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Dr. Troy Abel
Department of Environmental Studies, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA

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0 Environmental Governance
0 Environmental Justice
0 Environmental Policy
0 Environmental Politics
0 Environmental gentrification

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Environmental Justice

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Book chapter
Published: 14 September 2017 in The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice
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Nearly three decades ago, research on the location of hazardous waste landfills rattled US environmental policy institutions. This chapter describes a policy process framework that helps describe the historical intersections of toxic and hazardous waste disparities and environmental justice (EJ) policy developments in the US. It reviews a second wave of EJ research emblematic of the politics of policy formation. The chapter discusses the consolidation of policy developments in the Clinton administration, across the states, and a third wave of research on toxic and hazardous waste disparities. It describes the paradox of how EJ policy cohesion in the 2000s paradoxically weakens in some parts of the executive branch while other federal programmes revive efforts to address toxic and hazardous waste disparities. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the latest policy developments and social science advances related to toxic and hazardous waste disparities.

ACS Style

Troy D. Abel; Mark Stephan. Streams of toxic and hazardous waste disparities, politics and policy. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice 2017, 311 -326.

AMA Style

Troy D. Abel, Mark Stephan. Streams of toxic and hazardous waste disparities, politics and policy. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice. 2017; ():311-326.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D. Abel; Mark Stephan. 2017. "Streams of toxic and hazardous waste disparities, politics and policy." The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice , no. : 311-326.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2015 in Sustainability
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This paper examines the spatial and temporal trajectories of Seattle’s industrial land use restructuring and the shifting riskscape in Seattle, WA, a commonly recognized urban model of sustainability. Drawing on the perspective of sustainability as a conflicted process, this research explored the intersections of urban industrial and nonindustrial land use planning, gentrification, and environmental injustice. In the first part of our research, we combine geographic cluster analysis and longitudinal air toxic emission comparisons to quantitatively investigate socioeconomic changes in Seattle Census block-groups between 1990, 2000, and 2009 coupled with measures of pollution volume and its relative potential risk. Second, we qualitatively examine Seattle’s historical land use policies and planning and the growing tension between industrial and nonindustrial land use. The gentrification, green cities, and growth management conflicts embedded within sustainability/livability lead to pollution exposure risk and socioeconomic vulnerability converging in the same areas and reveal one of Seattle’s significant environmental challenges. Our mixed-method approach can guide future urban sustainability studies to more effectively examine the connections between land use planning, industrial displacement, and environmental injustice. Our results also help sustainable development practitioners recognize that a more just sustainability in Seattle and beyond will require more planning and policy attention to mitigate obscured industrial land use conflicts.

ACS Style

Troy D. Abel; Jonah White; Stacy Clauson. Risky Business: Sustainability and Industrial Land Use across Seattle’s Gentrifying Riskscape. Sustainability 2015, 7, 15718 -15753.

AMA Style

Troy D. Abel, Jonah White, Stacy Clauson. Risky Business: Sustainability and Industrial Land Use across Seattle’s Gentrifying Riskscape. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (11):15718-15753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D. Abel; Jonah White; Stacy Clauson. 2015. "Risky Business: Sustainability and Industrial Land Use across Seattle’s Gentrifying Riskscape." Sustainability 7, no. 11: 15718-15753.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2015 in Review of Policy Research
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ACS Style

Troy Abel; Debra J. Salazar; Patricia Robert. States of Environmental Justice: Redistributive Politics across the United States, 1993-2004. Review of Policy Research 2015, 32, 200 -225.

AMA Style

Troy Abel, Debra J. Salazar, Patricia Robert. States of Environmental Justice: Redistributive Politics across the United States, 1993-2004. Review of Policy Research. 2015; 32 (2):200-225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy Abel; Debra J. Salazar; Patricia Robert. 2015. "States of Environmental Justice: Redistributive Politics across the United States, 1993-2004." Review of Policy Research 32, no. 2: 200-225.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Interdisciplinary Environmental Review
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This paper examines the tensions of sustainable development in Seattle, Washington, a commonly recognised urban environmental leader. Drawing on the perspective of sustainability as a conflicted process, this research expected a negative relationship between gentrification and environmental justice when affluent residents outcompete less affluent ones for neighbourhoods with fewer environmental hazards. The methods combine geographic cluster analysis and longitudinal air toxic emission comparisons to analyse socioeconomic changes in Seattle Census block-groups between 1990, 2000, and 2009 coupled with measures of relative potential risk and pollution volume. The property and development conflicts embedded within sustainability lead to pollution exposure risk and socioeconomic vulnerability converging in the same areas and reveal one of the 'Emerald City's' significant environmental challenges. Inequitable development and environmental injustice remain overlooked dimensions of sustainability that interdisciplinary research should address.

