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The shift to electric vehicles has brought about the potential to reduce the environmental damage caused by road transport. However, several challenges prevent wider adoption of electric vehicles, such as: a lack of charging facilities, long charging times, limited range, and the inconvenience of cable charging. These barriers are more pronounced for taxis, which generally cover longer distances than regular cars and have fewer opportunities for recharging. This research aims to evaluate wireless charging for range extended electric taxis, as a strategy to minimise these challenges and facilitate the electrification of fleets. A mixed methods approach, combining quantitative vehicle tracking with qualitative interviews and focus groups with drivers and local authority representatives, provided an understanding of ‘facilitators’ and ‘barriers’ to the introduction of wireless chargers in London and Nottingham, UK. Results indicated that current wired charging infrastructure does not facilitate recharging opportunities during taxi working hours, causing longer shifts or lower earnings. Drivers reported running on a range extender petrol engine once the battery is depleted, limiting the environmental benefits of electric taxis. We conclude that wireless chargers could facilitate the increased driving range of existing electric taxis if installed where drivers stop more often. The results support the implementation of opportunistic, short but frequent charging boosts (known as choko-choko) as part of policies to alleviate the barriers to the introduction of wireless charging of electric taxis, and foster more sustainable means of road transportation.
Luis Oliveira; Arun Ulahannan; Matthew Knight; Stewart Birrell. Wireless Charging of Electric Taxis: Understanding the Facilitators and Barriers to Its Introduction. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8798 .
AMA StyleLuis Oliveira, Arun Ulahannan, Matthew Knight, Stewart Birrell. Wireless Charging of Electric Taxis: Understanding the Facilitators and Barriers to Its Introduction. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8798.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Oliveira; Arun Ulahannan; Matthew Knight; Stewart Birrell. 2020. "Wireless Charging of Electric Taxis: Understanding the Facilitators and Barriers to Its Introduction." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8798.
The local adsorption site of the monotartrate and bitartrate species of R,R-tartaric acid deposited on Cu(110) have been determined by scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD). In the monotartrate phase the molecule is found to adsorb upright through the O atoms of the single deprotonated carboxylic acid (carboxylate) group, which are located in different off-atop sites with associated Cu―O bond lengths of 1.92 ± 0.08 Å and 1.93 ± 0.06 Å; the plane of the carboxylate group is tilted by 17 ± 6° off the surface normal. The bitartrate species adopts a ‘lying down’ orientation, bonding to the surface through all four O atoms of the two carboxylate groups, also in off-atop sites. Three slightly different models give comparably good fits to the PhD data, but only one of these is similar to that predicted by earlier density functional theory calculations. This model is found to have Cu―O bond lengths of 1.93 ± 0.08 Å and 1.95 ± 0.08 Å, while the planes of the carboxylate groups are tilted by 38 ± 6° from the surface normal.
David Andrew Duncan; W. Unterberger; D.C. Jackson; Matthew Knight; E.A. Kröger; K.A. Hogan; C.L.A. Lamont; T.J. Lerotholi; D.P. Woodruff. Quantitative local structure determination of R,R-tartaric acid on Cu(110): Monotartrate and bitartrate phases. Surface Science 2012, 606, 1435 -1442.
AMA StyleDavid Andrew Duncan, W. Unterberger, D.C. Jackson, Matthew Knight, E.A. Kröger, K.A. Hogan, C.L.A. Lamont, T.J. Lerotholi, D.P. Woodruff. Quantitative local structure determination of R,R-tartaric acid on Cu(110): Monotartrate and bitartrate phases. Surface Science. 2012; 606 (17-18):1435-1442.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Andrew Duncan; W. Unterberger; D.C. Jackson; Matthew Knight; E.A. Kröger; K.A. Hogan; C.L.A. Lamont; T.J. Lerotholi; D.P. Woodruff. 2012. "Quantitative local structure determination of R,R-tartaric acid on Cu(110): Monotartrate and bitartrate phases." Surface Science 606, no. 17-18: 1435-1442.
The local structure of the hydroxyl species on the rutile TiO2(110) surface has been determined both experimentally and computationally. The experimental study exploited chemical state–specific O 1s scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction from a surface exposed to atomic hydrogen, while density functional theory calculations were used to provide complementary information. As expected on the basis of previous studies, the bridging O atoms of the clean surface are hydroxylated, but this causes surprisingly small changes in the surrounding surface relaxation. Experiment and theory are in good agreement regarding the magnitude of these atomic movements. Specifically, the Ti-OOH surface bond is significantly longer (by 0.10–0.15 Å) than that of Ti-Obridging bonds on the clean surface.
