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Tree planting is widely advocated and applied in urban areas, with large-scale projects underway in cities globally. Numerous potential benefits are used to justify these planting campaigns. However, reports of poor tree survival raise questions about the ability of such projects to deliver on their promises over the long-term. Each potential benefit requires different supporting conditions—relating not only to the type and placement of the tree, but also to the broader urban system within which it is embedded. This set of supporting conditions may not always be mutually compatible and may not persist for the lifetime of the tree. Here, we demonstrate a systems-based approach that makes these dependencies, synergies, and tensions more explicit, allowing them to be used to test the decadal-scale resilience of urban street trees. Our analysis highlights social, environmental, and economic assumptions that are implicit within planting projects; notably that high levels of maintenance and public support for urban street trees will persist throughout their natural lifespan, and that the surrounding built form will remain largely unchanged. Whilst the vulnerability of each benefit may be highly context specific, we identify approaches that address some typical weaknesses, making a functional, resilient, urban forest more attainable.
James D. Hale; Thomas A. M. Pugh; Jon P. Sadler; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Raziyeh Farmani; Chantal Hales; Russell Horsey; Dexter V. L. Hunt; Joanne M. Leach; Christopher D. F. Rogers; A. Rob MacKenzie. Delivering a Multi-Functional and Resilient Urban Forest. Sustainability 2015, 7, 4600 -4624.
AMA StyleJames D. Hale, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Jon P. Sadler, Christopher T. Boyko, Julie Brown, Silvio Caputo, Maria Caserio, Richard Coles, Raziyeh Farmani, Chantal Hales, Russell Horsey, Dexter V. L. Hunt, Joanne M. Leach, Christopher D. F. Rogers, A. Rob MacKenzie. Delivering a Multi-Functional and Resilient Urban Forest. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (4):4600-4624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames D. Hale; Thomas A. M. Pugh; Jon P. Sadler; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Raziyeh Farmani; Chantal Hales; Russell Horsey; Dexter V. L. Hunt; Joanne M. Leach; Christopher D. F. Rogers; A. Rob MacKenzie. 2015. "Delivering a Multi-Functional and Resilient Urban Forest." Sustainability 7, no. 4: 4600-4624.
Work investigates the everyday experience of urban landscapes to explore the individual meanings associated with landscape encounters aiming to provide greater clarity regarding the role/functioning of everyday environmental elements within the urban scene. In particular, it explores the concept and formation of ‘loops’, i.e. the reflexive cycles of sensory input and construction of meaning associated with engagement in the landscape, how they are specific to individual experience and the subsequent positive, meaningful outcomes. Ideas are developed through the presentation of two researched case studies involving the collection of qualitative data which involve - residents’ perceptions of street trees in a residential environment in SW England and - user experience of the central canal-scape of Birmingham, UK. It considers how users react to these landscapes, how their use supports individuals in terms of their personal identities and their requirements to engender a highly positive interaction. The study uses data derived from a variety of methodologies, including survey questionnaires, interviews, walking-and-talking methods, as well as self-narrated walking to present a range of information. The findings suggest that a shift change is required in the ways that we evaluate users’ experiences of the environment to consider impact in the specific context of individual identities, to embrace methodologies which are capable of revealing their deep meaning and importance of these elements to the individual. Ideas are summarised to help explain the formation of perception loops that are associated with high levels of interaction/synergy between the environment and the individual.
Richard Coles; Zoé Millman; John Flannigan. Urban landscapes - everyday environmental encounters, their meaning and importance for the individual. Urban Ecosystems 2013, 16, 819 -839.
AMA StyleRichard Coles, Zoé Millman, John Flannigan. Urban landscapes - everyday environmental encounters, their meaning and importance for the individual. Urban Ecosystems. 2013; 16 (4):819-839.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Coles; Zoé Millman; John Flannigan. 2013. "Urban landscapes - everyday environmental encounters, their meaning and importance for the individual." Urban Ecosystems 16, no. 4: 819-839.
Future scenarios provide challenging, plausible and relevant stories about how the future could unfold. Urban Futures (UF) research has identified a substantial set (>450) of seemingly disparate scenarios published over the period 1997–2011 and within this research, a sub-set of >160 scenarios has been identified (and categorized) based on their narratives according to the structure first proposed by the Global Scenario Group (GSG) in 1997; three world types (Business as Usual, Barbarization, and Great Transitions) and six scenarios, two for each world type (Policy Reform—PR, Market Forces—MF, Breakdown—B, Fortress World—FW, Eco-Communalism—EC and New Sustainability Paradigm—NSP). It is suggested that four of these scenario archetypes (MF, PR, NSP and FW) are sufficiently distinct to facilitate active stakeholder engagement in futures thinking. Moreover they are accompanied by a well-established, internally consistent set of narratives that provide a deeper understanding of the key fundamental drivers (e.g., STEEP—Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political) that could bring about realistic world changes through a push or a pull effect. This is testament to the original concept of the GSG scenarios and their development and refinement over a 16 year period.
