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Sher Afghan Khan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Journal article
Published: 09 August 2021 in Materials
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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) would be a standalone solution for clean, sustainable energy and rural electrification. It can be used in addition to wastewater treatment for bioelectricity generation. Materials chosen for the membrane and electrodes are of low cost with suitable conducting ions and electrical properties. The prime objective of the present work is to enhance redox reactions by using novel and low-cost cathode catalysts synthesized from waste castor oil. Synthesized graphene has been used as an anode, castor oil-emitted carbon powder serves as a cathode, and clay material acts as a membrane. Three single-chambered MFC modules developed were used in the current study, and continuous readings were recorded. The maximum voltage achieved was 0.36 V for a 100 mL mixture of domestic wastewater and cow dung for an anodic chamber of 200 mL. The maximum power density obtained was 7280 mW/m2. In addition, a performance test was evaluated for another MFC with inoculums slurry, and a maximum voltage of 0.78 V and power density of 34.4093 mW/m2 with an anodic chamber of 50 mL was reported. The present study’s findings show that such cathode catalysts can be a suitable option for practical applications of microbial fuel cells.

ACS Style

Shobha Kumbar; Dipak Jadhav; Chetan Jarali; Dhananjay Talange; Asif Afzal; Sher Khan; Mohammad Asif; Mohd. Abdullah. Enhancement in Cathodic Redox Reactions of Single-Chambered Microbial Fuel Cells with Castor Oil-Emitted Powder as Cathode Material. Materials 2021, 14, 4454 .

AMA Style

Shobha Kumbar, Dipak Jadhav, Chetan Jarali, Dhananjay Talange, Asif Afzal, Sher Khan, Mohammad Asif, Mohd. Abdullah. Enhancement in Cathodic Redox Reactions of Single-Chambered Microbial Fuel Cells with Castor Oil-Emitted Powder as Cathode Material. Materials. 2021; 14 (16):4454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shobha Kumbar; Dipak Jadhav; Chetan Jarali; Dhananjay Talange; Asif Afzal; Sher Khan; Mohammad Asif; Mohd. Abdullah. 2021. "Enhancement in Cathodic Redox Reactions of Single-Chambered Microbial Fuel Cells with Castor Oil-Emitted Powder as Cathode Material." Materials 14, no. 16: 4454.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2021 in Energy
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In this study, analytical and computational analysis is performed to determine the effect of thermodynamic detonation parameters on the performance of the pulse detonation engine. For analytical study along with pure fuels blend of hydrogen (50 %) + kerosene (50 %), hydrogen (50 %) + methane (50 %) and methane (50 %) + kerosene (50 %) are considered. The ANSYS FLUENT program is utilized two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation using a stoichiometric mixture of three pure fuels: hydrogen-air, methane-air, and kerosene-air. Time-dependent numerical simulations are used to explore the flow condition inside the detonation tube. Excellent performance is observed for hydrogen-air fuel. Hydrogen shows the highest velocity of 2524.36 m/s and a specific impulse of 6842.16 s. The lowest velocity and specific impulse are produced by kerosene of 1520 m/s and 1473.6 s, respectively. It is shown that measured parameters could vary significantly depending on the choice of fuels used. The results infer that hydrogen blends of methane and kerosene fuels are also suitable for pulse detonation engine (PDE) application. Finally, these analytical and simulated results are validated with the previously published literature and NASA CEA (national aeronautics and space administration -chemical equilibrium with applications).

ACS Style

Mahammadsalman Warimani; Muhammad Hanafi Azami; Sher Afghan Khan; Ahmad Faris Ismail; Sanisah Saharin; Ahmad Kamal Ariffin. Internal flow dynamics and performance of pulse detonation engine with alternative fuels. Energy 2021, 237, 121719 .

AMA Style

Mahammadsalman Warimani, Muhammad Hanafi Azami, Sher Afghan Khan, Ahmad Faris Ismail, Sanisah Saharin, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin. Internal flow dynamics and performance of pulse detonation engine with alternative fuels. Energy. 2021; 237 ():121719.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahammadsalman Warimani; Muhammad Hanafi Azami; Sher Afghan Khan; Ahmad Faris Ismail; Sanisah Saharin; Ahmad Kamal Ariffin. 2021. "Internal flow dynamics and performance of pulse detonation engine with alternative fuels." Energy 237, no. : 121719.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2021 in Materials
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In this paper, Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu (AA8079) matrix composites with several weight percentages of B4C (0, 5, 10, and 15) were synthesized by powder metallurgy (PM). The essential amount of powders was milled to yield different compositions such as AA8079, AA8079-5 wt.%B4C, AA8079-10 wt.%B4C, and AA8079-15 wt.%B4C. The influence of powder metallurgy parameters on properties’ density, hardness, and compressive strength was examined. The green compacts were produced at three various pressures: 300 MPa, 400 MPa, and 500 MPa. The fabricated green compacts were sintered at 375 °C, 475 °C, and 575 °C for the time period of 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. Furthermore, the sintered samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDAX), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) examinations. The SEM examination confirmed the uniform dispersal of B4C reinforcement with AA8079 matrix. Corrosion behavior of the composites samples was explored. From the studies, it is witnessed that the rise in PM process parameters enhances the density, hardness, compressive strength, and corrosion resistance.

