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Dr. Mohammad Khalid Hossain
North Carolina State University

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0 GIS
0 Natural Hazards
0 Social Vulnerability
0 Flood Susceptibility
0 Spatial Analisys

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Journal article
Published: 03 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Flooding, including hurricanes and tornadoes, accounts for approximately 40 percent of natural disasters worldwide and kills 100 people on average in the United States each year, which is more than any other single weather hazard. Since flooding is a common hazard in the U.S. and flood-related casualties have been increasing in recent years, it is important to understand the spatial patterns of different vulnerable population groups in the flooding regions. To achieve this objective, spatial scan statistics were used to identify the spatial clusters of different demographic groups (children and elderly, poor, White, African American, and Hispanic) in the 100-year floodplain areas of Birmingham. Using the decennial census data from 1990 to 2015, this research examined whether these vulnerable population groups had aggregated more in the flooding areas or moved away from the flooding areas in the past thirty years. The findings of this research indicate that most of the minorities are increasingly aggregating in the floodplain areas of Village Creek in Birmingham. The findings also suggest that the non-minorities are moving away from the flooding regions in Birmingham, AL. As part of the minorities and non-minorities group, approximately 50 percent of African Americans and 4 percent of White populations aggregated in the Village Creek flooding areas in 2015. Although the percentage of White populations is very low, the findings suggest that they are still exposed to floods. The multi-decadal analysis of flood risk will help the local governments to understand which population groups could be more affected by floods historically and need more attention in future flood hazards. This understanding will help them prepare for future flood hazards by allocating resources efficiently among the different racial and ethnic groups.

ACS Style

Mohammad Hossain; Qingmin Meng. A Multi-Decadal Spatial Analysis of Demographic Vulnerability to Urban Flood: A Case Study of Birmingham City, USA. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9139 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Hossain, Qingmin Meng. A Multi-Decadal Spatial Analysis of Demographic Vulnerability to Urban Flood: A Case Study of Birmingham City, USA. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Hossain; Qingmin Meng. 2020. "A Multi-Decadal Spatial Analysis of Demographic Vulnerability to Urban Flood: A Case Study of Birmingham City, USA." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9139.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Nowadays, urban flooding is becoming a severe issue in most of the developing and developed countries. The growth of the urbanization rate is also increasing, and the United Nations (UN) projected that 68 % of the world’s population would live in urban areas by 2050. People tend to migrate from rural to urban areas, which expose them more vulnerable to urban floods. The flood-related damages and deaths are increasing every year globally. Using the Birmingham city, Alabama (AL), USA as the study area, the objective of this research is to assess potential damage risks due to flood exposure of buildings and population in an urban area. Different social and environmental factors influence urban floods in an urban area. This paper considered elevation, slope, flow accumulation, land-use, soil types, and distance from the river as significant influential factors to urban flooding. The flood risk model hence can be developed by using an integrated GIS and cartrographic approach, in which we assessed and assigned weights to these factors and formed a GIS risk assessment model, which shows the level of flood risks in the floodplain areas of Birmingham and quantifies and maps both commercial buildings, home buildings, and populations’ exposed to flooding risks. This study found that the Valley Creek area is the highest flood risk zone in Birmingham, and about 48.85 percent of Valley Creek’s floodplain area will face very high flood risk. The findings further reveal that total number of 5602 people are living in high and very high flood risk zones in Birmingham that approximates 44.04 % of the total population in this floodplain area. The physical vulnerability is also assessed, and findings suggest that the Valley Creek zone has the highest percentage of residential (i.e., 56.14 %) and commercial (i.e., 75.34 %) buildings located in very high flood risk areas. Our study providing a GIS risk assessment approach to locating and mapping the areas, buildings, and populations from the most to the least at risks with a fine spatical scale for urban flood risk management. The numbers of vulnerable buildings and populations within each risk category are quantified and their distributions are mapped. Therefore, revealing population’s and buildings’ risks and their geographic information, this flood risk assessment can help local governments and communities prepare better to take actions against future urban flood events in Birmingham, and this integrated GIS and cartographic analysis for fine flooding assessments can be applied to other urban areas for flood mitigation and risk management.

ACS Style

Mohammad Khalid Hossain; Qingmin Meng. A fine-scale spatial analytics of the assessment and mapping of buildings and population at different risk levels of urban flood. Land Use Policy 2020, 99, 104829 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Khalid Hossain, Qingmin Meng. A fine-scale spatial analytics of the assessment and mapping of buildings and population at different risk levels of urban flood. Land Use Policy. 2020; 99 ():104829.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Khalid Hossain; Qingmin Meng. 2020. "A fine-scale spatial analytics of the assessment and mapping of buildings and population at different risk levels of urban flood." Land Use Policy 99, no. : 104829.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2019 in Computers, Environment and Urban Systems
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About 30% of the total global economic loss inflicted by natural hazards is caused by flooding. Among them, the most serious situation is urban flooding. Urban impervious surface enhances storm runoff and overwhelms the drainage capacity of the storm sewer system, while the urban socioeconomic characteristics most often exacerbate them even more vulnerable to urban flooding impacts. Currently, there is still a significant knowledge gap of comparable assessment and understanding of minority's and non-minority's vulnerability. Therefore, this study designs a quantitative thematic mapping method–location quotient (LQ), using Birmingham, Alabama, USA as the study area. Urban residents' vulnerability to flooding is then analyzed demographically using LQ with census data. Comparing with the widely used social vulnerability index (SVI), LQ is more robust, which not only provides more detailed measurements of both the minority's and the White's vulnerability, but also shows a direct comparison for all populations with finer information about their potential spatial risk assessment. Although SVI showed the Shades Creek is the most vulnerable area with a SVI value above 0.75, only 228 Hispanic people and 2290 African-American live there that is not a significant aggregation of minorities in Birmingham; however, a total White population 12,872 is identified by LQ with a significant aggregation in the Shades Creek. Overall, LQ suggests that the White populations are highly and significantly concentrated in the flood areas, while SVI never considered the White as vulnerable. LQ further indicates that the concentration of minorities (i.e., 88,895) and vulnerable houses (i.e., 26,235) are much higher compared to the numbers of the minorities and houses indicated by SVI, which are only 11,772 and 8323, respectively. The LQ based thematic mapping, as a promising method for vulnerability assessment of urban hazards and risks, can make a significant contribution to hazard management efforts to reduce urban vulnerability and hence enhance urban resilience to hazards in the future.

ACS Style

Mohammad Khalid Hossain; Qingmin Meng. A thematic mapping method to assess and analyze potential urban hazards and risks caused by flooding. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 2019, 79, 101417 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Khalid Hossain, Qingmin Meng. A thematic mapping method to assess and analyze potential urban hazards and risks caused by flooding. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 2019; 79 ():101417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Khalid Hossain; Qingmin Meng. 2019. "A thematic mapping method to assess and analyze potential urban hazards and risks caused by flooding." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 79, no. : 101417.