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The Peruvian sea is one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. Phytoplankton production provides food for fish, mammals, mollusks and birds. This trophic network is affected by the presence of toxic phytoplankton species. In July 2017, samples of phytoplankton were obtained from Paracas Bay, an important zone for scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) aquaculture in Peru. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, which was isolated and cultivated in laboratory conditions. Subsequently, the monoclonal cultures were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and identified as P. multistriata, based on both the morphological characteristics, and internal transcribed spacers region (ITS2) sequence phylogenetic analysis. Toxin analysis using liquid chromatography (LC) with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) revealed the presence of domoic acid (DA) with an estimated amount of 0.004 to 0.010 pg cell−1. This is the first report of DA from the coastal waters of Peru and its detection in P. multistriata indicates that it is a potential risk. Based on our results, routine monitoring of this genus should be considered in order to ensure public health.
Cecil Tenorio; Gonzalo Álvarez; Sonia Quijano-Scheggia; Melissa Perez-Alania; Natalia Arakaki; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Juan Blanco; Eduardo Uribe. First Report of Domoic Acid Production from Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata in Paracas Bay (Peru). Toxins 2021, 13, 408 .
AMA StyleCecil Tenorio, Gonzalo Álvarez, Sonia Quijano-Scheggia, Melissa Perez-Alania, Natalia Arakaki, Michael Araya, Francisco Álvarez, Juan Blanco, Eduardo Uribe. First Report of Domoic Acid Production from Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata in Paracas Bay (Peru). Toxins. 2021; 13 (6):408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCecil Tenorio; Gonzalo Álvarez; Sonia Quijano-Scheggia; Melissa Perez-Alania; Natalia Arakaki; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Juan Blanco; Eduardo Uribe. 2021. "First Report of Domoic Acid Production from Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata in Paracas Bay (Peru)." Toxins 13, no. 6: 408.
Domoic acid (DA), the main toxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, frequently affects the marine resources of Chile and other countries across the South Pacific, thus becoming a risk for human health. One of the affected resources is the scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Even though this species has a high commercial importance in Northern Chile and Peru, the characteristics of its DA depuration are not known. In this work, the DA depuration was studied by means of two experiments: one in controlled (laboratory) and another in natural conditions. All organs of A. purpuratus depurated the toxin very quickly in both experiments. In some organs, an increase or a very small decrease of toxin was detected in the early depuration steps. Several models were used to describe this kinetics. The one that included toxin transfer between organs and independent depuration from each organ was the model that best fit the data. It seems, therefore, that the DA in this species is quickly transferred from the digestive gland to all other organs, which release it into the environment. Physiological differences in the two experiments have been shown to have some effect on the depuration from each organ but the actual reasons are still unknown.
Gonzalo Álvarez; José Rengel; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Roberto Pino; Eduardo Uribe; Patricio Díaz; Araceli Rossignoli; Américo López-Rivera; Juan Blanco. Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs. Toxins 2020, 12, 698 .
AMA StyleGonzalo Álvarez, José Rengel, Michael Araya, Francisco Álvarez, Roberto Pino, Eduardo Uribe, Patricio Díaz, Araceli Rossignoli, Américo López-Rivera, Juan Blanco. Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs. Toxins. 2020; 12 (11):698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Álvarez; José Rengel; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Roberto Pino; Eduardo Uribe; Patricio Díaz; Araceli Rossignoli; Américo López-Rivera; Juan Blanco. 2020. "Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs." Toxins 12, no. 11: 698.
Marine microalgae produce extracellular metabolites such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) with potentially beneficial biological applications to human health, especially antioxidant and antitumor properties, which can be increased with changes in crop trophic conditions. This study aimed to develop the autotrophic and heterotrophic culture of Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher in order to increase EPS production and to characterize its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. The adaptation of autotrophic to heterotrophic culture was carried out by progressively reducing the photoperiod and adding glucose. EPS extraction and purification were performed. EPS were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant capacity of EPS was analyzed by the 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) method, and the antitumor capacity was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, showing high activity on human leukemia, breast and lung cancer cell lines. Although total EPS showed no cytotoxicity, acidic EPS showed cytotoxicity over the gingival fibroblasts cell line. Heterotrophic culture has advantages over autotrophic, such as increasing EPS yield, higher antioxidant capacity of the EPS and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first probe that T. suecica EPS have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells; therefore, they could offer greater advantages as possible natural nutraceuticals for the pharmaceutical industry.
Geovanna Parra-Riofrío; Jorge García-Márquez; Virginia Casas-Arrojo; Eduardo Uribe-Tapia; Roberto Abdala-Díaz. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects on Tumor Cells of Exopolysaccharides From Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher Grown Under Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions. Marine Drugs 2020, 18, 534 .