ACS Style

Troy Abel; Jonah White. Gentrified sustainability: inequitable development and Seattle's skewed riskscape. Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 2015, 16, 124 .

AMA Style

Troy Abel, Jonah White. Gentrified sustainability: inequitable development and Seattle's skewed riskscape. Interdisciplinary Environmental Review. 2015; 16 (2/3/4):124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy Abel; Jonah White. 2015. "Gentrified sustainability: inequitable development and Seattle's skewed riskscape." Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 16, no. 2/3/4: 124.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2014 in SSRN Electronic Journal
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ACS Style

Troy D Abel; Jonah White. Unjust Sustainability? Gentrification, Inequitable Development and Seattle's Riskscape. SSRN Electronic Journal 2014, 1 .

AMA Style

Troy D Abel, Jonah White. Unjust Sustainability? Gentrification, Inequitable Development and Seattle's Riskscape. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2014; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D Abel; Jonah White. 2014. "Unjust Sustainability? Gentrification, Inequitable Development and Seattle's Riskscape." SSRN Electronic Journal , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2012 in International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
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The intent of this study was to explore how experiential education fosters ecological or environmental citizenship. In this context, we investigated the impact of international environmental service-learning in a college course. Specifically our research question was does environmental service-learning have an effect on ecological citizenship? Using a multimethod approach of both qualitative and quantitative instruments our study drew on 13 participant interviews, 19 student journals and 10 survey responses. Employing variables from the Value-Belief-Norm Theory our findings suggest that environmental service-learning experiences impact both awareness of environmental consequences and personal normative beliefs. We conclude that ecological citizenship was indirectly impacted through these social psychological predicators. Results of this study provide environmental educators with some important insights while implications of this study indicate the need for further research into experiential education and especially environmental service-learning as a means to encourage this type of citizenry.

ACS Style

Jennifer Rebecca Jennifer Rebecca Kelly, Michigan State University; Troy Abel. Fostering Ecological Citizenship: The Case of Environmental Service-Learning in Costa Rica. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 2012, 6, 16 .

AMA Style

Jennifer Rebecca Jennifer Rebecca Kelly, Michigan State University, Troy Abel. Fostering Ecological Citizenship: The Case of Environmental Service-Learning in Costa Rica. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. 2012; 6 (2):16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennifer Rebecca Jennifer Rebecca Kelly, Michigan State University; Troy Abel. 2012. "Fostering Ecological Citizenship: The Case of Environmental Service-Learning in Costa Rica." International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 6, no. 2: 16.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2011 in American Journal of Public Health
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Few studies have considered the sociohistorical intersection of environmental injustice and gentrification; a gap addressed by this case study of Seattle, Washington. This study explored the advantages of integrating air toxic risk screening with gentrification research to enhance proximity and health equity analysis methodologies. It was hypothesized that Seattle's industrial air toxic exposure risk was unevenly dispersed, that gentrification stratified the city's neighborhoods, and that the inequities of both converged. Spatial characterizations of air toxic pollution risk exposures from 1990 to 2007 were combined with longitudinal cluster analysis of census block groups in Seattle, Washington, from 1990 to 2000. A cluster of air toxic exposure inequality and socioeconomic inequity converged in 1 area of south central Seattle. Minority and working class residents were more concentrated in the same neighborhoods near Seattle's worst industrial pollution risks. Not all pollution was distributed equally in a dynamic urban landscape. Using techniques to examine skewed riskscapes and socioeconomic urban geographies provided a foundation for future research on the connections among environmental health hazard sources, socially vulnerable neighborhoods, and health inequity.

ACS Style

Troy D. Abel; Jonah White. Skewed Riskscapes and Gentrified Inequities: Environmental Exposure Disparities in Seattle, Washington. American Journal of Public Health 2011, 101, S246 -S254.

