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Sanitation, water supply, and their governance remain major challenges in many Pacific Island countries. National sustainable development strategies (NSDSs) are promoted throughout the Pacific as overarching improved governance instruments to identify priorities, plan solutions, and fulfill commitments to sustainable development. Their relevance to local village-level development priorities is uncertain. In this work we compare national priorities for sanitation in NSDSs with those in village community development plans (CDPs) and with metrics in censuses from the Kingdom of Tonga. Tonga’s Strategic Development Frameworks (TSDFI 2011–2014 and TSDFII 2015–2025) were developed to focus government and its agencies on national outcomes. From 2007 to 2016, 136 villages throughout Tonga’s five Island Divisions (IDs) formulated CDPs involving separately 80% of women, youth, and men in each village. It is shown that censuses in 2006 and 2016 reveal linked improvements in water supply and sanitation systems but identify IDs with continuing challenges. It is found that sanitation and water are a national priority in TSDFI but are absent from the current TSDFII. In contrast, analysis of CDPs, published just after TSDFII, show in one ID, 53% of villages ranked sanitation as a priority and marked differences were found between IDs and between women, youth, and men. CDPs’ sanitation priorities in IDs are shown to mostly correspond to sanitation and water metrics in the censuses, but some reflect impacts of natural disasters. Explanations for differences in sanitation priorities between the national and local development plans, as well as suggestions for improving NSDS processes in island countries, are advanced.
Ian White; Tony Falkland; Taaniela Kula. National Versus Local Sustainable Development Plans and Island Priorities in Sanitation: Examples from the Kingdom of Tonga. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9379 .
AMA StyleIan White, Tony Falkland, Taaniela Kula. National Versus Local Sustainable Development Plans and Island Priorities in Sanitation: Examples from the Kingdom of Tonga. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tony Falkland; Taaniela Kula. 2020. "National Versus Local Sustainable Development Plans and Island Priorities in Sanitation: Examples from the Kingdom of Tonga." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9379.
UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 challenges small island developing states such as the Kingdom of Tonga, which relies on variable rainwater and fragile groundwater lenses for freshwater supply. Meeting water needs in dispersed small islands under changeable climate and frequent extreme events is difficult. Improved governance is central to better water management. Integrated national sustainable development plans have been promulgated as a necessary improvement, but their relevance to island countries has been questioned. Tonga’s national planning instrument is the Tonga Strategic Development Framework, 2015–2025 (TSDFII). Local Community Development Plans (CDPs), developed by rural villages throughout Tonga’s five Island Divisions, are also available. Analyses are presented of island water sources from available census and limited hydrological data, and of the water supply priorities in TSDFII and in 117 accessible village CDPs. Census and hydrological data showed large water supply differences between islands. Nationally, TDSFII did not identify water supply as a priority. In CDPs, 84% of villages across all Island Divisions ranked water supply as a priority. Reasons for the mismatch are advanced. It is recommended that improved governance in water in Pacific Island countries should build on available census and hydrological data and increased investment in local island planning processes.
Ian White; Tony Falkland; Taaniela Kula. Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply. Hydrology 2020, 7, 81 .
AMA StyleIan White, Tony Falkland, Taaniela Kula. Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply. Hydrology. 2020; 7 (4):81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tony Falkland; Taaniela Kula. 2020. "Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply." Hydrology 7, no. 4: 81.
Balancing water allocations in river basins between upstream irrigated agriculture and downstream cities, industry and environments is a global challenge. The effects of changing allocations are exemplified in the arid Hetao Irrigation District on the Yellow River, one of China's three largest irrigation districts. Amongst the many challenges there, the impact of changing climate on future irrigation water demand is an underlying concern. In this paper we analyse trends in local climate data from the late 1950s and consider the implications for irrigation in the Basin. Since 1958, daily minimum temperatures, Tmin in the Basin have increased at three times the rate of daily maximum temperatures, Tmax. Despite this, there has been no significant increases in annual precipitation, P or pan evaporation, Epan. The difference between the increasing trends in Tmax and Tmin means that the average annual diurnal temperature range, DTR, has decreased very significantly, part of a global phenomenon. Hargreaves empirical approach is used to estimate changes in both incoming solar radiation, Rs, and potential evaporation, ET0. Changes in estimated ET0 correlated well with changes in measured pan evaporation, Epan. Paradoxically, the estimated decreasing trend in Rs does not correspond to a significant decreasing trend in Epan. Implications of changing climate on water use and soil salinity in the Basin are discussed.