AMA StyleGeovanna Parra-Riofrío, Jorge García-Márquez, Virginia Casas-Arrojo, Eduardo Uribe-Tapia, Roberto Abdala-Díaz. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects on Tumor Cells of Exopolysaccharides From Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher Grown Under Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18 (11):534.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeovanna Parra-Riofrío; Jorge García-Márquez; Virginia Casas-Arrojo; Eduardo Uribe-Tapia; Roberto Abdala-Díaz. 2020. "Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects on Tumor Cells of Exopolysaccharides From Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher Grown Under Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions." Marine Drugs 18, no. 11: 534.
In late February 2016, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Alexandrium catenella was detected in southern Chiloé, leading to the banning of shellfish harvesting in an extended geographical area (~500 km). On April 24, 2016, this bloom produced a massive beaching (an accumulation on the beach surface of dead or impaired organisms which were drifted ashore) of surf clams Mesodesma donacium in Cucao Bay, Chiloé. To determine the effect of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in M. donacium, samples were taken from Cucao during the third massive beaching detected on May 3, 2016. Whole tissue toxicity evidence a high interindividual variability with values which ranged from 1008 to 8763 μg STX eq 100 g−1 and with a toxin profile dominated by GTX3, GTX1, GTX2, GTX4, and neoSTX. Individuals were dissected into digestive gland (DG), foot (FT), adductor muscle (MU), and other body fractions (OBF), and histopathological and toxin analyses were carried out on the obtained fractions. Some pathological conditions were observed in gill and digestive gland of 40–50% of the individuals that correspond to hemocyte aggregation and haemocytic infiltration, respectively. The most toxic tissue was DG (2221 μg STX eq 100 g−1), followed by OBF (710 μg STX eq 100 g−1), FT (297 μg STX eq 100 g−1), and MU (314 μg STX eq 100 g−1). The observed surf clam mortality seems to have been mainly due to the desiccation caused by the incapability of the clams to burrow. Considering the available information of the monitoring program and taking into account that this episode was the first detected along the open coast of the Pacific Ocean in southern Chiloé, it is very likely that the M. donacium population from Cucao Bay has not had a recurrent exposition to A. catenella and, consequently, that it has not been subjected to high selective pressure for PSP resistance. However, more research is needed to determine the effects of PSP toxins on behavioral and physiological responses, nerve sensitivity, and genetic/molecular basis for the resistance or sensitivity of M. donacium.
Gonzalo Álvarez; Patricio A. Díaz; Marcos Godoy; Michael Araya; Iranzu Ganuza; Roberto Pino; Francisco Álvarez; José Rengel; Cristina Hernández; Eduardo Uribe; Juan Blanco. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality. Toxins 2019, 11, 188 .
AMA StyleGonzalo Álvarez, Patricio A. Díaz, Marcos Godoy, Michael Araya, Iranzu Ganuza, Roberto Pino, Francisco Álvarez, José Rengel, Cristina Hernández, Eduardo Uribe, Juan Blanco. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Álvarez; Patricio A. Díaz; Marcos Godoy; Michael Araya; Iranzu Ganuza; Roberto Pino; Francisco Álvarez; José Rengel; Cristina Hernández; Eduardo Uribe; Juan Blanco. 2019. "Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality." Toxins 11, no. 4: 188.
Surf clams, Mesodesma donacium, were shown to accumulate toxins from Dinophysis acuminata blooms. Only pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2) and some of its derivatives were found, and no toxins from the okadaic acid group were detected. PTX2 seems to be transformed to PTX2 seco-acid (PTX2sa), which was found in concentrations more than ten-fold those of PTX2. The seco-acid was transformed to acyl-derivatives by esterification with different fatty acids. The estimated amount of these derivatives in the mollusks was much higher than that of PTX2. Most esters were originated by even carbon chain fatty acids, but some originated by odd carbon number were also found in noticeable concentrations. Some peaks of toxin in the bivalves did not coincide with those of Dinophysis abundance, suggesting that there were large differences in toxin content per cell among the populations that developed throughout the year. The observed depuration (from the digestive gland) was fast (more than 0.2 day−1), and was faster for PTX2 than for PTX2sa, which in turn was faster than that of esters of PTX2sa. PTX2 and PTX2sa were distributed nearly equally between the digestive gland and the remaining tissues, but less than 5% of the palmytoyl-esters were found outside the digestive gland.
Juan Blanco; Gonzalo Álvarez; José Rengel; Rosario Díaz; Carmen Mariño; Helena Martín; Eduardo Uribe. Accumulation and Biotransformation of Dinophysis Toxins by the Surf Clam Mesodesma donacium. Toxins 2018, 10, 314 .
AMA StyleJuan Blanco, Gonzalo Álvarez, José Rengel, Rosario Díaz, Carmen Mariño, Helena Martín, Eduardo Uribe. Accumulation and Biotransformation of Dinophysis Toxins by the Surf Clam Mesodesma donacium. Toxins. 2018; 10 (8):314.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Blanco; Gonzalo Álvarez; José Rengel; Rosario Díaz; Carmen Mariño; Helena Martín; Eduardo Uribe. 2018. "Accumulation and Biotransformation of Dinophysis Toxins by the Surf Clam Mesodesma donacium." Toxins 10, no. 8: 314.