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Dr. Ernesto Vázquez-Martínez
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Basic Info


Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Pattern Recognition
0 Power System Protection
0 Wide Area Measurement Systems
0 transmission line protection
0 artificial intelligence and its engineering applications

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Pattern Recognition
transmission line protection

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Short Biography

He received the B.Sc. degree in Electronic and Communications Engineering and M.Sc. degree from the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México in 1989 and 1991 respectively. In 1994 received the Ph.D. degrees from the same university with "Methodology to protection operation analysis for fault diagnosis in power systems" as his dissertation topic. He taught 20 undergraduate courses and 70 graduate courses. He has lectured more than 100 postgraduate and training courses in México, Venezuela, República Dominicana, Guatemala, El Salvador and Perú, mainly oriented to power utility engineers in protective relay theory and its operation. He has written or coauthored 125 technical papers and 90 conference papers in México, United States, Denmark, France, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, Brasil, Bolivia and Perú. Dr. Vázquez has been the Graduate Advisor for 33 graduate students in México and Perú. He has a patent about adaptive digital protection and is author of three books.

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Journal article
Published: 15 October 2020 in Energies
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The Altai-Uliastai regional power system (AURPS) is a regional power system radially interconnected to the power system of Mongolia. The 110 kV interconnection is exceptionally long and susceptible to frequent trips because of weather conditions. The load-rich and low-inertia AURPS must be islanded during interconnection outages, and the under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme must act to ensure secure operation. Traditional UFLS over-sheds local demand, negatively affecting the local population, especially during the cold Mongolian winter season. This research paper proposes a novel methodology to optimally calculate the settings of the UFLS scheme, where each parameter of the scheme is individually adjusted to minimise the total amount of disconnected load. This paper presents a computationally efficient methodology that is illustrated in a specially created co-simulation environment (DIgSILENT® PowerFactoryTM + Python). The results demonstrate an outstanding performance of the proposed approach when compared with the traditional one.

ACS Style

Martha N. Acosta; Choidorj Adiyabazar; Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt; Manuel A. Andrade; José Rueda Torres; Ernesto Vazquez; Jesús Manuel Riquelme Santos. Optimal Under-Frequency Load Shedding Setting at Altai-Uliastai Regional Power System, Mongolia. Energies 2020, 13, 5390 .

AMA Style

Martha N. Acosta, Choidorj Adiyabazar, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, Manuel A. Andrade, José Rueda Torres, Ernesto Vazquez, Jesús Manuel Riquelme Santos. Optimal Under-Frequency Load Shedding Setting at Altai-Uliastai Regional Power System, Mongolia. Energies. 2020; 13 (20):5390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martha N. Acosta; Choidorj Adiyabazar; Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt; Manuel A. Andrade; José Rueda Torres; Ernesto Vazquez; Jesús Manuel Riquelme Santos. 2020. "Optimal Under-Frequency Load Shedding Setting at Altai-Uliastai Regional Power System, Mongolia." Energies 13, no. 20: 5390.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2020 in 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)
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This research investigates the positive changes in the system frequency response indicators caused by the implementation of a set of optimal settings of an under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme. The optimal under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme is optimised by minimising the total amount of load shedding and taking into account the recovery process of the system frequency into its operational values after several losses of generation and satisfies the requirements of the under-frequency load shedding standard (PRC-006-SERC-02). The idea of implementing the optimal UFLS scheme is to identify how changes the minimum frequency, minimum time, rate of change of frequency and steady-state frequency when the amount of load shedding change. The optimal UFLS scheme formulation starts with identifying the variables to control with the optimisation and its respective bounds. Then, the objective function is formulated in terms of the total load shedding, and finally, the restrictions and requirements of the systems are written as inequality constraints. The optimal UFLS is evaluated in the IEEE 39-bus system. The simulations results demonstrate the suitability of the optimal UFLS to improve the frequency response indicators.

ACS Style

Martha N. Acosta; Manuel A. Andrade; Ernesto Vazquez; Choidorj Adiyabazar; F. Gonzalez-Longatt; J.L Rueda; P. Palensky. Improvement of the Frequency Response Indicators by Optimal UFLS Scheme Settings. 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) 2020, 1250 -1255.