W. Unterberger; T. J. Lerotholi; E. A. Kröger; Matthew Knight; David Andrew Duncan; D. Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo; K. A. Hogan; D. C. Jackson; R. Włodarczyk; M. Sierka; J. Sauer; D. P. Woodruff. Local hydroxyl adsorption geometry on TiO2(110). Physical Review B 2011, 84, 115461 .
AMA StyleW. Unterberger, T. J. Lerotholi, E. A. Kröger, Matthew Knight, David Andrew Duncan, D. Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo, K. A. Hogan, D. C. Jackson, R. Włodarczyk, M. Sierka, J. Sauer, D. P. Woodruff. Local hydroxyl adsorption geometry on TiO2(110). Physical Review B. 2011; 84 (11):115461.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW. Unterberger; T. J. Lerotholi; E. A. Kröger; Matthew Knight; David Andrew Duncan; D. Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo; K. A. Hogan; D. C. Jackson; R. Włodarczyk; M. Sierka; J. Sauer; D. P. Woodruff. 2011. "Local hydroxyl adsorption geometry on TiO2(110)." Physical Review B 84, no. 11: 115461.
High-resolution core-level photoemission and scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD) of the O 1s and N 1s states have been used to investigate the interaction of glycine with the rutile TiO2(1 1 0) surface. Whilst there is clear evidence for the presence of the zwitterion NH3+CH2COO− with multilayer deposition, at low coverage only the deprotonated glycinate species, NH2CH2COO is present. Multiple-scattering simulations of the O 1s PhD data show the glycinate is bonded to the surface through the two carboxylate O atoms which occupy near-atop sites above the five-fold-coordinated surface Ti atoms, with a Ti–O bondlength of 2.12 ± 0.06 Å. Atomic hydrogen arising from the deprotonation is coadsorbed to form hydroxyl species at the bridging oxygen sites with an associated Ti–O bondlength of 2.01 ± 0.03 Å. Absence of any significant PhD modulations of the N 1s emission is consistent with the amino N atom not being involved in the surface bonding, unlike the case of glycinate on Cu(1 1 0) and Cu(1 0 0).
T.J. Lerotholi; E.A. Kröger; M.J. Knight; W. Unterberger; K. Hogan; D.C. Jackson; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. Adsorption structure of glycine on TiO2(110): A photoelectron diffraction determination. Surface Science 2009, 603, 2305 -2311.
AMA StyleT.J. Lerotholi, E.A. Kröger, M.J. Knight, W. Unterberger, K. Hogan, D.C. Jackson, C.L.A. Lamont, D.P. Woodruff. Adsorption structure of glycine on TiO2(110): A photoelectron diffraction determination. Surface Science. 2009; 603 (15):2305-2311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT.J. Lerotholi; E.A. Kröger; M.J. Knight; W. Unterberger; K. Hogan; D.C. Jackson; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. 2009. "Adsorption structure of glycine on TiO2(110): A photoelectron diffraction determination." Surface Science 603, no. 15: 2305-2311.
O 1s and S 2p scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD) data, combined with multiple-scattering simulations, have been used to determine the local adsorption geometry of the SO2 and SO3 species on a Ni(1 1 1) surface. For SO2, the application of reasonable constraints on the molecular conformation used in the simulations leads to the conclusion that the molecule is centred over hollow sites on the surface, with the molecular plane essentially parallel to the surface, and with both S and O atoms offset from atop sites by almost the same distance of 0.65 Å. For SO3, the results are consistent with earlier work which concluded that surface bonding is through the O atoms, with the S atom higher above the surface and the molecular symmetry axis almost perpendicular to the surface. Based on the O 1s PhD data alone, three local adsorption geometries are comparably acceptable, but only one of these is consistent with the results of an earlier normal-incidence X-ray standing wave (NIXSW) study. This optimised structural model differs somewhat from that originally proposed in the NIXSW investigation.
Matthew Knight; Francesco Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; K.A. Hogan; D.I. Sayago; T.J. Lerotholi; W. Unterberger; D.P. Woodruff. The local structure of SO2 and SO3 on Ni(111): A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study. Surface Science 2009, 603, 2062 -2073.