AMA Style

Troy D. Abel, Jonah White. Skewed Riskscapes and Gentrified Inequities: Environmental Exposure Disparities in Seattle, Washington. American Journal of Public Health. 2011; 101 (S1):S246-S254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D. Abel; Jonah White. 2011. "Skewed Riskscapes and Gentrified Inequities: Environmental Exposure Disparities in Seattle, Washington." American Journal of Public Health 101, no. S1: S246-S254.

Book chapter
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This chapter examines how information disclosure helps companies to improve their environmental performance. It focuses on the potential ability of the information disclosure approach in helping the public, government officials, and corporations to fulfil their individual responsibilities to society and it discusses the overall objectives of the study, as well as the methods and key research questions. It also explores the theoretical aspect of information disclosure strategies. The chapter analyzes a mechanism through which informational disclosure impacts decision-making within corporations, communities, and regulatory agencies. These mechanisms will lead to positive changes in corporate environmental performance and reduce risk to public health and the environment. The chapter also answers research questions through quantitative and qualitative data.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. How Does Information Disclosure Work? Coming Clean 2011, 23 -52.

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. How Does Information Disclosure Work? Coming Clean. 2011; ():23-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "How Does Information Disclosure Work?" Coming Clean , no. : 23-52.

Book chapter
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This chapter reports environmental performance data of various facilities on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program releases and risk levels for the 1991 to 2000 period. It compares other data with this set for a better understanding of what these leading facilities and firms have done and the reasons for their success compared with others. The chapter suggests that management commitments to environmental practices, or the absence of practices, remain stable despite variations in facility performance. While only a limited set of factors appear to correlate with environmental performance, they do reveal what people think of the TRI program and information disclosure.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. Environmental Leaders and Laggards: Explaining Performance. Coming Clean 2011, 153 -176.

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. Environmental Leaders and Laggards: Explaining Performance. Coming Clean. 2011; ():153-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "Environmental Leaders and Laggards: Explaining Performance." Coming Clean , no. : 153-176.

Book chapter
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This chapter reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program. It reports the analysis of quantitative data, which reveals the changes made in the sample of facilities using different methods to measure environmental performance while releasing TRI chemicals over time. It also explains key dependent variables, which include indicators of changes in releases of toxic chemicals and their risk levels and the reasons why these variables were selected. These variables are measured by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Risk Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) model. Some states and facilities in the United States have made more progress in pollution reduction than others.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. Reducing Toxic Releases and Community Risks. Coming Clean 2011, 53 -82.

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. Reducing Toxic Releases and Community Risks. Coming Clean. 2011; ():53-82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "Reducing Toxic Releases and Community Risks." Coming Clean , no. : 53-82.

Monograph
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This book investigates the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. The process, which is a new approach to environmental protection, sometimes leads government and industry to focus on meeting only minimal standards. The authors examine the effectiveness of information disclosure in achieving improvements in corporate environmental performance by analyzing data from the federal government’s Toxics Release Inventory, or TRI, and drawing on an original set of survey data from corporations and federal, state, and local officials, among other sources. The authors find that TRI, a prime example of information disclosure, has had a substantial effect over time on the environmental performance of industry. When examining case studies from all over the United States, the conclusion is that improvement is not uniform: some facilities perform much better than others. The authors argue that information disclosure plays an important role in environmental policy—but only as part of an integrated set of policy tools that includes conventional regulation.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. Coming Clean. Coming Clean 2011, 1 .

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. Coming Clean. Coming Clean. 2011; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "Coming Clean." Coming Clean , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This chapter focuses on understanding information disclosure and how it impacts the environmental performance of companies and the communities that house the facilities. Several environmental agencies, such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have implemented legislation, including the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program, to encourage corporations to disclose information and regulate environmental performance. As a result, significant policy changes have occurred at the state and local level, leading to a considerable reduction in industrial carbon footprints, health risks, and hazards to the communities. Information disclosure from companies regarding the contents and ingredients of their products enables consumers to make smart buying choices. These developments help people who are seeking information disclosure from hospitals regarding their health services, along with institutions and organizations that influence their lives.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. Information Disclosure and Environmental Performance. Coming Clean 2011, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. Information Disclosure and Environmental Performance. Coming Clean. 2011; ():1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "Information Disclosure and Environmental Performance." Coming Clean , no. : 1-22.