AMA Style

Martha N. Acosta, Manuel A. Andrade, Ernesto Vazquez, Choidorj Adiyabazar, F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.L Rueda, P. Palensky. Improvement of the Frequency Response Indicators by Optimal UFLS Scheme Settings. 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). 2020; ():1250-1255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martha N. Acosta; Manuel A. Andrade; Ernesto Vazquez; Choidorj Adiyabazar; F. Gonzalez-Longatt; J.L Rueda; P. Palensky. 2020. "Improvement of the Frequency Response Indicators by Optimal UFLS Scheme Settings." 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) , no. : 1250-1255.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2020 in Electric Power Systems Research
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This paper describes an in-depth signal processing analysis of the second-order Taylor-Kalman-Fourier (T2KF) filter as input signal to a phase comparator in digital distance relay. Tripping condition corresponds a successful phase comparison between operating signal and polarization signal (the angle among signals is inside angular limits, typically ± 90∘), this is equivalent to the fact that the measured impedance is less than the relay setting. The analysis is performed by regarding a phase comparison stage fed by phasors provided with the T2KF. In this paper, the proposed filter improves the relays steady-state and transient responses, in comparison with the well-known Fourier and Cosine filter, since the T2KF filter avoids fluctuations that may lead to overreach and underreach problems. The results are carried out in order to assess the proposed application.

ACS Style

Ernesto Vazquez; Alejandro Zamora-Mendez; Mario R. Arrieta Paternina; Luis A. Trujillo-Guajardo; Jose A. de la O Serna. Dynamic phasor-driven digital distance relays protection. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 184, 106316 .

AMA Style

Ernesto Vazquez, Alejandro Zamora-Mendez, Mario R. Arrieta Paternina, Luis A. Trujillo-Guajardo, Jose A. de la O Serna. Dynamic phasor-driven digital distance relays protection. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 184 ():106316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ernesto Vazquez; Alejandro Zamora-Mendez; Mario R. Arrieta Paternina; Luis A. Trujillo-Guajardo; Jose A. de la O Serna. 2020. "Dynamic phasor-driven digital distance relays protection." Electric Power Systems Research 184, no. : 106316.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2020 in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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Power shunt reactors are critical elements in electric power systems for controlling reactive power and maintaining voltage within a permissible range in transmission systems. Protection schemes for shunt reactors are similar to those used in power transformers, e.g., the differential, overcurrent, and distance protection schemes. However, these protection schemes may misoperate for several reasons such as a decaying DC component when the reactor is energized, or the occurrence of current transformer saturation when an external fault occurs. In this context, a novel differential protection algorithm for power shunt reactors is proposed. This algorithm uses the magnitude of the second central moment as a basis for identifying whether the event corresponds to an internal fault. The proposed algorithm was tested and implemented using PSCAD and the MATLAB software. Current transformer saturation and noise were considered in all the events evaluated. The results show that the proposed algorithm accurately discriminates between internal and external faults as well as transient events such as inrush currents. Furthermore, the algorithm exhibits a limited capability for detecting turn-to-turn faults until 2% of short-circuited turns.

ACS Style

Ernesto Vazquez; Manuel Andrade; Héctor Esponda; Jesús Ávila. A new differential protection algorithm for power reactors based on the second central moment. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2020, 118, 105795 .

AMA Style

Ernesto Vazquez, Manuel Andrade, Héctor Esponda, Jesús Ávila. A new differential protection algorithm for power reactors based on the second central moment. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2020; 118 ():105795.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ernesto Vazquez; Manuel Andrade; Héctor Esponda; Jesús Ávila. 2020. "A new differential protection algorithm for power reactors based on the second central moment." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 118, no. : 105795.

Research article
Published: 19 March 2019 in IET Electric Power Applications
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This study describes an extended approach to the differential protection of power transformers to identify turn-to-turn faults based on the second central moment (SCM). The proposal uses the differential currents as the input signals to the algorithm. Differential currents are filtered and normalised to allow the proposed algorithm to be independent of the transformer parameters (power, reactance, connection etc.). Then, the SCM magnitude of the differential currents is computed and compared with an established threshold to detect the internal faults. If the SCM magnitude exceeds the limit, an internal fault is detected. Otherwise, the event is determined as a transient event or steady state. The proposed algorithm was implemented in MATLAB and was tested on a three-phase system using a Real-Time Digital Simulator. For laboratory experiments, a real 55-kVA transformer setup was used to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The algorithm successfully identified turn-to-turn faults from steady state, as well as during transformer energisations, in over 1000 cases.