ACS Style

M. Meignanamoorthy; Manickam Ravichandran; Vinayagam Mohanavel; Asif Afzal; T. Sathish; Sagr Alamri; Sher Khan; C. Saleel. Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu) Matrix Composites Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route. Materials 2021, 14, 4315 .

AMA Style

M. Meignanamoorthy, Manickam Ravichandran, Vinayagam Mohanavel, Asif Afzal, T. Sathish, Sagr Alamri, Sher Khan, C. Saleel. Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu) Matrix Composites Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route. Materials. 2021; 14 (15):4315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Meignanamoorthy; Manickam Ravichandran; Vinayagam Mohanavel; Asif Afzal; T. Sathish; Sagr Alamri; Sher Khan; C. Saleel. 2021. "Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (Al-Fe-Si-Zn-Cu) Matrix Composites Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route." Materials 14, no. 15: 4315.

Review
Published: 27 July 2021 in Applied Sciences
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In high-speed fluid dynamics, base pressure controls find many engineering applications, such as in the automobile and defense industries. Several studies have been reported on flow control with sudden expansion duct. Passive control was found to be more beneficial in the last four decades and is used in devices such as cavities, ribs, aerospikes, etc., but these need additional control mechanics and objects to control the flow. Therefore, in the last two decades, the active control method has been used via a microjet controller at the base region of the suddenly expanded duct of the convergent–divergent (CD) nozzle to control the flow, which was found to be a cost-efficient and energy-saving method. Hence, in this paper, a systemic literature review is conducted to investigate the research gap by reviewing the exhaustive work on the active control of high-speed aerodynamic flows from the nozzle as the major focus. Additionally, a basic idea about the nozzle and its configuration is discussed, and the passive control method for the control of flow, jet and noise are represented in order to investigate the existing contributions in supersonic speed applications. A critical review of the last two decades considering the challenges and limitations in this field is expressed. As a contribution, some major and minor gaps are introduced, and we plot the research trends in this field. As a result, this review can serve as guidance and an opportunity for scholars who want to use an active control approach via microjets for supersonic flow problems.

ACS Style

Abdul Aabid; Sher Khan; Muneer Baig. A Critical Review of Supersonic Flow Control for High-Speed Applications. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 6899 .

AMA Style

Abdul Aabid, Sher Khan, Muneer Baig. A Critical Review of Supersonic Flow Control for High-Speed Applications. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (15):6899.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Aabid; Sher Khan; Muneer Baig. 2021. "A Critical Review of Supersonic Flow Control for High-Speed Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15: 6899.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2021 in Symmetry
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Traditional Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods have now become outdated; therefore, most researchers are focusing on more robust hybrid MCDM models that combine two or more MCDM techniques to address decision-making problems. The authors attempted to create two novel hybrid MCDM systems in this paper by integrating Additive Ratio ASsessment (ARAS) with Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Complex PRoportional ASsessment (COPRAS). To demonstrate the ability and effectiveness of these two hybrid models i.e., TOPSIS-ARAS and COPRAS-ARAS were applied to solve a real-time robot selection problem with 12 alternative robots and five selection criteria, while evaluating the parametric importance using the CRiteria Importance Through Inter criteria Correlation (CRITIC) objective weighting estimation tool. The rankings of the robot alternatives gained from these two hybrid models were also compared to the obtained results from eight other solo MCDM tools. Although the rankings by the applied methods slightly differ from each other, the final outcomes from all of the adopted techniques are consistent enough to suggest that robot 12 is the best choice followed by robot 11, and robot 4 is the worst one among these 12 alternatives. Spearman Correlation Coefficient (SCC) also reveals that the proposed rankings derived from various methods have a strong ranking relationship with one another. Finally, sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effects of weight variation and to validate the robustness of the implemented MCDM approaches.

ACS Style

Shankha Goswami; Dhiren Behera; Asif Afzal; Abdul Razak Kaladgi; Sher Khan; Parvathy Rajendran; Ram Subbiah; Mohammad Asif. Analysis of a Robot Selection Problem Using Two Newly Developed Hybrid MCDM Models of TOPSIS-ARAS and COPRAS-ARAS. Symmetry 2021, 13, 1331 .