Ian White; Tingbao Xu; Jicai Zeng; Jian Yu; Xin Ma; Jinzhong Yang; Zailin Huo; Hang Chen. Changing climate and implications for water use in the Hetao Basin, Yellow River, China. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 2020, 383, 51 -59.
AMA StyleIan White, Tingbao Xu, Jicai Zeng, Jian Yu, Xin Ma, Jinzhong Yang, Zailin Huo, Hang Chen. Changing climate and implications for water use in the Hetao Basin, Yellow River, China. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. 2020; 383 ():51-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tingbao Xu; Jicai Zeng; Jian Yu; Xin Ma; Jinzhong Yang; Zailin Huo; Hang Chen. 2020. "Changing climate and implications for water use in the Hetao Basin, Yellow River, China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383, no. : 51-59.
UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 6 presents difficulties for small island developing states such as the Kingdom of Tonga, which relies on rainwater and groundwater lenses for freshwater supply. Planning and managing water resources to supply demands in dispersed small islands under variable climate and frequent extreme events is challenging. Tensions between water planning using top-down versus bottom-up processes have long been recognized. Tonga’s overarching national planning instrument is the Tonga Strategic Development Framework, 2015-2025 (TSDFII). This identifies desired national outcomes and is used to direct and resource Ministries and address international and regional commitments. Water supply was a low priority in the three-month consultations that led to TSDFII. Community Development Plans (CDPs), developed by rural villages throughout Tonga’s five Island Groups over nine years, involved participation from 80% of each village population who ranked local priorities. Analysis of priorities in 117 available village CDPs reveals improvements to village water supply was the highest overall priority in all five Island Groups and ranked within the top three priorities by 76% of all villages, with women, youth and men returning figures of 83%, 66% and 80% respectively. The mismatch between top-down and bottom-up priorities appears to result from an urban/rural divide.
Ian White; Tony Falkland; Taaniela Kula. Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleIan White, Tony Falkland, Taaniela Kula. Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tony Falkland; Taaniela Kula. 2020. "Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply." , no. : 1.
Urban areas in Pacific island countries (PICs) use varied sources of water and have very diverse water supply challenges. They share, however, common, concerns particularly over the adequacy and continuity of supply, water quality, sustainability of supply systems, protection of water sources, control of increasing demand, and reduction of water losses. The issues are complex and are not generally amenable to simple solutions. While some urban water problems in PICs are similar to those in developing countries elsewhere, others are unique to the Pacific. These require an understanding of the geographic, climatic, hydrologic, social, cultural, and economic contexts. A central premise here is that improvements in water supply and quality in urban centres in PICs require robust but locally appropriate institutions and enhanced capacities while maintaining or improving the integrity of water sources and dependent ecosystems. Here we discuss a broad range of interacting factors: water governance, assessment and monitoring, management and protection of water sources, management of demand and losses, capacity building, empowerment of communities, and coping with climate variability and climate change. These together with limited capacities and resources, specific cultural contexts and local institutions, and the diverse and dispersed nature of island communities, require special attention by policy makers and practioners. The strengths of local communities and extended families, particularly their natural resilience to change, provide a good basis for implementing water reforms and for adapting to development pressures, climate variability, and climate change – provided the interaction between subsistence traditions and customary rights on the one hand and urban modes and values on the other can be managed.
Ian White; Tony Falkland. Integrated Management of Urban Water Supply and Water Quality in Developing Pacific Island Countries. Freshwater Governance for the 21st Century 2015, 489 -526.