ACS Style

Héctor Esponda; Ernesto Vázquez; Manuel A. Andrade; Daniel Guillén; Brian K. Johnson. Extended second central moment approach to detect turn‐to‐turn faults in power transformers. IET Electric Power Applications 2019, 13, 766 -775.

AMA Style

Héctor Esponda, Ernesto Vázquez, Manuel A. Andrade, Daniel Guillén, Brian K. Johnson. Extended second central moment approach to detect turn‐to‐turn faults in power transformers. IET Electric Power Applications. 2019; 13 (6):766-775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Héctor Esponda; Ernesto Vázquez; Manuel A. Andrade; Daniel Guillén; Brian K. Johnson. 2019. "Extended second central moment approach to detect turn‐to‐turn faults in power transformers." IET Electric Power Applications 13, no. 6: 766-775.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
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This paper describes a differential algorithm for the protection of a three-phase transformer to differentiate transient phenomena, such as inrush currents and external faults from solid and turn-to-turn faults. This algorithm is based on the behavior of the second central moment (SCM) to identify the kind of event. Instantaneous differential currents are used as input signals to the algorithm once they are filtered and normalized. The algorithm compares the magnitude of the SCM with an established threshold based on the binomial distribution to achieve a successful identification of the event. If the magnitude of the SCM is above the limit, the algorithm identifies the event as a fault condition. Otherwise, the event is determined as a transient event or a steady-state condition. The threshold is setting-free if the transformer parameters are changed or if the harmonic content of the differential current varies. Also, the threshold does not have to be recalculated if the power system is modified. The D index was introduced to improve the fault-detection time when the current transformers experience saturation. This index uses the magnitude of the SCM as a basis and is compared with an established limit to detect the fault current. Both indices run in parallel, and if any of them does cross its respective threshold, a fault condition is determined. The algorithm is tested in a real-time digital simulator and is implemented in MATLAB. The algorithm was compared against the conventional differential protection with harmonic restraint to evaluate the performance of both indices in critical conditions. The results validate the performance of the algorithm and indicate that it can be the basis of a new algorithm to protect power transformers.

ACS Style

Hector Esponda; Ernesto Vazquez; Manuel Andrade; Brian K. Johnson; Hector Esponda Hernandez. A Setting-Free Differential Protection for Power Transformers Based on Second Central Moment. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2019, 34, 750 -759.

AMA Style

Hector Esponda, Ernesto Vazquez, Manuel Andrade, Brian K. Johnson, Hector Esponda Hernandez. A Setting-Free Differential Protection for Power Transformers Based on Second Central Moment. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2019; 34 (2):750-759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hector Esponda; Ernesto Vazquez; Manuel Andrade; Brian K. Johnson; Hector Esponda Hernandez. 2019. "A Setting-Free Differential Protection for Power Transformers Based on Second Central Moment." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 34, no. 2: 750-759.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2018 in The Journal of Engineering
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This study describes a new differential protection algorithm for power transformers, which is not affected by transient conditions. The proposed algorithm uses the statistical second central moment, statistical variance, to characterise the signal waveform. The goal is to obtain the variance from each differential current after a pre-processing filter stage and to compare it with a threshold. The event will be identified as an internal fault, or otherwise as an inrush current. The algorithm was implemented in MATLAB, and a broad array of cases was carried out using the electromagnetic transient software PSCAD. All results show the algorithm successfully differentiated inrush from the internal fault conditions in over 2000 cases.

ACS Style

Hector Esponda Hernandez; Ernesto Vázquez Martínez; Manuel Antonio Andrade Soto. Differential protection in power transformers using the statistical second central moment. The Journal of Engineering 2018, 2018, 1330 -1334.