AMA Style

Shankha Goswami, Dhiren Behera, Asif Afzal, Abdul Razak Kaladgi, Sher Khan, Parvathy Rajendran, Ram Subbiah, Mohammad Asif. Analysis of a Robot Selection Problem Using Two Newly Developed Hybrid MCDM Models of TOPSIS-ARAS and COPRAS-ARAS. Symmetry. 2021; 13 (8):1331.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shankha Goswami; Dhiren Behera; Asif Afzal; Abdul Razak Kaladgi; Sher Khan; Parvathy Rajendran; Ram Subbiah; Mohammad Asif. 2021. "Analysis of a Robot Selection Problem Using Two Newly Developed Hybrid MCDM Models of TOPSIS-ARAS and COPRAS-ARAS." Symmetry 13, no. 8: 1331.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2021 in Energies
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Countries globally are focusing on alternative fuels to reduce the environmental pollution. An example is biodiesel fuel, which is leading the way to other technologies. In this research, the methyl esters of castor oil were prepared using a two-step transesterification process. The respective properties of the castor oil (Ricinus Communis) biodiesel were estimated using ASTM standards. The effect of performance and emission on diesel engines was noted for four various engine loads (25, 50, 75, and 100%), with two different blends (B5 and B20) and at two different engine speeds (1500 and 2000 rpm). The study determined that B5 and B20 samples at 1500 rpm engine speed obtained the same power, but diesel fuel generated greater control. The power increased at 2000 rpm for B5 samples, but B20 samples, as well as diesel, were almost the same values. In the 40–80% range, load and load values were entirely parallel for each load observed from the engine performance of the brake power in all samples.

ACS Style

Munimathan Arunkumar; Vinayagam Mohanavel; Asif Afzal; Thanikodi Sathish; Manickam Ravichandran; Sher Khan; Nur Abdullah; Muhammad Bin Azami; Mohammad Asif. A Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Ricinus Communis (Castor Oil) Ethyl Esters. Energies 2021, 14, 4320 .

AMA Style

Munimathan Arunkumar, Vinayagam Mohanavel, Asif Afzal, Thanikodi Sathish, Manickam Ravichandran, Sher Khan, Nur Abdullah, Muhammad Bin Azami, Mohammad Asif. A Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Ricinus Communis (Castor Oil) Ethyl Esters. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Munimathan Arunkumar; Vinayagam Mohanavel; Asif Afzal; Thanikodi Sathish; Manickam Ravichandran; Sher Khan; Nur Abdullah; Muhammad Bin Azami; Mohammad Asif. 2021. "A Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Ricinus Communis (Castor Oil) Ethyl Esters." Energies 14, no. 14: 4320.

Research article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering
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Base pressure is a crucial component in the measurement of flow parameters in a high-speed aerodynamic flow. In this paper, the microjets impact as a control mechanism is experimentally tested for the nozzles with abrupt expansion at supersonic Mach in an axisymmetric conduit. The flow regulation mechanism is placed at a 90-degree interval in the shape of an orifice of 0.5 mm in radius along the nozzle’s exit diameter, which generates jets at sonic Mach numbers. The flow constraints studied are inertia level (Mach number), expansion level (NPR), and the geometric parameters considered are the pipe’s length (L/D). These three relevant parameters were selected for design of experiments (DOE). In the management of base pressure, this analysis’s primary objective is to evaluate the parameters influencing the flow. The experiments were carried out in two ways: without and with microjets. For the DOE, an L27 orthogonal series, polynomial expression, analysis of variance, and predicted plots were carried out to test the experimental findings. The established prototypes are statistically appropriate and achieved when making precise projections for all the cases. According to the present results, the L/D ratio for a given parameter is the most critical parameter influencing the maximum increase or decrease in the base pressure.