AMA StyleIan White, Tony Falkland. Integrated Management of Urban Water Supply and Water Quality in Developing Pacific Island Countries. Freshwater Governance for the 21st Century. 2015; ():489-526.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tony Falkland. 2015. "Integrated Management of Urban Water Supply and Water Quality in Developing Pacific Island Countries." Freshwater Governance for the 21st Century , no. : 489-526.
Oceania is defined by the United Nations as the islands within Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia, Australia and New Zealand. The islands in the Pacific Ocean were urbanized relatively recently (typically following independence in the latter half of the 1900s,) but has increased rapidly since the 1970s due to both high population growth rates and inward migration to the amenities of urban centers. In addition, changing economic realities associated with agriculture such as fewer rural jobs due to larger, more productive farms, makes it difficult for people to make a living in the rural areas. At the same time the greater provision of services in urban areas help attracting people to the cities.
Robert Dyball; Christopher D. Ives; Ian White. Regional Assessment of Oceania. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities 2013, 287 -289.
AMA StyleRobert Dyball, Christopher D. Ives, Ian White. Regional Assessment of Oceania. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. 2013; ():287-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert Dyball; Christopher D. Ives; Ian White. 2013. "Regional Assessment of Oceania." Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities , no. : 287-289.
The impacts of increasing natural climate disasters are threatening food security in the Asia-Pacific region. Rice is Asia’s most important staple food. Climate variability and change directly impact rice production, through changes in rainfall, temperature and CO2 concentrations. The key for sustainable rice crop is water management. Adaptation can occur through shifts of cropping to higher latitudes and can profit from river systems (via irrigation) so far not considered. New opportunities arise to produce more than one crop per year in cooler areas. Asian wheat production in 2005 represents about 43 % of the global total. Changes in agronomic practices, such as earlier plant dates and cultivar substitution will be required. Fisheries play a crucial role in providing food security with the contribution of fish to dietary animal protein being very high in the region – up to 90 % in small island developing states (SIDS). With the warming of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and increased acidification, marine ecosystems are presently under stress. Despite these trends, maintaining or enhancing food production from the sea is critical. However, future sustainability must be maintained whilst also securing biodiversity conservation. Improved fisheries management to address the existing non-climate threats remains paramount in the Indian and Pacific Oceans with sustainable management regimes being established. Climate-related impacts are expected to increase in magnitude over the coming decades, thus preliminary adaptation to climate change is valuable. Water security has become a defining issue of the twenty-first century for Asia and the Pacific. In the case of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) region, cross-border conflicts over international water rights have also led to increased geopolitical tensions. For the Pacific, the main sources of freshwater for island communities is very limited being constrained to rainwater, surface water and groundwater. There is a need for a range of effective water management strategies for dealing with water security issues ranging from more effective water governance through to enhanced community participation. Flood disasters are the most frequent and devastating and their impacts have grown in the region. For longer term disaster risk reduction planning procedures are required as integral elements for ‘good governance’ of floods. Energy security in three major energy-consuming economies in Asia; namely China, India and Japan is crucial, and requires climate change mitigation policies. Both energy efficiency and renewable energy are important factors in solutions to the energy conundrum. Technological innovation and diffusion is an important component for improving energy efficiency, with the promotion of renewable energy requiring financial investment and innovation. However, costs of new technologies are likely to decrease as they become more widely adopted. Demand side management is also need to provide key solutions.
Lance Heath; Michael James Salinger; Tony Falkland; James Hansen; Kejun Jiang; Yasuko Kameyama; Michio Kishi; Louis Lebel; Holger Meinke; Katherine Morton; Elena Nikitina; P. R. Shukla; Ian White. Climate and Security in Asia and the Pacific (Food, Water and Energy). Advances in Global Change Research 2013, 129 -198.