AMA StyleMatthew Knight, Francesco Allegretti, E.A. Kröger, K.A. Hogan, D.I. Sayago, T.J. Lerotholi, W. Unterberger, D.P. Woodruff. The local structure of SO2 and SO3 on Ni(111): A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study. Surface Science. 2009; 603 (13):2062-2073.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Knight; Francesco Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; K.A. Hogan; D.I. Sayago; T.J. Lerotholi; W. Unterberger; D.P. Woodruff. 2009. "The local structure of SO2 and SO3 on Ni(111): A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study." Surface Science 603, no. 13: 2062-2073.
The combination of chemical-state-specific C 1s scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD) and O K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) has been used to determine the local adsorption geometry of the coadsorbed C3H3 and CO species formed on Pd(1 1 1) by dissociation of molecular furan. CO is found to adopt the same geometry as in the Pd(1 1 1)c(4 × 2)-CO phase, occupying the two inequivalent three-fold coordinated hollow sites with the C–O axis perpendicular to the surface. C3H3 is found to lie with its molecular plane almost parallel to the surface, most probably with the two ‘outer’ C atoms in equivalent off-atop sites, although the PhD analysis formally fails to distinguish between two distinct local adsorption sites.
Matthew Knight; Francesco Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; M. Polcik; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. A structural study of a C3H3 species coadsorbed with CO on Pd(111). Surface Science 2008, 602, 2743 -2751.
AMA StyleMatthew Knight, Francesco Allegretti, E.A. Kröger, M. Polcik, C.L.A. Lamont, D.P. Woodruff. A structural study of a C3H3 species coadsorbed with CO on Pd(111). Surface Science. 2008; 602 (16):2743-2751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Knight; Francesco Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; M. Polcik; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. 2008. "A structural study of a C3H3 species coadsorbed with CO on Pd(111)." Surface Science 602, no. 16: 2743-2751.
The structure of molecular furan, C4H4O, on Pd(1 1 1) has been investigated by O K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and C 1s scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD). NEXAFS shows the molecule to be adsorbed with the molecular plane close to parallel to the surface, a conclusion confirmed by the PhD analysis. Chemical-state specific C 1s PhD data were obtained for the two inequivalent C atoms in the furan, the α-C atoms adjacent to the O atom, and the β-C atoms bonded only to C atoms, but only the PhD modulations for the α-C emitters were of sufficiently large amplitude for detailed evaluation using multiple scattering calculations. This analysis shows the α-C atoms to be located approximately 0.6 Å off-atop surface Pd atoms with an associated C–Pd bondlength of 2.13 ± 0.03 Å. Two alternative local geometries consistent with the data place the O atom in off-atop or near-hollow locations, and for each of these local structures there are two equally-possible registries relative to the fcc and hcp hollow sites. The results are in good agreement with earlier density functional theory calculations which indicate that the fcc and hcp registries are equally probable, but the PhD results fail to distinguish the two distinct local bonding geometries.
M.J. Knight; F. Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; M. Polcik; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. The adsorption structure of furan on Pd(111). Surface Science 2008, 602, 2524 -2531.
AMA StyleM.J. Knight, F. Allegretti, E.A. Kröger, M. Polcik, C.L.A. Lamont, D.P. Woodruff. The adsorption structure of furan on Pd(111). Surface Science. 2008; 602 (14):2524-2531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.J. Knight; F. Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; M. Polcik; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. 2008. "The adsorption structure of furan on Pd(111)." Surface Science 602, no. 14: 2524-2531.
Scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD), using O 1s photoemission, together with multiple-scattering simulations, have been used to investigate the structure of the hydroxyl species, OH, adsorbed on a V2O3(0 0 0 1) surface. Surface OH species were obtained by two alternative methods; reaction with molecular water and exposure to atomic H resulted in closely similar PhD spectra. Both qualitative assessment and the results of multiple-scattering calculations are consistent with a model in which only the O atoms of outermost layer of the oxide surface are hydroxylated. These results specifically exclude significant coverage of OH species atop the outermost V atoms, i.e. in vanadyl O atom sites. Ab initio density-functional theory cluster calculations provide partial rationalisation of this result, which is discussed the context of the general understanding of this system.
E.A. Kröger; D.I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; M.J. Knight; M. Polcik; W. Unterberger; T.J. Lerotholi; K.A. Hogan; C.L.A. Lamont; M. Cavalleri; K. Hermann; D.P. Woodruff. The local structure of OH species on the V2O3(0001) surface: A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study. Surface Science 2008, 602, 1267 -1279.
