vegetos 2017, 30, 417 .
AMA StyleM. Ashwini, C.J. Sridhar, B.G. Yamuna, Sridhar C.J. Yamuna B.G. Saraswathi, Shankarappa Sridhara, Ashwini M., Sridhara S.. Effect of enriched farm yard manure and fertilizer levels on root characteristics and water use efficiency of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Vegetos. 2017; 30 (special):417.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Ashwini; C.J. Sridhar; B.G. Yamuna; Sridhar C.J. Yamuna B.G. Saraswathi; Shankarappa Sridhara; Ashwini M.; Sridhara S.. 2017. "Effect of enriched farm yard manure and fertilizer levels on root characteristics and water use efficiency of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Vegetos 30, no. special: 417.
Shankarappa Sridhara; T.G. Prasad. A combination of mechanistic and empirical models to predict growth and yield of sunflower as influenced by irrigation and moisture stress. Helia 2002, 25, 39 -50.
AMA StyleShankarappa Sridhara, T.G. Prasad. A combination of mechanistic and empirical models to predict growth and yield of sunflower as influenced by irrigation and moisture stress. Helia. 2002; 25 (37):39-50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShankarappa Sridhara; T.G. Prasad. 2002. "A combination of mechanistic and empirical models to predict growth and yield of sunflower as influenced by irrigation and moisture stress." Helia 25, no. 37: 39-50.
SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted at Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore to study the effect of irrigation regimens on the biomass accumulation, canopy development, light interception and radiation use efficiency of sunflower. The treatments includes irrigating the plants at 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 cumulative pan evaporation. The results indicated that the aboveground biomass, canopy development, radiation interception and radiation use efficiency were influenced favorably by the irrigation regimens. Irrespective of the irrigation regimen, the radiation use efficiency of sunflower increased from 15 DAS to 75 DAS and then tended to decline. The decrease in RUE after anthesis is coupled with decrease in leaf nitrogen content. In general the RUE of sunflower ranged from 0.49 g MJ-1 to 1.84 g MJ-1 at different growth stages. The light transmission within the canopy increased exponentially with plant height and the canopy extension coefficient is found to be 0.8.
Shankarappa Sridhara; T.G. Prasad. RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY, ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS ACCUMULATION, CANOPY DEVELOPMENT, LEAF AREA-LIGHT INTERCEPTION PROFILES AND RADIATION INTERCEPTION OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION REGIMEN / INFLUENCIA DEL RÉGIMEN DE IRRIGACIÓN SOBRE LA EFICACIA DEL USO DE LA RADIACIÓN, LA ACUMULACIÓN DE BIOMASA, EL DESAROROLLO DEL CANOPEO, EL ÁREA DE LA HOJA Y LOS PERFILES DE INTERCEPCIÓN DE LUZ Y DE RADIACIÓN EN GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFFICACITÉ DE L’UTILISATION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES, ACCUMULATION DE LA BIOMASSE DANS LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE, DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’OMBRELLE, PROFILS D’INTERCEPTION DE LA LUMIÈRE PAR LA FEUILLE ET INTERCEPTION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES CHEZ LE TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.) SOUS L’INFLUENCE D’UN RÉGIME D’IRRIGATION. Helia 2001, 24, 101 -110.
AMA StyleShankarappa Sridhara, T.G. Prasad. RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY, ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS ACCUMULATION, CANOPY DEVELOPMENT, LEAF AREA-LIGHT INTERCEPTION PROFILES AND RADIATION INTERCEPTION OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION REGIMEN / INFLUENCIA DEL RÉGIMEN DE IRRIGACIÓN SOBRE LA EFICACIA DEL USO DE LA RADIACIÓN, LA ACUMULACIÓN DE BIOMASA, EL DESAROROLLO DEL CANOPEO, EL ÁREA DE LA HOJA Y LOS PERFILES DE INTERCEPCIÓN DE LUZ Y DE RADIACIÓN EN GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFFICACITÉ DE L’UTILISATION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES, ACCUMULATION DE LA BIOMASSE DANS LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE, DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’OMBRELLE, PROFILS D’INTERCEPTION DE LA LUMIÈRE PAR LA FEUILLE ET INTERCEPTION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES CHEZ LE TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.) SOUS L’INFLUENCE D’UN RÉGIME D’IRRIGATION. Helia. 2001; 24 (35):101-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShankarappa Sridhara; T.G. Prasad. 2001. "RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY, ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS ACCUMULATION, CANOPY DEVELOPMENT, LEAF AREA-LIGHT INTERCEPTION PROFILES AND RADIATION INTERCEPTION OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION REGIMEN / INFLUENCIA DEL RÉGIMEN DE IRRIGACIÓN SOBRE LA EFICACIA DEL USO DE LA RADIACIÓN, LA ACUMULACIÓN DE BIOMASA, EL DESAROROLLO DEL CANOPEO, EL ÁREA DE LA HOJA Y LOS PERFILES DE INTERCEPCIÓN DE LUZ Y DE RADIACIÓN EN GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFFICACITÉ DE L’UTILISATION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES, ACCUMULATION DE LA BIOMASSE DANS LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE, DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’OMBRELLE, PROFILS D’INTERCEPTION DE LA LUMIÈRE PAR LA FEUILLE ET INTERCEPTION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES CHEZ LE TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.) SOUS L’INFLUENCE D’UN RÉGIME D’IRRIGATION." Helia 24, no. 35: 101-110.