AMA StyleLance Heath, Michael James Salinger, Tony Falkland, James Hansen, Kejun Jiang, Yasuko Kameyama, Michio Kishi, Louis Lebel, Holger Meinke, Katherine Morton, Elena Nikitina, P. R. Shukla, Ian White. Climate and Security in Asia and the Pacific (Food, Water and Energy). Advances in Global Change Research. 2013; ():129-198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLance Heath; Michael James Salinger; Tony Falkland; James Hansen; Kejun Jiang; Yasuko Kameyama; Michio Kishi; Louis Lebel; Holger Meinke; Katherine Morton; Elena Nikitina; P. R. Shukla; Ian White. 2013. "Climate and Security in Asia and the Pacific (Food, Water and Energy)." Advances in Global Change Research , no. : 129-198.
The nature of shallow aquifers and the impacts of seawater intrusion in small islands within the Pacific Ocean are reviewed. Many Pacific islands rely on shallow fresh groundwater lenses in highly permeable aquifers, underlain and surrounded by seawater, as their principal freshwater source. It is argued here that, in small islands, the nature of fresh groundwater lenses and their host aquifers coupled with frequent natural and ever-present anthropogenic threats make them some of the most vulnerable aquifer systems in the world. A simple steady-state approximation is used to provide insight into the key climatic, hydrogeological, physiographic, and management factors that influence the quantity of, and saline intrusion into freshwater lenses. Examples of the dynamic nature of freshwater lenses as they respond to these drivers are given. Natural and human-related threats to freshwater lenses are discussed. Long dry periods strongly coupled to sea surface temperatures impact on the quantity and salinity of fresh groundwater. The vulnerability of small island freshwater lenses dictates careful assessment, vigilant monitoring, appropriate development, and astute management. Strategies to aid future groundwater sustainability in small islands are presented and suggested improvements to donor and aid programs in water are also advanced. La nature des aquifères peu profonds et les impacts de l’intrusion d’eau de mer dans les pays des petites îles de l’Océan Pacifique sont examinés. De nombreux territoires des îles du Pacifique comptent sur des lentilles d’eau douce peu profondes au sein d’aquifères extrêmement perméables, supportés et entourés par l’eau de mer,comme leur principale source d’eau douce. On indique ici que, dans les petites îles, la nature des lentilles d’eau douce souterraine et les aquifères hôtes associés à des menaces naturelles fréquentes et anthropiques toujours présentent en font quelques-uns des systèmes aquifères les plus vulnérables au monde. Un simple approximation en état permanent est utilisée pour fournir un aperçu des facteurs clés climatiques, hydrogéologiques, physiographiques et de gestion qui influent sur l’importance de l’intrusion d’eau saline dans les lentilles d’eau douce. Des exemples de la nature dynamique des lentilles d’eau douce lorsqu’elles répondent à ces causes sont donnés. Les menaces d’origine naturelle et humaine pour les lentilles d’eau douce sont examinées. De longues périodes sèches fortement associées aux températures de surface de la mer ont un impact sur la quantité et la salinité de l’eau douce souterraine. La vulnérabilité des lentilles d’eau douce des petites îles dictent une évaluation minutieuse, un contrôle rigoureux, une mise valeur appropriée et une gestion clairvoyante. Des stratégies destinées à assister la durabilité à venir de l’eau souterraine dans les petites îles sont exposées et des améliorations suggérées au décideur et des programmes d’assistance pour l’eau sont aussi présentés. Se revisa la naturaleza de los acuíferos someros y los impactos de la intrusión de agua de mar en países de pequeñas islas en el Océano Pacífico. Muchos países de islas del Pacífico dependen de lentes de agua subterránea dulce someras en acuíferos altamente permeables, con el agua de mar subyacente y circundante, como su principal fuente de agua dulce. Se argumenta aquí, que en las pequeñas islas, la naturaleza de los lentes de agua subterránea dulce y sus acuíferos hospedantes asociados a frecuentes amenazas tanto naturales y como omnipresentes amenazas antrópicas, hacen que ellas sean los sistemas acuíferos más vulnerables en el mundo. Una simple aproximación en estado estacionario es usada para proveer conocimiento sobre