AMA StyleE.A. Kröger, D.I. Sayago, F. Allegretti, M.J. Knight, M. Polcik, W. Unterberger, T.J. Lerotholi, K.A. Hogan, C.L.A. Lamont, M. Cavalleri, K. Hermann, D.P. Woodruff. The local structure of OH species on the V2O3(0001) surface: A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study. Surface Science. 2008; 602 (6):1267-1279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE.A. Kröger; D.I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; M.J. Knight; M. Polcik; W. Unterberger; T.J. Lerotholi; K.A. Hogan; C.L.A. Lamont; M. Cavalleri; K. Hermann; D.P. Woodruff. 2008. "The local structure of OH species on the V2O3(0001) surface: A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study." Surface Science 602, no. 6: 1267-1279.
Scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD), using the O 1s and V 2p photoemission signals, together with multiple-scattering simulations, have been used to investigate the structure of the V2O3(0 0 0 1) surface. The results support a strongly-relaxed half-metal termination of the bulk, similar to that found in earlier studies of Al2O3(0 0 0 1) and Cr2O3(0 0 0 1) surfaces based on low energy electron and surface X-ray diffraction methods. However, the PhD investigation fails to provide definitive evidence for the presence or absence of surface vanadyl (VO) species associated with atop O atoms on the surface layer of V atoms. Specifically, the best-fit structure does not include these vanadyl species, although an alternative model with similar relaxations but including vanadyl O atoms yields a reliability-factor within the variance of that of the best-fit structure.
E.A. Kröger; D.I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; M.J. Knight; M. Polcik; W. Unterberger; T.J. Lerotholi; K.A. Hogan; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. The structure of the V2O3(0001) surface: A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study. Surface Science 2007, 601, 3350 -3360.
AMA StyleE.A. Kröger, D.I. Sayago, F. Allegretti, M.J. Knight, M. Polcik, W. Unterberger, T.J. Lerotholi, K.A. Hogan, C.L.A. Lamont, D.P. Woodruff. The structure of the V2O3(0001) surface: A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study. Surface Science. 2007; 601 (16):3350-3360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE.A. Kröger; D.I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; M.J. Knight; M. Polcik; W. Unterberger; T.J. Lerotholi; K.A. Hogan; C.L.A. Lamont; D.P. Woodruff. 2007. "The structure of the V2O3(0001) surface: A scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study." Surface Science 601, no. 16: 3350-3360.
The surface relaxations of the rutile TiO2(110)(1×1) clean surface have been determined by O1s and Ti2p3∕2 scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction. The results are in excellent agreement with recent low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) results, but in conflict with the results of some earlier investigations including one by surface x-ray diffraction. In particular, the bridging O atoms at the surface are found to relax outward, rather than inward, relative to the underlying bulk. Combined with the recent LEED and MEIS results, a consistent picture of the structure of this surface is provided. While the results of the most recent theoretical total-energy calculations are qualitatively consistent with this experimental consensus, significant quantitative differences remain.
E. A. Kröger; D. I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; M. J. Knight; M. Polcik; W. Unterberger; T. J. Lerotholi; K. A. Hogan; C. L. A. Lamont; D. P. Woodruff. Photoelectron diffraction investigation of the structure of the cleanTiO2(110)(1×1)surface. Physical Review B 2007, 75, 195413 .
AMA StyleE. A. Kröger, D. I. Sayago, F. Allegretti, M. J. Knight, M. Polcik, W. Unterberger, T. J. Lerotholi, K. A. Hogan, C. L. A. Lamont, D. P. Woodruff. Photoelectron diffraction investigation of the structure of the cleanTiO2(110)(1×1)surface. Physical Review B. 2007; 75 (19):195413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. A. Kröger; D. I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; M. J. Knight; M. Polcik; W. Unterberger; T. J. Lerotholi; K. A. Hogan; C. L. A. Lamont; D. P. Woodruff. 2007. "Photoelectron diffraction investigation of the structure of the cleanTiO2(110)(1×1)surface." Physical Review B 75, no. 19: 195413.