AMA Style

Hector Esponda Hernandez, Ernesto Vázquez Martínez, Manuel Antonio Andrade Soto. Differential protection in power transformers using the statistical second central moment. The Journal of Engineering. 2018; 2018 (15):1330-1334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hector Esponda Hernandez; Ernesto Vázquez Martínez; Manuel Antonio Andrade Soto. 2018. "Differential protection in power transformers using the statistical second central moment." The Journal of Engineering 2018, no. 15: 1330-1334.

Website
Published: 14 August 2018 in Big Data Analytics in Future Power Systems
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ACS Style

Ernesto Vázquez-Martínez; Héctor Esponda Hernández; Manuel A. Andrade Soto. A New Transformer Differential Protection Algorithm Based on Data Pattern Recognition. Big Data Analytics in Future Power Systems 2018, 143 -168.

AMA Style

Ernesto Vázquez-Martínez, Héctor Esponda Hernández, Manuel A. Andrade Soto. A New Transformer Differential Protection Algorithm Based on Data Pattern Recognition. Big Data Analytics in Future Power Systems. 2018; ():143-168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ernesto Vázquez-Martínez; Héctor Esponda Hernández; Manuel A. Andrade Soto. 2018. "A New Transformer Differential Protection Algorithm Based on Data Pattern Recognition." Big Data Analytics in Future Power Systems , no. : 143-168.

Conference paper
Published: 01 November 2017 in 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC)
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This paper describes a method to identify inrush currents in a distribution transformer using the Singular Value Decomposition during transient conditions. The proposed method applies the SVD to a measurement matrix formed by the differential current per each phase normalized and filtered. The goal is to obtain the greatest singular value that brings the most variability highlighting the characteristic patterns in differential currents. A threshold based on Euclidean norm was established to differentiate between inrush and fault currents. If the magnitude of the largest singular value is above the threshold, an internal fault is determined, otherwise, an inrush current. The algorithm was implemented on MATLAB, and a broad array of experimental cases was made in two different three-phase transformers to validate its performance. The algorithm successfully differentiated inrush conditions from internal faults in all 100 cases.

ACS Style

H. Esponda; Ernesto Vazquez; A. Avalos. Experimental results of a new differential protection algorithm in a distribution transformer using singular values. 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC) 2017, 1 -6.

AMA Style

H. Esponda, Ernesto Vazquez, A. Avalos. Experimental results of a new differential protection algorithm in a distribution transformer using singular values. 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC). 2017; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Esponda; Ernesto Vazquez; A. Avalos. 2017. "Experimental results of a new differential protection algorithm in a distribution transformer using singular values." 2017 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC) , no. : 1-6.

Research article
Published: 01 September 2016 in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
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In this study, a new algorithm for discrimination between internal faults and inrush current conditions in power transformers is presented. First, the proposed algorithm removes the pre-fault conditions of the fault currents. Then, those currents are processed using the discrete wavelet transform to obtain the wavelet matrix. The correlation matrix is computed from wavelet matrix to know the eigenvalues associated with each frequency scale and to reduce the analysed information. This algorithm, which the authors are going to call wavelet correlation modes, is used to identify inrush and internal fault currents in power transformer. To validate the proposed algorithm, simulations are carried out in power systems computer-aided design software, and the obtained signals are analysed in order to evaluate its performance and sensitivity.

ACS Style

Daniel Guillen; Hector Esponda; Ernesto Vazquez; Gina Idárraga‐Ospina. Algorithm for transformer differential protection based on wavelet correlation modes. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2016, 10, 2871 -2879.

AMA Style

Daniel Guillen, Hector Esponda, Ernesto Vazquez, Gina Idárraga‐Ospina. Algorithm for transformer differential protection based on wavelet correlation modes. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2016; 10 (12):2871-2879.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Guillen; Hector Esponda; Ernesto Vazquez; Gina Idárraga‐Ospina. 2016. "Algorithm for transformer differential protection based on wavelet correlation modes." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10, no. 12: 2871-2879.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2016 in 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA)
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In this paper a novel algorithm for unblocking distance relays during power swing is described. The algorithm is based on the participation factors drawn from a variance-covariance matrix, which is built by incremental currents after a fault takes place. By modal analysis techniques, the eigenvalues and participation factors are calculated and they are used for identifying a three-phase fault condition under power swing conditions. The algorithm's performance is verified through simulation by electromagnetic transient software under different conditions. The analyzed scenarios demonstrate that the proposal algorithm correctly identifies a fault when the distance relay is blocked during a power swing.