los factores climáticos, hidrogeológicos, fisiográficos y de gestión claves que influyen en la cantidad de, e intrusión salina en los lentes de agua dulce. Se dan ejemplos de la naturaleza dinámica de las lentes de agua dulce en respuesta a estos forzantes. Se discuten las amenazas naturales y antrópicas a las lentes de agua dulce. Extensos períodos secos fuertemente asociados a la temperatura superficial del mar afectan la cantidad y salinidad del agua subterránea dulce. La vulnerabilidad de las lentes de agua dulce de pequeñas islas exige una evaluación cuidadosa, un monitoreo de alertas, un desarrollo apropiado y una gestión astuta. Se presentan las estrategias para ayudar a la sustentabilidad futura de las aguas subterráneas en pequeñas islas y se anticipan sugerencias para mejorar los programas de contribución y ayuda para el agua. É passada em revista a natureza dos aquíferos superficiais e os impactes da intrusão marinha em pequenos países insulares do Oceano Pacífico. Muitos países insulares do Pacífico dependem de lentes de água subterrânea pouco profundas em aquíferos altamente permeáveis, subjacentes e rodeados por água do mar, como a sua principal fonte de água doce. Argumenta-se aqui que, em pequenas ilhas, a natureza das lentes de água doce subterrânea e dos seus aquíferos de acolhimento, juntamente com as sempre presentes, e naturalmente frequentes, ameaças antropogénicas, os...
Ian White; Tony Falkland. Management of freshwater lenses on small Pacific islands. Hydrogeology Journal 2009, 18, 227 -246.
AMA StyleIan White, Tony Falkland. Management of freshwater lenses on small Pacific islands. Hydrogeology Journal. 2009; 18 (1):227-246.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tony Falkland. 2009. "Management of freshwater lenses on small Pacific islands." Hydrogeology Journal 18, no. 1: 227-246.
A sodium-washed montmorillonite was exposed to calcium and silica under alkaline conditions in order to gain insight into possible interactions of engineered clay barriers and cementitious leachates found in many waste storage facilities. The changes in physico-chemical properties of the material were investigated using a combination of dead-end filtration, electrophoresis and scanning electron microscopy. The results show minimal differentiation between unaltered Na-montmorillonite samples at the two pH values tested (9 and 12), with the structure of the resulting assemblages arising from repulsive tactoid interactions. The addition of calcium (50 mM) greatly decreases the size of the structural network, and in doing so, increases the hydraulic conductivity ∼65-fold, with the effect being greatest at pH 12. Whilst the addition of silica alone (10 mM) produced little change in the hydraulic properties of montmorillonite, its combined effect with calcium produced alterations to the structural assemblages that could not be accounted for by the presence of calcium alone. The likely binding of calcium with multiple silanol groups appears to enhance the retention of water within the Na-montmorillonite assemblage, whilst still allowing the fluent passage of water. The results confirm that polyvalent cations such as Ca2+ may have a dramatic effect on the structural and hydraulic properties of montmorillonite assemblages while the effects of solutions containing both silicate and calcium are complex and influenced by silica–cation interactions.
Andrew S. Kinsela; Alice Tjitradjaja; Richard N. Collins; T. David Waite; Timothy E. Payne; Bennett C.T. Macdonald; Ian White. Influence of calcium and silica on hydraulic properties of sodium montmorillonite assemblages under alkaline conditions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2009, 343, 366 -373.
AMA StyleAndrew S. Kinsela, Alice Tjitradjaja, Richard N. Collins, T. David Waite, Timothy E. Payne, Bennett C.T. Macdonald, Ian White. Influence of calcium and silica on hydraulic properties of sodium montmorillonite assemblages under alkaline conditions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2009; 343 (1):366-373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew S. Kinsela; Alice Tjitradjaja; Richard N. Collins; T. David Waite; Timothy E. Payne; Bennett C.T. Macdonald; Ian White. 2009. "Influence of calcium and silica on hydraulic properties of sodium montmorillonite assemblages under alkaline conditions." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 343, no. 1: 366-373.