ACS Style

Turki Al-Khalifah; Abdul Aabid; Sher Afghan Khan; Muhammad Hanafi Bin Azami; Muneer Baig. Response surface analysis of nozzle parameters at supersonic flow through microjets. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2021, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Turki Al-Khalifah, Abdul Aabid, Sher Afghan Khan, Muhammad Hanafi Bin Azami, Muneer Baig. Response surface analysis of nozzle parameters at supersonic flow through microjets. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2021; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Turki Al-Khalifah; Abdul Aabid; Sher Afghan Khan; Muhammad Hanafi Bin Azami; Muneer Baig. 2021. "Response surface analysis of nozzle parameters at supersonic flow through microjets." Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering , no. : 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2021 in International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow
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The effectiveness of cross wire in controlling the mixing characteristics of a circular and an equivalent elliptic jet is investigated experimentally. While circular jets are conventional, elliptic jets have gained attention due to their better mixing characteristics and faster decay. To further explore and augment the capabilities of elliptic jets for practical utility, it is investigated whether using an elliptic jet with cross wire control gives additional benefit in terms of mixing enhancement over an axisymmetric jet. Experiments are performed for subsonic and choked flow conditions with nozzle pressure ratios ranging from 1.2 to 7.0. Time-averaged pitot pressures and schlieren visualization is used for diagnosis. The jet bifurcation can be seen in controlled elliptical jets at all nozzle pressure ratios (NPRs). Core length is reduced to as much as 70% in the elliptical jet and 84% in the case of the circular jet. The core length values estimated from the present data are compared with the previous investigations.

ACS Style

Mohammed Faheem; Aqib Khan; Rakesh Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan; Waqar Asrar; Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. Experimental investigation of the effect of cross wire on the flow field of elliptic jet. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 2021, 90, 108834 .

AMA Style

Mohammed Faheem, Aqib Khan, Rakesh Kumar, Sher Afghan Khan, Waqar Asrar, Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. Experimental investigation of the effect of cross wire on the flow field of elliptic jet. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 2021; 90 ():108834.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Faheem; Aqib Khan; Rakesh Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan; Waqar Asrar; Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. 2021. "Experimental investigation of the effect of cross wire on the flow field of elliptic jet." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 90, no. : 108834.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2021 in Materials
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In the present investigation, the non-recrystallization temperature (TNR) of niobium-microalloyed steel is determined to plan rolling schedules for obtaining the desired properties of steel. The value of TNR is based on both alloying elements and deformation parameters. In the literature, TNR equations have been developed and utilized. However, each equation has certain limitations which constrain its applicability. This study was completed using laboratory-grade low-carbon Nb-microalloyed steels designed to meet the API X-70 specification. Nb- microalloyed steel is processed by the melting and casting process, and the composition is found by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Multiple-hit deformation tests were carried out on a Gleeble® 3500 system in the standard pocket-jaw configuration to determine TNR. Cuboidal specimens (10 (L) × 20 (W) × 20 (T) mm3) were taken for compression test (multiple-hit deformation tests) in gleeble. Microstructure evolutions were carried out by using OM (optical microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The value of TNR determined for 0.1 wt.% niobium bearing microalloyed steel is ~ 951 °C. Nb- microalloyed steel rolled at TNR produce partially recrystallized grain with ferrite nucleation. Hence, to verify the TNR value, a rolling process is applied with the finishing rolling temperature near TNR (~951 °C). The microstructure is also revealed in the pancake shape, which confirms TNR.

ACS Style

Mohammad Akhtar; Muneer Khan; Sher Khan; Asif Afzal; Ram Subbiah; Sheikh Ahmad; Murtuja Husain; Mohammad Butt; Abdul Othman; Elmi Bakar. Determination of Non-Recrystallization Temperature for Niobium Microalloyed Steel. Materials 2021, 14, 2639 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Akhtar, Muneer Khan, Sher Khan, Asif Afzal, Ram Subbiah, Sheikh Ahmad, Murtuja Husain, Mohammad Butt, Abdul Othman, Elmi Bakar. Determination of Non-Recrystallization Temperature for Niobium Microalloyed Steel. Materials. 2021; 14 (10):2639.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Akhtar; Muneer Khan; Sher Khan; Asif Afzal; Ram Subbiah; Sheikh Ahmad; Murtuja Husain; Mohammad Butt; Abdul Othman; Elmi Bakar. 2021. "Determination of Non-Recrystallization Temperature for Niobium Microalloyed Steel." Materials 14, no. 10: 2639.

Article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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The prediction of flow pattern for the proposed range of Reynolds number and nozzle–target spacing is carried out using SST + Gamma–Theta turbulence model. The simulations of the flow field in a computational domain are carried out using CFX as a base solver with \(10^{-6}\) being the converging criteria. The present work aims to determine the local Nusselt number magnitude for varying heat flux input boundary conditions. Not only this, the impinging Reynolds numbers and nozzle–target spacing are also varied to record sufficient data, enough to predict a semi-empirical correlation. The proposed correlation for calculating the cooling characteristic (Nusselt number magnitude) under the impingement of air jet is presented in terms of profile heat flux parameter, impinging Reynolds number, and target to nozzle exit spacing. The corresponding mathematical parameter representing the profile heat flux boundary condition is the slope in heat flux magnitude versus the target surface's radial distance. The Nusselt number profile, which describes the cooling characteristic under different impinging Reynolds numbers and nozzle–target spacing, initially increases, takes a peek, and decreases. The rise in the cooling rate near the stagnation region is due to the turbulence palpitation, resulting from imbalance adverse pressure gradient and onset transition of Reynolds number. The local heat transfer under such boundary conditions increases with nozzle–target spacing and least depends on Reynolds number. However, the Nusselt profile for a constant heat flux magnitude but varying slope (non-uniform) shows an enhancement with a decrease in the slope from unit value.