SUMMARY Field experiments have been conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients applied alone or in combination on the growth and yield of sunflower. Application of a recommended dose of fertilizer (62.5:75:62.5 kg NPK ha-1) coupled with 10 t ha-1 of farmyard manure has recorded highest seed and stalk yields of sunflower. Growth and yield parameters were also favorably influenced by the application of the recommended dose of fertilizer coupled with farmyard manure. Seed oil content was not influenced by the application of organic or inorganic sources of nutrients.
G. Nanjundappa; B. Shivaraj; S. Janarjuna; Shankarappa Sridhara. EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS APPLIED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFECTO DE FUENTES ORGANICAS E INORGANICAS DE SUSTANCIAS NUTRITIVAS APLICADAS EN PARTICULAR Y EN COMBINACIONES SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO Y EL RENDIMIENTO DE GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFFET DES ENGRAIS DE SOURCE S ORGANIQUE ET INORGANIQUE ADMINISTRÉS ISOLÉMENT OU EN COMBINAISON SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE RENDEMENT DU TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.). Helia 2001, 24, 115 -120.
AMA StyleG. Nanjundappa, B. Shivaraj, S. Janarjuna, Shankarappa Sridhara. EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS APPLIED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFECTO DE FUENTES ORGANICAS E INORGANICAS DE SUSTANCIAS NUTRITIVAS APLICADAS EN PARTICULAR Y EN COMBINACIONES SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO Y EL RENDIMIENTO DE GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFFET DES ENGRAIS DE SOURCE S ORGANIQUE ET INORGANIQUE ADMINISTRÉS ISOLÉMENT OU EN COMBINAISON SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE RENDEMENT DU TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.). Helia. 2001; 24 (34):115-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Nanjundappa; B. Shivaraj; S. Janarjuna; Shankarappa Sridhara. 2001. "EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS APPLIED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFECTO DE FUENTES ORGANICAS E INORGANICAS DE SUSTANCIAS NUTRITIVAS APLICADAS EN PARTICULAR Y EN COMBINACIONES SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO Y EL RENDIMIENTO DE GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFFET DES ENGRAIS DE SOURCE S ORGANIQUE ET INORGANIQUE ADMINISTRÉS ISOLÉMENT OU EN COMBINAISON SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE RENDEMENT DU TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.)." Helia 24, no. 34: 115-120.
M. Singh; B. Shivaraj; Shankarappa Sridhara. Effect of Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Herb and Oil Yields of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. var. I cauvery). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 1996, 177, 101 -105.
AMA StyleM. Singh, B. Shivaraj, Shankarappa Sridhara. Effect of Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Herb and Oil Yields of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. var. I cauvery). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 1996; 177 (2):101-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Singh; B. Shivaraj; Shankarappa Sridhara. 1996. "Effect of Plant Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Herb and Oil Yields of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. var. I cauvery)." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 177, no. 2: 101-105.
The effect of water regimes and soil moisture stress on total nodule number, effective nodule number, nodule dry weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation in soybean was studied. The effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation increased due to increase in water regimes from 0.4 to 0.6 Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE). The stress during either flowering or pod filling reduced the effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation. The amount of nitrogen fixed was maximum with 0.8 CPE (50.09 kg ha‐1 season‐1) followed by 0.6 CPE (42.08 kg ha‐1 season‐1) and 0.4 CPE (33.04 kg ha‐1 season‐1). The amount of nitrogen fixed was reduced by 17.71 % and 26.39 % due to stress during flowering and pod filling respectively compared to normal irrigation.
Shankarappa Sridhara; S. Thimmegowda; T. G. Prasad. Effect of Water Regimes and Moisture Stress at Different Growth Stages on Nodule Dynamics, Nitrogenase Activity and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 1995, 174, 111 -115.
AMA StyleShankarappa Sridhara, S. Thimmegowda, T. G. Prasad. Effect of Water Regimes and Moisture Stress at Different Growth Stages on Nodule Dynamics, Nitrogenase Activity and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 1995; 174 (2):111-115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShankarappa Sridhara; S. Thimmegowda; T. G. Prasad. 1995. "Effect of Water Regimes and Moisture Stress at Different Growth Stages on Nodule Dynamics, Nitrogenase Activity and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 174, no. 2: 111-115.