Peeper pore water profiles above the oxidation front in acid sulfate soils (ASS) revealed unexpected differences in the elevation of the concentration maxima for chemical element species. These reflect the differing chemical and transport processes occurring in the oxic soil above, and the anoxic zone below, the oxidation front. Transport below the oxidation front is diffusive and by using the measured profiles of dissolved Li, liberated by acid hydrolysis of clays, it is possible to assess the period over which oxidation has occurred at this site. This time, ca 60 years, is consistent with the initial engineered drainage of the site ca. 100 years. But this current diffusion process may also be superimposed on earlier weather-driven oxidation events. It is estimated that 78–90 tonnes of H2SO4/ha have been exported from the McLeod's Creek catchment. The pore water profiles of “background” species, namely Cl, Na, K, Mg and Sr, increased monotonically with decreasing elevation in the ASS profile, suggesting upward diffusion, from estuarine-formation pore waters at lower elevations in the profile, towards fresher surface waters. Ion ratios of “background” species relative to chloride reveal sources of these species close to the oxidation front, as expected from acid hydrolysis of clays. Ion ratios also showed depletion of K above the oxidation front. The relative concentration of “background-corrected” Na, Ca, and Mg at the oxidation front suggests that smectite is the major clay mineral in the oxic soils. The monotonic profile of Cl reveals an upward diffusion. The overall Cl flux is calculated as 660 kg/ha/y, implying a time scale of exposure of these soils to fresh surface waters of 2000 years.
P. Van Oploo; I. White; P. Ford; M.D. Melville; B.C.T. Macdonald. Pore water chemistry of acid sulfate soils: Chemical flux and oxidation rates. Geoderma 2008, 146, 32 -39.
AMA StyleP. Van Oploo, I. White, P. Ford, M.D. Melville, B.C.T. Macdonald. Pore water chemistry of acid sulfate soils: Chemical flux and oxidation rates. Geoderma. 2008; 146 (1):32-39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Van Oploo; I. White; P. Ford; M.D. Melville; B.C.T. Macdonald. 2008. "Pore water chemistry of acid sulfate soils: Chemical flux and oxidation rates." Geoderma 146, no. 1: 32-39.
Appropriate information, participatory processes and wise practice agreements are key elements in reducing conflicts over the use and management of coastal resources. In this work we describe the evolution of a cooperative learning approach to coastal floodplain management, incorporating these elements. Government-encouraged drainage of coastal floodplains in eastern Australia caused accelerated oxidation of acid sulfate soils and export of diffuse acidic drainage into streams. Major impacts on infrastructure, ecology, fisheries and aquaculture resulted. In the Tweed River estuary, in 1987, all gilled organisms were killed by acid discharge from floodplain canelands. This generated major conflicts between fishers, environmentalists and sugarcane producers. The cooperative learning partnership that evolved, involving cane farmers, local government, and researchers, has produced better strategies for managing sulfidic estuarine areas and mitigating impacts on downstream ecosystems. These underpinned mandatory best practice management guidelines for the NSW sugar industry. Increases in productivity and decreases in acid discharge have resulted. Fish kills on the Tweed and elsewhere also generated broader, parallel whole-of-government approaches that led to Australia's national strategy for managing coastal acid sulfate soils and the rapid adoption of information and strategies across Australia.
Ian White; Mike Melville; Ben Macdonald; Robert Quirk; Robert Hawken; Mark Tunks; Don Buckley; Rick Beattie; John Williams; Lance Heath. From conflicts to wise practice agreement and national strategy: cooperative learning and coastal stewardship in estuarine floodplain management, Tweed River, eastern Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production 2007, 15, 1545 -1558.