ACS Style

S. Torres; H. Esponda; M. Andrade; E. Vazquez; M.R.A. Paternina; A. Zamora; Juan M. Ramirez. Unblocking function of distance relay during power swing based on modal analysis. 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA) 2016, 1 -6.

AMA Style

S. Torres, H. Esponda, M. Andrade, E. Vazquez, M.R.A. Paternina, A. Zamora, Juan M. Ramirez. Unblocking function of distance relay during power swing based on modal analysis. 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA). 2016; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Torres; H. Esponda; M. Andrade; E. Vazquez; M.R.A. Paternina; A. Zamora; Juan M. Ramirez. 2016. "Unblocking function of distance relay during power swing based on modal analysis." 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA) , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2016 in 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA)
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Novel strategies for identifying voltage control areas in large power systems are proposed. These are founded on the modal energy levels and the instantaneous energy of oscillatory modes for determining voltage control areas of large power systems. The modal energy levels are used for identifying the minimum number of areas into the grid, and the minimum number of control buses per area in order to make a suitable secondary voltage control into the system. The energy levels are conceived regarding the topology of the grid and the dynamic analysis. Then, the instantaneous energy is provided by the Taylor-Fourier transform (TFT), which is taken into account for determining a set of sensible buses during the transient behavior. Both strategies are applied in the New England power system corroborating the applicability and the validity of the proposition.

ACS Style

J. Rios; A. Zamora; M.R.A. Paternina; A. Lopez; E. Vazquez. Secondary voltage control areas through energy levels. 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA) 2016, 1 -6.

AMA Style

J. Rios, A. Zamora, M.R.A. Paternina, A. Lopez, E. Vazquez. Secondary voltage control areas through energy levels. 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA). 2016; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Rios; A. Zamora; M.R.A. Paternina; A. Lopez; E. Vazquez. 2016. "Secondary voltage control areas through energy levels." 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA) , no. : 1-6.

Research article
Published: 01 November 2015 in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
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The transient response of the digital filter for relaying purposes has been improved by means of the Taylor–Kalman–Fourier (TKF) filter. This filter is focused on a dynamic phasor, which is adapted to the transient operating conditions and is based on a signal model that is approximated by the Kth Taylor polynomial. This model is extended to the Kalman and Fourier subspaces in order to provide instantaneous estimates through its recursive property. The TKF renders instantaneous phasor estimates at each sample and enhances the impedance estimation under fault conditions. This fact and the results demonstrate the applicability of the proposition for distance relays.

ACS Style

Alejandro Zamora; Juan M. Ramirez; Mario R. Arrieta Paternina; Ernesto Vazquez‐Martinez. Digital filter for phasor estimation applied to distance relays. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2015, 9, 1954 -1963.

AMA Style

Alejandro Zamora, Juan M. Ramirez, Mario R. Arrieta Paternina, Ernesto Vazquez‐Martinez. Digital filter for phasor estimation applied to distance relays. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2015; 9 (14):1954-1963.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Zamora; Juan M. Ramirez; Mario R. Arrieta Paternina; Ernesto Vazquez‐Martinez. 2015. "Digital filter for phasor estimation applied to distance relays." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 9, no. 14: 1954-1963.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2015 in 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech
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This paper proposes novel strategies for estimating current and voltage dynamic phasors under transient conditions. Algorithms based on: (i) Taylor-Kalman-Fourier (T k KF) filter; (ii) Taylor-Kalman (TK) filter; and (iii) Prony's method (PM), are compared respect to the conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Recently, several papers argue about the DFT disadvantages in transient conditions mainly due to its lack of adaptability under time-varying parameters. Results are presented for actual and simulated conditions, demonstrating the high performance of the above-mentioned algorithms.

ACS Style

M. R. A. Paternina; A. Zamora; M. Ernesto Vazquez; Juan M. Ramirez. Phasor estimation under transient conditions. 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech 2015, 1 -6.