ACS Style

Mohammed Umair Siddique; Ashfaq Syed; Sher Afghan Khan; Josua P. Meyer. On numerical investigation of heat transfer augmentation of flat target surface under impingement of steady air jet for varying heat flux boundary condition. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Mohammed Umair Siddique, Ashfaq Syed, Sher Afghan Khan, Josua P. Meyer. On numerical investigation of heat transfer augmentation of flat target surface under impingement of steady air jet for varying heat flux boundary condition. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Umair Siddique; Ashfaq Syed; Sher Afghan Khan; Josua P. Meyer. 2021. "On numerical investigation of heat transfer augmentation of flat target surface under impingement of steady air jet for varying heat flux boundary condition." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry , no. : 1-13.

Conference paper
Published: 10 March 2021 in Materials Today: Proceedings
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This paper reports the experimental investigation results to monitor pressure at the base and the duct's flow development. The study aims to assess the influence of favorable and adverse pressure gradient on the flow growth and control efficacy. The experimental tests were conducted at a fixed level of favorable and unfavorable pressure gradient at the nozzles for Mach 1.25 to 3.0 at various duct lengths. Only a few selected cases are considered as representative of all the possibilities. Results show that when the nozzles are under the impact of a favorable pressure gradient, they marginally affect the duct's flow development. However, when nozzles face an adverse pressure gradient, the control acts negatively, resulting in a decline in pressure. Oscillations dominate the flow for the highest pipe length, but the flow becomes smooth for lower duct length. In most cases, flow is not negatively affected by control.

ACS Style

Mohammed Faheem; Ridwan; Rayid Muneer; Mohammed Aneeque; Sher Afghan Khan. Effect of expansion level on the flow development with sudden expansion at high Mach numbers. Materials Today: Proceedings 2021, 46, 2714 -2725.

AMA Style

Mohammed Faheem, Ridwan, Rayid Muneer, Mohammed Aneeque, Sher Afghan Khan. Effect of expansion level on the flow development with sudden expansion at high Mach numbers. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 46 ():2714-2725.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Faheem; Ridwan; Rayid Muneer; Mohammed Aneeque; Sher Afghan Khan. 2021. "Effect of expansion level on the flow development with sudden expansion at high Mach numbers." Materials Today: Proceedings 46, no. : 2714-2725.

Conference paper
Published: 10 March 2021 in Materials Today: Proceedings
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This paper aims to assess the control mechanism's efficiency and flow pattern in the pipe. The flow was investigated for Mach numbers M = 1.25, 1.3, 1.48, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 for a step height of 3 mm. The NPRs of the tests were from 11 to 3. The flow revealed the minimum duct requirement for a given Mach number and NPR as L = 2D. Only some selected cases where control mechanism impacts considerably are presented. In most of the cases, the flow field was the same. There is a reversal in control in the flow field; only such cases are discussed. At low Mach numbers, the flow regulator raises the pressure, and for the rest of the Mach numbers, the control findings are to reduce the pressure except at NPR = 9 at Mach M = 3.0, a reversed trend.

ACS Style

Mohammed Faheem; Ridwan; Rayid Muneer; Hamza Afser Delvi; Sher Afghan Khan. Impact of expansion level on flowfield with sudden expansion at supersonic regimes. Materials Today: Proceedings 2021, 46, 2775 -2782.

AMA Style

Mohammed Faheem, Ridwan, Rayid Muneer, Hamza Afser Delvi, Sher Afghan Khan. Impact of expansion level on flowfield with sudden expansion at supersonic regimes. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 46 ():2775-2782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Faheem; Ridwan; Rayid Muneer; Hamza Afser Delvi; Sher Afghan Khan. 2021. "Impact of expansion level on flowfield with sudden expansion at supersonic regimes." Materials Today: Proceedings 46, no. : 2775-2782.