AMA StyleIan White, Mike Melville, Ben Macdonald, Robert Quirk, Robert Hawken, Mark Tunks, Don Buckley, Rick Beattie, John Williams, Lance Heath. From conflicts to wise practice agreement and national strategy: cooperative learning and coastal stewardship in estuarine floodplain management, Tweed River, eastern Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2007; 15 (16):1545-1558.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Mike Melville; Ben Macdonald; Robert Quirk; Robert Hawken; Mark Tunks; Don Buckley; Rick Beattie; John Williams; Lance Heath. 2007. "From conflicts to wise practice agreement and national strategy: cooperative learning and coastal stewardship in estuarine floodplain management, Tweed River, eastern Australia." Journal of Cleaner Production 15, no. 16: 1545-1558.
Population centres in low atoll islands have water supply problems that are amongst the most critical in the world. Fresh groundwater, the major source of water in many atolls, is extremely vulnerable to natural processes and human activities. Storm surges and over-extractions cause seawater intrusion, while human settlements and agriculture can pollute shallow groundwaters. Limited land areas restrict freshwater quantities, particularly in frequent ENSO-related droughts. Demand for freshwater is increasing and availability is extremely limited. At the core of many groundwater management problems are the traditional water ownership rights inherent in land tenure and the conflict between the requirements of urbanised societies and the traditional values and rights of subsistence communities living on groundwater reserves. Resource limitations and geographic isolation restrict the potential for increasing wealth through crop exports. Water governance reforms and the provision of knowledge to communities are critical. Regional water organisations, fostering self-support, are a key to developing island-adopted and owned solutions.
Ian White; Tony Falkland; Pascal Perez; Anne Dray; Taboia Metutera; Eita Metai; Marc Overmars. Challenges in freshwater management in low coral atolls. Journal of Cleaner Production 2007, 15, 1522 -1528.
AMA StyleIan White, Tony Falkland, Pascal Perez, Anne Dray, Taboia Metutera, Eita Metai, Marc Overmars. Challenges in freshwater management in low coral atolls. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2007; 15 (16):1522-1528.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tony Falkland; Pascal Perez; Anne Dray; Taboia Metutera; Eita Metai; Marc Overmars. 2007. "Challenges in freshwater management in low coral atolls." Journal of Cleaner Production 15, no. 16: 1522-1528.
Population centers in low, small islands have water supply problems that are among the most critical in the world. Limited land areas and extremely large soil hydraulic conductivities severely reduce surface runoff and surface storage, so that thin lenses of fresh groundwater floating over seawater comprise the major source of fresh water for people in many atolls. Atoll groundwater is extremely vulnerable to frequent El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–related droughts, salinization due to storm surges and sea-level rise, and to human activities with vadose zone transit times from surface to shallow groundwater being less than 1 h. We examine the relationship between groundwater, rainfall, and ENSO events in a low atoll, Tarawa, in the central and western Pacific Republic of Kiribati. Droughts can last as long as 43 months and occur with a current frequency of 6 to 7 years. The impact of droughts on the quality and quantity of a fresh groundwater lens is explored. The local drawdown of the water table due to pumping from long horizontal infiltration galleries is found to be less than diurnal tidal variations. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, K 0, of the Holocene unconsolidated coral sands was estimated from infiltration gallery drawdown in two islands. The geometric mean K 0 was 14.6 m d−1 with a range from 0.9 to 111 m d−1 These large K 0 values cause the rapid transmission of rainfall and surface pollutants through the unsaturated zone to groundwater. An example is given of Escherichia coli pollution due to traditional activities. Strategies for improving the adaptation of island communities and increasing resilience to climate change are discussed. Copyright © 2007. Soil Science Society. Soil Science Society of America
Ian White; Tony Falkland; Taboia Metutera; Eita Metai; Marc Overmars; Pascal Perez; Anne Dray. Climatic and Human Influences on Groundwater in Low Atolls. Vadose Zone Journal 2007, 6, 581 -590.
