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Dr. Thomas Brewer
Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA

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Review
Published: 29 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Ships’ emissions of air pollutants pose problems for local and regional public health and agricultural production, as well as global climate change. The Italian government’s endorsement in 2019 of the creation of a Mediterranean Emission Control Area is a reflection of increasing concern about the emissions. Also, ongoing developments in the International Maritime Organization and in the European Union add to the Italian government’s maritime shipping agenda and increase its complexity and uncertainty. In that context, this review paper addresses two central questions: What are the consequences for human health and agricultural production of ships’ emissions in Italian ports and coastal areas? How can their emissions be reduced? The approach to these questions is inter-disciplinary. It applies the results of studies in atmospheric chemistry and physics; maritime shipping engineering; public health; agriculture; economics; and international law and policymaking to assess current and prospective policy issues in Italy. The principal conclusions are that: (1) Black carbon emissions are threats to human health and agricultural production in Italy, as well as to the global climate. (2) It is important that black carbon emissions receive more serious attention in policymaking processes in order to reflect the significant analytic progress that has been made in terms of understanding the problems it poses and the technological and policy solutions. (3) There are cost-effective, emission-reducing measures that are readily available, as well as other measures needing more time before full-scale implementation. (4) Although existing multi-level governance systems pose complex analytic and policymaking challenges, they also offer opportunities to institute new policies with significant short-term and long-term co-benefits from reductions in emissions.

ACS Style

Thomas L. Brewer. Black Carbon and Other Air Pollutants in Italian Ports and Coastal Areas: Problems, Solutions and Implications for Policies. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8544 .

AMA Style

Thomas L. Brewer. Black Carbon and Other Air Pollutants in Italian Ports and Coastal Areas: Problems, Solutions and Implications for Policies. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (23):8544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas L. Brewer. 2020. "Black Carbon and Other Air Pollutants in Italian Ports and Coastal Areas: Problems, Solutions and Implications for Policies." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23: 8544.

Chapter
Published: 18 November 2020 in Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications
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Transportation emissions account for one-fourth of Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions, and they pose serious local public health problems in all European countries. Transportation’s black carbon emissions—which are particulate matter—are also major contributors to climate change as well as health problems. Although motor vehicles are the primary source of emissions within the transportation sector, the emissions from maritime shipping, aviation and railroads also contribute to climate change and public health problems. EU elections in 2019 changed the policy agenda for the European Parliament and the Commission, as their new members in both were more supportive of action on climate change and other environmental issues. Action on transportation, furthermore, has been among the priorities on the lists of sectors needing action. However, there have been policy conflicts among member states, among party coalitions in the Parliament and among members of the Commission. This chapter focuses on specific policy issues concerning emissions in the motor vehicle, maritime shipping, aviation and railroad modes, and it analyzes them in the context of pandemic-induced economic recovery programs.

ACS Style

Thomas Brewer. Transportation Emissions on the Evolving European Agenda. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 71 -85.

AMA Style

Thomas Brewer. Transportation Emissions on the Evolving European Agenda. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():71-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Brewer. 2020. "Transportation Emissions on the Evolving European Agenda." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 71-85.

Chapter
Published: 18 November 2020 in Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications
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This introductory chapter provides perspective on the global and regional contexts of the problems posed by the emissions. The focus is on climate change and public health problems—and therefore on the kinds of emissions that contribute to those problems. The chapter addresses the enduring issues: What are the emissions’ chemical and physical features that are problematic? What are their effects on public health and climate change? What policies and technologies can mitigate the emissions? Black carbon (BC) receives special attention—both because it is one of the three most potent climate change forcing agents—along with carbon dioxide and methane—and because it is a worldwide public health problem causing millions of deaths per year. The coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and the global economic recession, of course, suddenly reduced the levels of emissions of all types—a topic that is considered in the final chapter. The following six chapters provide more detailed mode-specific, industry-specific and country-specific analyses of the emissions as well as mitigation policies and technologies.

ACS Style

Thomas Brewer. Introduction: Problems, Policies and Technologies. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Thomas Brewer. Introduction: Problems, Policies and Technologies. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Brewer. 2020. "Introduction: Problems, Policies and Technologies." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 1-11.

Chapter
Published: 18 November 2020 in Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications
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The coronavirus pandemic has already had significant short-term consequences for transportation emissions, particularly the much lower levels of emissions resulting from the declines in the use of all types of transportation (except bicycles and walking). How rapidly and how far the levels of emissions will rise during the next several years is an important question. The answer is substantially dependent on macro-economic conditions, as well as government policies, firms’ decisions, and public opinion. One possibility is that the deterioration of firms’ financial positions will inhibit their investments in energy efficiency equipment and other emission-reducing measures. At the same time, there are many opportunities to improve transportation systems’ infrastructure through government economic stimulus programs that can reduce emissions. Some projects are already in progress long before the pandemic and recession are over: installing electric recharging stations for motor vehicles, expanding high-speed rail systems, and developing seaport infrastructure to reduce the use of ships’ auxiliary diesel engines. There may also be a shift in public opinion, industry practices, and government policies in reaction to the extent to which soot from transportation, and other sectors, has contributed to the pandemic death rate by causing weak lungs and other unhealthy preconditions that make people more vulnerable to the coronavirus and to the extent to which soot has been a carrier of the virus from local ‘hot spots’ to wider regional, national, and even international areas.

ACS Style

Thomas Brewer. The Future of Transportation Emission Issues. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 97 -103.

AMA Style

Thomas Brewer. The Future of Transportation Emission Issues. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():97-103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Brewer. 2020. "The Future of Transportation Emission Issues." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 97-103.

Original paper
Published: 21 April 2020 in Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration
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Proposals to create a maritime Emission Control Area for the Mediterranean (‘Med ECA’) are on the agendas of national governments, local governments, port authorities, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations. Previous studies have contributed much data and analysis about maritime emissions and their impacts in the Mediterranean region. The present paper reviews the results of these studies and evidence from existing ECAs in other regions in order to inform analyses of issues regarding the design and implementation of a Med ECA. There are diverse issues and options concerning technologies and policies that need to be addressed. The potential for applying remote sensing technology and digital ledger technology to compliance verification and enforcement processes is assessed. The following international institutions are especially appropriate for addressing these issues and facilitating the development of a Med ECA: the International Maritime Organization and its affiliated body the Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea, the Climate and Clean Air Coalition at the UN Environment Programme, the World Bank, and the UN Conference on Trade and Development, which prepares an annual review of maritime transport that includes information about recent policy and technology developments. The paper concludes that the public health, food production, climate change and economic benefits of a Med ECA would be significant for the more than 200 million people living in Mediterranean coastal areas.

ACS Style

Thomas Brewer. A Maritime Emission Control Area for the Mediterranean Sea? Technological Solutions and Policy Options for a ‘Med ECA’. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration 2020, 5, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Thomas Brewer. A Maritime Emission Control Area for the Mediterranean Sea? Technological Solutions and Policy Options for a ‘Med ECA’. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration. 2020; 5 (1):1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Brewer. 2020. "A Maritime Emission Control Area for the Mediterranean Sea? Technological Solutions and Policy Options for a ‘Med ECA’." Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration 5, no. 1: 1-5.