AMA Style

M. R. A. Paternina, A. Zamora, M. Ernesto Vazquez, Juan M. Ramirez. Phasor estimation under transient conditions. 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech. 2015; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. R. A. Paternina; A. Zamora; M. Ernesto Vazquez; Juan M. Ramirez. 2015. "Phasor estimation under transient conditions." 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech , no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2015 in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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This paper presents a methodology to determine the optimal location of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in any network to make it observable. This proposed methodology is based on network connectivity information and unreachability index (URI), where URI is the difficulty to observe any node in the network and it is computed using the inverse of connectivity. In order to choose the optimal bus, it is basically considered to observe a low connectivity bus from an adjacent bus selected by weighting factors that are based on logical analysis of the observability theory combined with the URI; this process stops until the network is observable. The purpose is minimize the number of PMUs in a network with the optimal location and the aim to get a low number of critical measurements (CM) with a high total redundancy (TR), in order to obtain an optimal distribution of PMUs on the network. The proposal is considered as an easy solver for PMU’s placing on the network due to important reduction in complexity and computational cost, besides comparable results are as good as those papers using recent optimization methods such as metaheuristics and stochastics, without taking into account that the proposal can handle huge networks. The algorithm is applied to the IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118 and 300-bus systems, and also to medium and large power systems of 1006, 3305, 15,000, 20,000 and 30,000 buses with success.

ACS Style

M.J. Álvarez; Francisco-Sergio Sellschopp-Sanchez; Ernesto Vazquez. A PMUs placement methodology based on inverse of connectivity and critical measurements. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2015, 68, 336 -344.

AMA Style

M.J. Álvarez, Francisco-Sergio Sellschopp-Sanchez, Ernesto Vazquez. A PMUs placement methodology based on inverse of connectivity and critical measurements. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2015; 68 ():336-344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.J. Álvarez; Francisco-Sergio Sellschopp-Sanchez; Ernesto Vazquez. 2015. "A PMUs placement methodology based on inverse of connectivity and critical measurements." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 68, no. : 336-344.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2015 in IEEE Latin America Transactions
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The power systems are exposed to various types of faults that can cause disturbances. A fast restoration of faulted elements can reduce the possibility of a major disturbance, but it is necessary to determine the location of the fault. This paper describes a method for the fault location diagnosis combining information of synchronized phasor measurements and the principal component analysis as statistical analysis of the data. Results are presented of the location of failure diagnosis for various cases using the IEEE 39 bus system.

ACS Style

Carlos Gonzalez; Ernesto Vazquez; Francisco Sellschopp. Fault location diagnosis based on synchronized phasor measurements. IEEE Latin America Transactions 2015, 13, 645 -650.

AMA Style

Carlos Gonzalez, Ernesto Vazquez, Francisco Sellschopp. Fault location diagnosis based on synchronized phasor measurements. IEEE Latin America Transactions. 2015; 13 (3):645-650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Gonzalez; Ernesto Vazquez; Francisco Sellschopp. 2015. "Fault location diagnosis based on synchronized phasor measurements." IEEE Latin America Transactions 13, no. 3: 645-650.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2015 in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
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This paper proposes the use of a second order Taylor-Kalman-Fourier filter for reliable estimation of current and voltage phasors and their application for distance relays in order to estimate the line's impedance. The proposed filter improves the relay's steady-state and transient responses, with respect to the well-known discrete Fourier transform, which is the most used tool in transmission line protection and in phasor measurement units. Three-phase and single-phase simulations are carried out in order to assess the proposed application.

ACS Style

Alejandro Zamora-Mendez; Mario R. Arrieta Paternina; Ernesto Vazquez M.; Juan M. Ramirez; Jose Antonio La O De Serna. Distance Relays Based on the_newline Taylor–Kalman-Fourier Filter. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2015, 31, 928 -935.