AMA StyleIan White, Tony Falkland, Taboia Metutera, Eita Metai, Marc Overmars, Pascal Perez, Anne Dray. Climatic and Human Influences on Groundwater in Low Atolls. Vadose Zone Journal. 2007; 6 (3):581-590.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; Tony Falkland; Taboia Metutera; Eita Metai; Marc Overmars; Pascal Perez; Anne Dray. 2007. "Climatic and Human Influences on Groundwater in Low Atolls." Vadose Zone Journal 6, no. 3: 581-590.
Low coral islands are heavily dependent on groundwater for freshwater supplies. The declaration by the government of Kiribati of water reserves over privately owned land has led to conflicts, illegal settlements, and vandalism. Also, the water consumption tends to increase toward Western-like standards, and human pollution has already contaminated most freshwater lenses. This project aims to provide relevant information to local stakeholders to facilitate dialogue and devise sustainable water management practices. A computer-assisted role-playing game is implemented to fulfill this aim. The following three-stage methodology is applied: collecting local and expert knowledge, blending the di ferent viewpoints into a game-based model, and playing the game with the di ferent stakeholders to explore di ferent scenarios. Although game sessions delivered successful outcomes, the final stage of the project is characterized by the upheaval of contradictory government stands that undermine the whole process. It is argued that heterogeneous viewpoints may be handled in a satisfactory manner during the gaming sessions but that long-term hidden agendas may override the outcomes. Beyond the inherent question of legitimacy attached to such approaches, some players clearly must deal with constraints that are often genuinely considered external to the ongoing negotiation process.
Anne Dray; Pascal Perez; Christophe Le Page; Patrick D'aquino; Ian White. Who wants to terminate the game? The role of vested interests and metaplayers in the ATOLLGAME experience. Simulation & Gaming 2007, 38, 494 -511.
AMA StyleAnne Dray, Pascal Perez, Christophe Le Page, Patrick D'aquino, Ian White. Who wants to terminate the game? The role of vested interests and metaplayers in the ATOLLGAME experience. Simulation & Gaming. 2007; 38 (4):494-511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnne Dray; Pascal Perez; Christophe Le Page; Patrick D'aquino; Ian White. 2007. "Who wants to terminate the game? The role of vested interests and metaplayers in the ATOLLGAME experience." Simulation & Gaming 38, no. 4: 494-511.
[1] Dewatering and consolidation of saturated swelling soils are governed by pressure‐dependent soil hydraulic properties. Existing measurement techniques are difficult and slow. We illustrate a simple, rapid desorption technique, developed for industrial slurries, to measure hydraulic properties of a gel‐like sulfidic, estuarine soil (∼70% water content). Measured hydraulic conductivities, K(ψ), were very small, ∼10−10 m/s, giving a representative capillary fringe thickness of ∼7 m and characteristic gravity drainage times around 40 years. Capillarity therefore dominates flow in these soils. Estimated times for dewatering this soil under surface loading with closely spaced, vertical wick drains, are 2 to 70 years, consistent with experience. A Netherlands marine clay soil, saturated with seawater, is unexpectedly wetter than the brackish estuarine soil here at the same matric potential, ψ. However, K(ψ) for both soils overlap, suggesting the engineering approximation, K(ψ) ∝ ∣ψ∣−1, for marine‐deposited clays. The functional dependencies of hydraulic properties surprisingly are not consistent with similar‐media or double‐layer theories.
Ian White; David E. Smiles; Silvana Santomartino; Pam Van Oploo; Bennett C. T. Macdonald; T. David Waite. Dewatering and the hydraulic properties of soft, sulfidic, coastal clay soils. Water Resources Research 2003, 39, 1 .
AMA StyleIan White, David E. Smiles, Silvana Santomartino, Pam Van Oploo, Bennett C. T. Macdonald, T. David Waite. Dewatering and the hydraulic properties of soft, sulfidic, coastal clay soils. Water Resources Research. 2003; 39 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan White; David E. Smiles; Silvana Santomartino; Pam Van Oploo; Bennett C. T. Macdonald; T. David Waite. 2003. "Dewatering and the hydraulic properties of soft, sulfidic, coastal clay soils." Water Resources Research 39, no. 10: 1.