Conference paper
Published: 08 March 2021 in Materials Today: Proceedings
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Supersonic nozzles are commonly used in mechanical and aerospace engineering applications for decades. Therefore, it is essential to study their characteristics and discover techniques to measure relevant flow properties with minimal investment in terms of time, money, and efforts. Supersonic jets are composed of shock waves and expansion waves, making the flowfield complex and difficult to probe and investigate. Some important parameters that are needed to understand the supersonic jet include the shock-cell orientation and the variation of the Mach number along the jet centerline. Expensive equipment and highly skilled manpower are needed to get this information both in the lab environment and in real applications. A simple yet effective approach is presented in the present work to get reasonable estimates of the Mach number from the schlieren images for a Mach 2.0 nozzle jet. Results are compared with the numerical simulations for the estimated Mach number from the experimental data.

ACS Style

Mohammed Faheem; Aqib Khan; Rakesh Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan; Waqar Asrar; Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. Estimation of Mach numbers in supersonic jets using schlieren images. Materials Today: Proceedings 2021, 46, 2673 -2676.

AMA Style

Mohammed Faheem, Aqib Khan, Rakesh Kumar, Sher Afghan Khan, Waqar Asrar, Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. Estimation of Mach numbers in supersonic jets using schlieren images. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 46 ():2673-2676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Faheem; Aqib Khan; Rakesh Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan; Waqar Asrar; Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. 2021. "Estimation of Mach numbers in supersonic jets using schlieren images." Materials Today: Proceedings 46, no. : 2673-2676.

Conference paper
Published: 07 March 2021 in Materials Today: Proceedings
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The flowfield characteristics are experimentally studied in the inter-nozzle region of free jets from twin and triple supersonic nozzles. The nozzle is designed for Mach number 2.0, and the inter-nozzle spacing is twice the nozzle exit diameter. The impact of multiple jets on the flow characteristics such as the jet spread, supersonic jet core, and the shock wave structure is explored using pitot pressure readings and the schlieren technique. For Mach number 2.0 at nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) 2 and 8.5, pitot pressures are measured along the centerline, along the twin jet's midplane, and the centroid of the triple jet. The crosswire tab is used as a passive control tool at the nozzle exit in two orientations to studying the effect of control. Schlieren images of Mach 2.0 twin jet at NPR 8.5 reveal that the supersonic jet core is different in a controlled jet than the uncontrolled jet.

ACS Style

Mohammed Faheem; Aqib Khan; Rakesh Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan; Waqar Asrar; Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. Experimental study of midplane jet evolution in multiple jets at Mach 2.0. Materials Today: Proceedings 2021, 46, 2677 -2681.

AMA Style

Mohammed Faheem, Aqib Khan, Rakesh Kumar, Sher Afghan Khan, Waqar Asrar, Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. Experimental study of midplane jet evolution in multiple jets at Mach 2.0. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 46 ():2677-2681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Faheem; Aqib Khan; Rakesh Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan; Waqar Asrar; Mohd Azan Mohammed Sapardi. 2021. "Experimental study of midplane jet evolution in multiple jets at Mach 2.0." Materials Today: Proceedings 46, no. : 2677-2681.

Conference paper
Published: 01 March 2021 in Materials Today: Proceedings
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This paper aims to study the microjet’s efficacy as a management tool for the duct’s flow field. The nozzle was correctly expanded for a diameter ratio of 1.6 (i.e., area ratio = 2.56). The Mach numbers considered were from 1.25 to 2. The investigation shows that the development and recovery of the duct flow are smooth at lower Mach numbers. At Mach 1.48, jet noise was reduced considerably when the control is initiated. For higher Mach numbers of the study, namely Mach 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0, the flow’s oscillatory nature was noticed. This phenomenon reiterates that the nozzles flow is wave-dominated. For most of the flow, the flowing nature remains unaltered due to control. The flow remained connected with the duct for duct length twice the nozzle exit diameter.

ACS Style

Mohammed Faheem; Rayid Muneer; Mohammed Avvad; Mohammed Aneeque; Sher Afghan Khan. Influence of microjets on flow development for diameter ratio of 1.6 for correctly expanded nozzles. Materials Today: Proceedings 2021, 46, 2549 -2556.

AMA Style

Mohammed Faheem, Rayid Muneer, Mohammed Avvad, Mohammed Aneeque, Sher Afghan Khan. Influence of microjets on flow development for diameter ratio of 1.6 for correctly expanded nozzles. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; 46 ():2549-2556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Faheem; Rayid Muneer; Mohammed Avvad; Mohammed Aneeque; Sher Afghan Khan. 2021. "Influence of microjets on flow development for diameter ratio of 1.6 for correctly expanded nozzles." Materials Today: Proceedings 46, no. : 2549-2556.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2021 in International Journal of Heat and Technology
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This article focuses on the flow development and the static wall pressure distribution along the circular duct from the convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle. The study aims to examine the quality of the stream in the conduit when the control is employed. The microjets are activated at the base at (PCD) of 13 mm, and the diameter of the microjets is 1 mm. Mach numbers of the investigation are 1.3, 1.9, and 2.4. The length of the duct considered was from L = 10D to 1D. The diameter of the enlarged tube was 16 mm. The experiments were conducted for NPRs from 3 to 11. The results revealed that the lowest duct length mandatory for the flow continued to attach with the circular duct wall are L/D = 1, 2, and 3 for Mach numbers 1.3, 1.9, and 2.4, respectively. The investigation outcome indicates that there are mild oscillations in the flow-field for correctly expanded flows. The oscillatory trend has a pronounced impact on the duct's flow when the jets are operated at higher NPRs. The control does not adversely affect the flow field, and the magnitude of wall pressure is nearly similar.