AMA Style

Alejandro Zamora-Mendez, Mario R. Arrieta Paternina, Ernesto Vazquez M., Juan M. Ramirez, Jose Antonio La O De Serna. Distance Relays Based on the_newline Taylor–Kalman-Fourier Filter. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2015; 31 (3):928-935.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Zamora-Mendez; Mario R. Arrieta Paternina; Ernesto Vazquez M.; Juan M. Ramirez; Jose Antonio La O De Serna. 2015. "Distance Relays Based on the_newline Taylor–Kalman-Fourier Filter." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 31, no. 3: 928-935.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2015 in IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
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In general, a smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses digital technology for measurement, control, and protection functions to ensure a network security. It tries to solve the problem of weather-dependant fluctuations of renewable energy power supplies (e.g. wind turbines, or photo-voltaic systems) when they are connected to an actual power system. In two papers in this issue, we present some of the challenges raised by Smart Grids in instrumentation and measurement applications, putting emphasis on synchrophasor estimation. In this part 1 article, we describe the problem of identifying a normal condition from a fault condition and between a fault condition and an oscillation using phasor estimations in protective relays. In "Synchrophasor Measurement Challenges in Smart Grids," we discuss a novel synchrophasor- estimation algorithm that improves the accuracy of the estimates under oscillations conditions and serves to identify electromechanical modes in Smart Grids. This algorithm ameliorates protection as well as measurement applications in smart grids.

ACS Style

Ernesto Vázquez-Martínez; José Antonio de la O Serna. Smart grids Part 1: Instrumentation challenges. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 2015, 18, 6 -9.

AMA Style

Ernesto Vázquez-Martínez, José Antonio de la O Serna. Smart grids Part 1: Instrumentation challenges. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine. 2015; 18 (1):6-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ernesto Vázquez-Martínez; José Antonio de la O Serna. 2015. "Smart grids Part 1: Instrumentation challenges." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 18, no. 1: 6-9.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2015 in IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
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Smart grids pose two sorts of interesting challenges to phasor measurement techniques. The main challenge results from estimating the parameters of voltage and current signals. It has been a hot topic since the advent of the phasor measurement unit (PMU) in the acquisition of synchrophasors of a power system under dynamic conditions. There are several research groups working in this field who have published recent exemplary papers [1]-[4]. They investigated the important role played by the IEEE Synchrophasor Standard [5] in this endeavor. The other incipient problem is the electromechanical mode identification field. In this case, new phasor estimation methods are recently competing with the well-known Prony Method (Chap. 1 of [6]) or the Hilbert- Huang technique (Chap. 2-3 of [6]) to decompose a power oscillation into its dynamic modes.

ACS Style

José Antonio De La O Serna; Ernesto Vazquez. Smart grids Part 2: Synchrophasor measurement challenges. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 2015, 18, 13 -16.

AMA Style

José Antonio De La O Serna, Ernesto Vazquez. Smart grids Part 2: Synchrophasor measurement challenges. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine. 2015; 18 (1):13-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Antonio De La O Serna; Ernesto Vazquez. 2015. "Smart grids Part 2: Synchrophasor measurement challenges." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 18, no. 1: 13-16.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2014 in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
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Information about typical fault resistances of transmission lines will help improve the settings of distance relays. This paper proposes an offline method for estimating the fault resistance of transmission lines using the COMTRADE fault files available from digital distance relays. The proposed method uses the fault records at both ends of a line, but synchronization of the data sets is not required. Simulation and lab experimental results show that the estimated fault resistance has good accuracy with 2% average error. Finally, the method was applied to estimate the fault resistances of more than 50 phase-to-ground faults of a utility company. The ranges of fault resistance values are determined for faults on the company's 240 kV and 138 kV lines.

ACS Style

Bing Xia; Yang Wang; Ernesto Vazquez; Wilsun Xu; Daniel Wong; Michael Tong. Estimation of Fault Resistance Using Fault Record Data. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2014, 30, 153 -160.

AMA Style

Bing Xia, Yang Wang, Ernesto Vazquez, Wilsun Xu, Daniel Wong, Michael Tong. Estimation of Fault Resistance Using Fault Record Data. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2014; 30 (1):153-160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bing Xia; Yang Wang; Ernesto Vazquez; Wilsun Xu; Daniel Wong; Michael Tong. 2014. "Estimation of Fault Resistance Using Fault Record Data." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 30, no. 1: 153-160.