Book chapter
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This chapter examines some of the factors that influence state variations in environmental performance among facilities in the United States. It emphasizes the variability in environmental performance in all states across the country and among companies that report through the TRI program over a period of time. Some facilities deserve more attention than those that exhibit a slight improvement in environmental performance, with a state’s contribution in such performance varying significantly. The state’s scale allows a more detailed scrutiny of the impact of information disclosure programs on companies’ environmental performance. Many states have exceeded the expectations of the federal TRI program, with additional efforts being made to distribute and share toxic chemical data among the public.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. States of Green: Regional Variations in Environmental Performance. Coming Clean 2011, 83 -118.

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. States of Green: Regional Variations in Environmental Performance. Coming Clean. 2011; ():83-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "States of Green: Regional Variations in Environmental Performance." Coming Clean , no. : 83-118.

Book chapter
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This chapter presents the views of facility managers and public officials on the distinguishing characteristics of the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program in the United States. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, it discusses findings on perceptions, attitudes, and behavior related to the management of toxic chemicals. A quantitative analysis of the survey along with qualitative data, interviews, and illustrative cases provides a complete perspective of the regulators’ views and of the regulated companies. Qualitative data provide an assessment of information disclosure in introducing changes in corporate environmental behavior and community decision-making. The results of the findings show that different types of facilities have reacted in distinct ways to the TRI program and have responded to improve their environmental performance.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. Facility-Level Perspectives on the TRI and Environmental Performance. Coming Clean 2011, 119 -152.

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. Facility-Level Perspectives on the TRI and Environmental Performance. Coming Clean. 2011; ():119-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "Facility-Level Perspectives on the TRI and Environmental Performance." Coming Clean , no. : 119-152.

Book chapter
Published: 14 January 2011 in Coming Clean
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This chapter discusses the role of social science research in evaluating environmental policies and programs and presents the best way to achieve policy goals while balancing competing evaluative criteria. It focuses on various questions that students of environmental policy have to focus on in the future, where the precise answers to some questions demand the quantitative analysis of available data. The EPA’s announcement of the new mandatory greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting requirement in 2009 demonstrates that information disclosure will be a key policy strategy for corporations. The author hopes that various studies of information disclosure and TRI will work on new ways to improve understanding of public policy and its impact and also provide the best policy tools to resolve assessing problems.

ACS Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. Conclusions and Policy Implications. Coming Clean 2011, 177 -202.

AMA Style

Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, Troy D. Abel. Conclusions and Policy Implications. Coming Clean. 2011; ():177-202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael E. Kraft; Mark Stephan; Troy D. Abel. 2011. "Conclusions and Policy Implications." Coming Clean , no. : 177-202.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2008 in Environmental Practice
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Environmental justice policy goals encompass the fair treatment and the meaningful involvement of all people in environmental policy formation and implementation. Few studies consider how new environmental justice programs foster meaningful involvement; this study addresses this gap by examining seven years of an environmental justice small grants program implemented by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). We frame our research in the theory of environmental discourses, dividing policy implementation among adherents with a managerial, pluralist, or communitarian perception of remedies to environmental injustice. We hypothesize that EPA awards will emphasize the managerial and pluralist discourses. Our study's empirical foundation included a content analysis of documents on 736 small grant awards. We supplemented this data with 23 interviews of grant recipients and four interviews with EPA officials. During seven years, more than half of the grants (58%, or 501) funded programs to primarily increase environmental justice information in the recipient community. Grants for technical capacity came in a distant second (21%, or 186) of the programs funded by EPA. Organizational efforts were the third most frequent award, representing 14% of all grants. Finally, only 7% of awards funded an initiative to expand public participation in environmental decisions. The EPA policy objectives included the goal of building participatory capacity in the design and implementation of local environmental decisions; however, funded programs emphasized efforts to generate and disseminate information, instead of building civic capacities for citizens to use information in meaningful ways. We conclude that environmental justice practitioners should better balance technical and informational efforts with “civic-minded” capacity-building programs.

ACS Style

Troy D. Abel; Mark Stephan. Tools of Environmental Justice and Meaningful Involvement. Environmental Practice 2008, 10, 152 -163.