ACS Style

Abdul Aabid; Sher Afghan Khan. Studies on Flows Development in a Suddenly Expanded Circular Duct at Supersonic Mach Numbers. International Journal of Heat and Technology 2021, 39, 185 -194.

AMA Style

Abdul Aabid, Sher Afghan Khan. Studies on Flows Development in a Suddenly Expanded Circular Duct at Supersonic Mach Numbers. International Journal of Heat and Technology. 2021; 39 (1):185-194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Aabid; Sher Afghan Khan. 2021. "Studies on Flows Development in a Suddenly Expanded Circular Duct at Supersonic Mach Numbers." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 1: 185-194.

Conference paper
Published: 16 February 2021 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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This paper presents the control of suddenly expanded flow using four microjets at the base recirculation zone for a diameter ratio of 1.8. Eight Mach numbers are considered for investigations from 1.25 to 3. The NPRs for which the tests were conducted were from 3 to 11. The duct length considered was L = 10D to 1D. This article has shown only selected results when there is significant variation in the duct's flow field; only those cases are considered. For most of the cases, the flow remains identical with and without control. For Mach M = 1.25 to 2.5, the control results in decline in the duct's pressure when the flow is within the reattachment length. Later there is a progressive rise in the duct pressure. However, the trend is reversed at Mach M 3.0. The least duct stretches necessary intended for the stream to continue to relate to the pipe is L = 1D, 2D, and 3D for the study's Mach number. The first section in your paper

ACS Style

Hamza Afser Delvi; Ridwan; Rayid Muneer; Mohammed Faheem; Sher Afghan Khan. Influence of Microjets on Flow Development at Supersonic Mach numbers with Sudden Expansion. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2021, 1057, 012051 .

AMA Style

Hamza Afser Delvi, Ridwan, Rayid Muneer, Mohammed Faheem, Sher Afghan Khan. Influence of Microjets on Flow Development at Supersonic Mach numbers with Sudden Expansion. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2021; 1057 (1):012051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamza Afser Delvi; Ridwan; Rayid Muneer; Mohammed Faheem; Sher Afghan Khan. 2021. "Influence of Microjets on Flow Development at Supersonic Mach numbers with Sudden Expansion." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1057, no. 1: 012051.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Nanosilica is widely used in various applications, with its market expected to grow over USD 5 billion by 2025. The fluidized bed technology, owing to its intimate contact and efficient mixing of phases, is ideally suited for the large scale processing of powders. However, the bulk processing and dispersion of ultrafine nanosilica using the fluidized bed technology are critically affected by the interparticle forces, such that the hydrophilic nanosilica shows agglomerate bubbling fluidization (ABF), while the hydrophobic nanosilica undergoes agglomerate particulate fluidization (APF). This study carried out a detailed investigation into the fluidization hydrodynamic of the hydrophobic nanosilica by monitoring the region-wise dynamics of the fluidized bed subjected to a regular step change of fixed duration in the gas velocity. The gas flow was controlled using a mass controller operated with an analog output signal from a data acquisition system. The analog input data were acquired at the sampling rate of 100 Hz and analyzed in both time and temporal frequency domains. The effect of velocity transients on the bed dynamics was quickly mitigated and appeared as lower frequency events, especially in regions away from the distributor. Despite the apparent particulate nature of the fluidization, strong hysteresis was observed in both pressure drop and bed expansion. Moreover, the fully fluidized bed’s pressure drop was less than 75% of the theoretical value even though the bed appeared to free from non-homogeneities. Key fluidization parameters, e.g., minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) and the agglomerate size, were evaluated, which can be readily used in the large scale processing of nanosilica powders using fluidized bed technology.

ACS Style

Ebrahim H. Al-Ghurabi; Mohammad Asif; Nadavala Siva Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan. Fluidization Dynamics of Hydrophobic Nanosilica with Velocity Step Changes. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8127 .

