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SARS-CoV-2 infection is the cause of COVID-19 in humans. In April 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed mink (Neovision vision) occurred in the Netherlands. The first outbreaks in Denmark were detected in June 2020 in three farms. A steep increase in the number of infected farms occurred from September and onwards. Here, we describe prevalence data collected from 215 infected mink farms to characterize spread and impact of disease in infected farms. In one third of the farms, no clinical signs were observed. In farms with clinical signs, decreased feed intake, increased mortality and respiratory symptoms were most frequently observed, during a limited time period (median of 11 days). In 65% and 69% of farms, virus and sero-conversion, respectively, were detected in 100% of sampled animals at the first sampling. SARS-CoV-2 was detected, at low levels, in air samples collected close to the mink, on mink fur, on flies, on the foot of a seagull, and in gutter water, but not in feed. Some dogs and cats from infected farms tested positive for the virus. Chickens, rabbits, and horses sampled on a few farms, and wildlife sampled in the vicinity of the infected farms did not test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, mink are highly susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, but routes of transmission between farms, other than by direct human contact, are unclear.
Anette Boklund; Anne Sofie Hammer; Michelle Lauge Quaade; Thomas Bruun Rasmussen; Louise Lohse; Bertel Strandbygaard; Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen; Ann Sofie Olesen; Freja Broe Hjerpe; Heidi Huus Petersen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Sten Mortensen; Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia; Stine Kjær Lefèvre; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Tariq Halasa; Graham J. Belsham; Anette Bøtner. SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020. Animals 2021, 11, 164 .
AMA StyleAnette Boklund, Anne Sofie Hammer, Michelle Lauge Quaade, Thomas Bruun Rasmussen, Louise Lohse, Bertel Strandbygaard, Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen, Ann Sofie Olesen, Freja Broe Hjerpe, Heidi Huus Petersen, Tim Kåre Jensen, Sten Mortensen, Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia, Stine Kjær Lefèvre, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Tariq Halasa, Graham J. Belsham, Anette Bøtner. SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnette Boklund; Anne Sofie Hammer; Michelle Lauge Quaade; Thomas Bruun Rasmussen; Louise Lohse; Bertel Strandbygaard; Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen; Ann Sofie Olesen; Freja Broe Hjerpe; Heidi Huus Petersen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Sten Mortensen; Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia; Stine Kjær Lefèvre; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Tariq Halasa; Graham J. Belsham; Anette Bøtner. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020." Animals 11, no. 1: 164.
Searching for the term “African swine fever” (ASF) in the title of publications in the Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus during the period of 1955–2020 resulted in an average of 2009 detected articles
Katja Schulz; Anette Boklund. The Epidemiology of African Swine Fever, Its Complexity and the Requirement for Multiple Solution Approaches. Animals 2020, 10, 1900 .
AMA StyleKatja Schulz, Anette Boklund. The Epidemiology of African Swine Fever, Its Complexity and the Requirement for Multiple Solution Approaches. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatja Schulz; Anette Boklund. 2020. "The Epidemiology of African Swine Fever, Its Complexity and the Requirement for Multiple Solution Approaches." Animals 10, no. 10: 1900.
African swine fever (ASF) entered Georgia in 2007 and the EU in 2014. In the EU, the virus primarily spread in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the period from 2014–2018. However, from the summer 2018, numerous domestic pig farms in Romania were affected by ASF. In contrast to the existing knowledge on ASF transmission routes, the understanding of risk factors and the importance of different transmission routes is still limited. In the period from May to September 2019, 655 Romanian pig farms were included in a matched case-control study investigating possible risk factors for ASF incursion in commercial and backyard pig farms. The results showed that close proximity to outbreaks in domestic farms was a risk factor in commercial as well as backyard farms. Furthermore, in backyard farms, herd size, wild boar abundance around the farm, number of domestic outbreaks within 2 km around farms, short distance to wild boar cases and visits of professionals working on farms were statistically significant risk factors. Additionally, growing crops around the farm, which could potentially attract wild boar, and feeding forage from ASF affected areas to the pigs were risk factors for ASF incursion in backyard farms.
A. Boklund; S. Dhollander; T. Chesnoiu Vasile; J. C. Abrahantes; A. Bøtner; A. Gogin; L. C. Gonzalez Villeta; C. Gortázar; Simon More; A. Papanikolaou; H. Roberts; A. Stegeman; K. Ståhl; H. H. Thulke; A. Viltrop; Y. Van Der Stede; S. Mortensen. Risk factors for African swine fever incursion in Romanian domestic farms during 2019. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -13.
AMA StyleA. Boklund, S. Dhollander, T. Chesnoiu Vasile, J. C. Abrahantes, A. Bøtner, A. Gogin, L. C. Gonzalez Villeta, C. Gortázar, Simon More, A. Papanikolaou, H. Roberts, A. Stegeman, K. Ståhl, H. H. Thulke, A. Viltrop, Y. Van Der Stede, S. Mortensen. Risk factors for African swine fever incursion in Romanian domestic farms during 2019. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Boklund; S. Dhollander; T. Chesnoiu Vasile; J. C. Abrahantes; A. Bøtner; A. Gogin; L. C. Gonzalez Villeta; C. Gortázar; Simon More; A. Papanikolaou; H. Roberts; A. Stegeman; K. Ståhl; H. H. Thulke; A. Viltrop; Y. Van Der Stede; S. Mortensen. 2020. "Risk factors for African swine fever incursion in Romanian domestic farms during 2019." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-13.