AMA Style

Troy D. Abel, Mark Stephan. Tools of Environmental Justice and Meaningful Involvement. Environmental Practice. 2008; 10 (4):152-163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D. Abel; Mark Stephan. 2008. "Tools of Environmental Justice and Meaningful Involvement." Environmental Practice 10, no. 4: 152-163.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2008 in Environmental Management
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This article presents a case study of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) air pollution exposure risks across metropolitan St. Louis. The first section critically reviews environmental justice research and related barriers to environmental risk management. Second, the paper offers a conventional analysis of the spatial patterns of TRI facilities and their surrounding census block group demographics for metropolitan St. Louis. Third, the article describes the use of an exposure risk characterization for 319 manufacturers and their air releases of more than 126 toxic pollutants. This information could lead to more practical resolutions of urban environmental injustices. The analysis of TRIs across metropolitan St. Louis shows that minority and low-income residents were disproportionately closer to industrial pollution sources at nonrandom significance levels. Spatial concentrations of minority residents averaged nearly 40% within one kilometer of St. Louis TRI sites compared to 25% elsewhere. However, one-fifth of the region's air pollution exposure risk over a decade was spatially concentrated among only six facilities on the southwestern border of East St. Louis. This disproportionate concentration of some of the greatest pollution risk would never be considered in most conventional environmental justice analyses. Not all pollution exposure risk is average, and the worst risks deserve more attention from environmental managers assessing and mitigating environmental injustices.

ACS Style

Troy D. Abel. Skewed Riskscapes and Environmental Injustice: A Case Study of Metropolitan St. Louis. Environmental Management 2008, 42, 232 -248.

AMA Style

Troy D. Abel. Skewed Riskscapes and Environmental Injustice: A Case Study of Metropolitan St. Louis. Environmental Management. 2008; 42 (2):232-248.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D. Abel. 2008. "Skewed Riskscapes and Environmental Injustice: A Case Study of Metropolitan St. Louis." Environmental Management 42, no. 2: 232-248.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2007 in State and Local Government Review
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ACS Style

T. D. Abel; M. Stephan; M. E. Kraft. Environmental Information Disclosure and Risk Reduction among the States. State and Local Government Review 2007, 39, 153 -165.

AMA Style

T. D. Abel, M. Stephan, M. E. Kraft. Environmental Information Disclosure and Risk Reduction among the States. State and Local Government Review. 2007; 39 (3):153-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. D. Abel; M. Stephan; M. E. Kraft. 2007. "Environmental Information Disclosure and Risk Reduction among the States." State and Local Government Review 39, no. 3: 153-165.

Research article
Published: 01 December 2000 in American Behavioral Scientist
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Two key components of civic environmentalism are the devolution of policy control of environmental policy from the federal government to states and localities and the increase of local citizen participation in policy decision making. Using a combination of case studies and interviews, the authors suggest that devolution of policy making and policy implementation may not increase the role of citizens. Rather, due to both the participatory mechanisms used and the larger trends in political participation in democratic societies, citizen involvement may be limited in significant ways. Although evidence is found that citizens can and do influence policy under certain circumstances, there is also cautionary evidence to suggest that this influence is not widespread and does not include representative samples of local communities. The authors conclude that for civic environmentalism to be truly civic, barriers to participation must be acknowledged and overcome.

ACS Style

Troy D. Abel; Mark Stephan. The Limits of Civic Environmentalism. American Behavioral Scientist 2000, 44, 614 -628.

AMA Style

Troy D. Abel, Mark Stephan. The Limits of Civic Environmentalism. American Behavioral Scientist. 2000; 44 (4):614-628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D. Abel; Mark Stephan. 2000. "The Limits of Civic Environmentalism." American Behavioral Scientist 44, no. 4: 614-628.

Research article
Published: 01 October 1997 in Public Works Management & Policy
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Troy D. Abel; J. Thomas Hennessey. State and Local Opportunities in Environmental Policy: Cleaning up the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers. Public Works Management & Policy 1997, 2, 159 -170.

AMA Style

Troy D. Abel, J. Thomas Hennessey. State and Local Opportunities in Environmental Policy: Cleaning up the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers. Public Works Management & Policy. 1997; 2 (2):159-170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Troy D. Abel; J. Thomas Hennessey. 1997. "State and Local Opportunities in Environmental Policy: Cleaning up the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers." Public Works Management & Policy 2, no. 2: 159-170.