AMA Style

Ebrahim H. Al-Ghurabi, Mohammad Asif, Nadavala Siva Kumar, Sher Afghan Khan. Fluidization Dynamics of Hydrophobic Nanosilica with Velocity Step Changes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (22):8127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ebrahim H. Al-Ghurabi; Mohammad Asif; Nadavala Siva Kumar; Sher Afghan Khan. 2020. "Fluidization Dynamics of Hydrophobic Nanosilica with Velocity Step Changes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22: 8127.

Research article mechanical engineering
Published: 04 November 2020 in Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
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In high-speed fluid dynamics, the control of base pressure finds many engineering applications such as automobile industry and defense applications. Several studies have been reported on passive control using devices like cavities, ribs, aerospikes, etc. in the last three decades. Therefore, the present research focuses on active control uses the microjets in the form of an orifice of a 1 mm diameter to inject the air in the base flows and located at base area of 90° intervals as a control mechanism. Since the air is drawn from the main settling chamber, the NPR will be the same as the respective NPRs used for tests. Experiments were conducted in the presence and absence of the microjets for area ratio 3.24 and L/D ratios from 10 to 1 at Mach numbers 1.87, 2.2, and 2.58. The parameters were optimized using the design of experiments (DOE) approach. Three parameters have been selected for the flow and the DOE. An L9 orthogonal array, multiple linear regression, and confirmation tests were performed to analyze the experimental results. The developed models are statistically suitable and accomplished in producing reasonable predictions for both cases. Besides, a computational fluid dynamics method has been utilized and validated by the experimental results. The k–Ɛ turbulent model is used to analyze the simulation results. According to the present results, it is evident that for a given parameter, an L/D ratio is the most significant impacting to a maximum increment or decrement of a base pressure.

ACS Style

Abdul Aabid; Sher Afghan Khan. Investigation of High-Speed Flow Control from CD Nozzle Using Design of Experiments and CFD Methods. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2020, 46, 2201 -2230.

AMA Style

Abdul Aabid, Sher Afghan Khan. Investigation of High-Speed Flow Control from CD Nozzle Using Design of Experiments and CFD Methods. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2020; 46 (3):2201-2230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Aabid; Sher Afghan Khan. 2020. "Investigation of High-Speed Flow Control from CD Nozzle Using Design of Experiments and CFD Methods." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 46, no. 3: 2201-2230.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Aerospace Science and Technology
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Experimental analysis of base pressure in suddenly expanded compressible flow from nozzles at different Mach numbers is performed. Intensive experimentation is carried out to investigate the base pressure and wall pressure of flow expanding from the nozzles into the enlarged duct. Microjets to actively control the flow are adopted to increase the base pressure. Experiments were conducted for Mach numbers (one sonic and rest supersonic) from 1 to 3, nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) from 3 to 11. The duct length considered from 10 to 1, and the area ratios tested were from 2.56 to 6.25 are the variables whose effect on base and wall pressure is studied using response surface methodology. The K-means algorithm performs a clustering analysis of this enormous data, which provides useful information and patterns. Regression of both the pressures using a random forest classification algorithm is carried out. The response surface analysis reveals that microjets are efficient when the flow is under the influence of a favorable pressure gradient. The base pressure reduces from maximum to minimum when the flow regime changes from over to correct expansion by increasing the NPR. Lower area ratio and higher duct length have a minimum effect on base pressure. The wall pressure flow field is unaffected due to the presence of the microjets. K-means clustering revealed that a high percentage of base pressure is in the lower range. This necessitates the importance of increasing the base pressure to reduce the base drag. Random forest algorithm has proved to be a handy tool for predicting base pressure and wall pressure and similar highly non-linear data.

ACS Style

Asif Afzal; Abdul Aabid; Ambareen Khan; Sher Afghan Khan; Upendra Rajak; Tikendra Nath Verma; Rahul Kumar. Response surface analysis, clustering, and random forest regression of pressure in suddenly expanded high-speed aerodynamic flows. Aerospace Science and Technology 2020, 107, 106318 .

AMA Style

Asif Afzal, Abdul Aabid, Ambareen Khan, Sher Afghan Khan, Upendra Rajak, Tikendra Nath Verma, Rahul Kumar. Response surface analysis, clustering, and random forest regression of pressure in suddenly expanded high-speed aerodynamic flows. Aerospace Science and Technology. 2020; 107 ():106318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asif Afzal; Abdul Aabid; Ambareen Khan; Sher Afghan Khan; Upendra Rajak; Tikendra Nath Verma; Rahul Kumar. 2020. "Response surface analysis, clustering, and random forest regression of pressure in suddenly expanded high-speed aerodynamic flows." Aerospace Science and Technology 107, no. : 106318.