Dexter V. L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin R. G. Barber; Matthew Barnes; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Raziyeh Farmani; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hales; C. Nicholas Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; I. Jefferson; J. Leach; A. Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Ali Memon; Jon P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes. Sustainability 2012, 4, 740 -772.
AMA StyleDexter V. L. Hunt, D. Rachel Lombardi, Stuart Atkinson, Austin R. G. Barber, Matthew Barnes, Christopher T. Boyko, Julie Brown, John Bryson, David Butler, Silvio Caputo, Maria Caserio, Richard Coles, Rachel F. D. Cooper, Raziyeh Farmani, Mark Gaterell, James Hale, Chantal Hales, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Lubo Jankovic, I. Jefferson, J. Leach, A. Rob MacKenzie, Fayyaz Ali Memon, Jon P. Sadler, Carina Weingaertner, J. Duncan Whyatt, Christopher D. F. Rogers. Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes. Sustainability. 2012; 4 (4):740-772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDexter V. L. Hunt; D. Rachel Lombardi; Stuart Atkinson; Austin R. G. Barber; Matthew Barnes; Christopher T. Boyko; Julie Brown; John Bryson; David Butler; Silvio Caputo; Maria Caserio; Richard Coles; Rachel F. D. Cooper; Raziyeh Farmani; Mark Gaterell; James Hale; Chantal Hales; C. Nicholas Hewitt; Lubo Jankovic; I. Jefferson; J. Leach; A. Rob MacKenzie; Fayyaz Ali Memon; Jon P. Sadler; Carina Weingaertner; J. Duncan Whyatt; Christopher D. F. Rogers. 2012. "Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes." Sustainability 4, no. 4: 740-772.
Silvio Caputo; Richard Coles; Maria Caserio; Mark R. Gaterell; Ljubomir Jankovic. Testing energy efficiency in urban regeneration. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 2012, 165, 69 -80.
AMA StyleSilvio Caputo, Richard Coles, Maria Caserio, Mark R. Gaterell, Ljubomir Jankovic. Testing energy efficiency in urban regeneration. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability. 2012; 165 (1):69-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvio Caputo; Richard Coles; Maria Caserio; Mark R. Gaterell; Ljubomir Jankovic. 2012. "Testing energy efficiency in urban regeneration." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 165, no. 1: 69-80.
The development process at the site or building scale is a multiobjective process requiring the cooperation of many professions and other stakeholders. The addition of multiple sustainability objectives, often seemingly unrelated (economic versus environmental versus social) in a rapidly changing global urban context, further constrains and complicates the process. The MODESTT mapping approach was developed to elucidate the interdependencies, tensions, and trade-offs between different sustainability objectives for a given development, and to make explicit the points at which a single design decision may ‘lock-in’ or ‘lock-out’ various possible outcomes. In this article, we review and analyse existing models of the development process, illustrate the decisions and activities inherent in delivering a single element of a development (illustrated in this paper with the example of a roof); then apply the MODESTT analysis to three sustainability objectives. The analysis makes explicit the critical importance of sequencing of actions and decisions, and interdependencies between specific objectives that lead to tensions and trade-offs between the multiple sustainability objectives. We conclude by making recommendations for the generic application of the MODESTT approach to improve sustainability throughout the site development process. Regardless of the tools that are available in the UK or elsewhere for the development process and for sustainability proxies, it is the timing and sequencing of decisions (when data are collected or the tools are applied) that are important in delivering effective solutions.
D Rachel Lombardi; Maria Caserio; Rossa Donovan; James Hale; Dexter V L Hunt; Carina Weingaertner; Austin Barber; John R Bryson; Richard Coles; Mark Gaterell; Ljubomir Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Jonathan Sadler; Christopher Rogers. Elucidating Sustainability Sequencing, Tensions, and Trade-Offs in Development Decision Making. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2011, 38, 1105 -1121.
AMA StyleD Rachel Lombardi, Maria Caserio, Rossa Donovan, James Hale, Dexter V L Hunt, Carina Weingaertner, Austin Barber, John R Bryson, Richard Coles, Mark Gaterell, Ljubomir Jankovic, Ian Jefferson, Jonathan Sadler, Christopher Rogers. Elucidating Sustainability Sequencing, Tensions, and Trade-Offs in Development Decision Making. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 2011; 38 (6):1105-1121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD Rachel Lombardi; Maria Caserio; Rossa Donovan; James Hale; Dexter V L Hunt; Carina Weingaertner; Austin Barber; John R Bryson; Richard Coles; Mark Gaterell; Ljubomir Jankovic; Ian Jefferson; Jonathan Sadler; Christopher Rogers. 2011. "Elucidating Sustainability Sequencing, Tensions, and Trade-Offs in Development Decision Making." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38, no. 6: 1105-1121.