The normal incidence X-ray standing wave (NIXSW) technique has been applied to investigate the structure of ultra-thin VOx films grown on TiO2(1 1 0) and pre-characterised by core level photoemission. For a film composed of a sub-monolayer coverage of V deposited in ultra-high vacuum the local structure of two coexistent species, labelled ‘oxidic’ and ‘metallic’, has been investigated independently through the use of chemical-shift-NIXSW. The ‘oxidic’ state is shown to be consistent with a mixture of epitaxial or substitutional sites and chemisorption into sites coordinated to three surface O atoms. The metallic V atoms also involve a mixture of chemisorption and second-layer sites above the substrate surface consistent with the formation of small V clusters. VOx films up to ∼6 atomic layers were also grown by post-oxidation (sequential V deposition and annealing in oxygen) and by reactive evaporation in a partial pressure of oxygen. While films of around one monolayer or less are consistent with epitaxial VO2 growth, the film quality deteriorates rapidly with increasing thickness and is worse for reactive evaporation. A possible interpretation of the NIXSW data is increasing contributions of V2O3 crystallites. The inferior quality of the reactively evaporated films may be due to an insufficient supply of oxygen.
E.A. Kröger; F. Allegretti; M.J. Knight; M. Polcik; D.I. Sayago; D.P. Woodruff; V.R. Dhanak. Structural characterisation of ultra-thin VOx films on TiO2(110). Surface Science 2006, 600, 4813 -4824.
AMA StyleE.A. Kröger, F. Allegretti, M.J. Knight, M. Polcik, D.I. Sayago, D.P. Woodruff, V.R. Dhanak. Structural characterisation of ultra-thin VOx films on TiO2(110). Surface Science. 2006; 600 (21):4813-4824.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE.A. Kröger; F. Allegretti; M.J. Knight; M. Polcik; D.I. Sayago; D.P. Woodruff; V.R. Dhanak. 2006. "Structural characterisation of ultra-thin VOx films on TiO2(110)." Surface Science 600, no. 21: 4813-4824.
The adsorption of CCl4 on Ag(1 1 1) has been investigated from 100 K to 300 K using absolute sticking probability measurement, temperature programmed desorption, Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At 100 K, CCl4 adsorbs molecularly with a sticking probability of 1.0, forming a (3 × 3) adsorption structure. At 300 K the following overall reaction occurs,2CCl4(g)→4Cl(chem)+C2Cl4(g),with an initial sticking probability of S0 = 0.25, indicating that activated dissociative adsorption is the initial step in the above reaction. The saturated surface at 300 K consists entirely of chemisorbed chlorine which undergoes an order/disorder transition to a sharp (√3 × √3)R30° structure on cooling below 180 K. Temperature programmed desorption of CCl4 adsorbed at 100 K shows a multilayer peak at 140 K and a first layer peak at 203 K, where part of the molecularly adsorbed CCl4 desorbs and the rest is converted to a surface carbene, :CCl2, and chemisorbed chlorine. At 248 K the adsorbed carbenes react to form C2Cl4 which promptly desorbs, as it is formed above its normal desorption temperature of 210 K.
N. Bovet; D.I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; M.J. Knight; J. Barrett; D.P. Woodruff; Robert G. Jones. The adsorption of CCl4 on Ag(111): Carbene and CC bond formation. Surface Science 2006, 600, 241 -248.
AMA StyleN. Bovet, D.I. Sayago, F. Allegretti, E.A. Kröger, M.J. Knight, J. Barrett, D.P. Woodruff, Robert G. Jones. The adsorption of CCl4 on Ag(111): Carbene and CC bond formation. Surface Science. 2006; 600 (2):241-248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Bovet; D.I. Sayago; F. Allegretti; E.A. Kröger; M.J. Knight; J. Barrett; D.P. Woodruff; Robert G. Jones. 2006. "The adsorption of CCl4 on Ag(111): Carbene and CC bond formation." Surface Science 600, no. 2: 241-248.
Density functional theory slab calculations have been used to investigate the structure of the Ni(1 1 0)c(2 × 2)-CN adsorption phase. The results show excellent agreement with experimental quantitative determinations of this structure by photoelectron diffraction and low energy electron diffraction. In particular, they show that a lying-down orientation with the C–N axis along [0 0 1] perpendicular to the close-packed [1¯10] Ni rows on the surface is strongly favoured over end-on adsorption (with the C–N axis perpendicular to the surface). This geometry is also favoured over a lying-down geometry with the C–N axis aligned along the [1¯10] azimuth, as originally proposed for this system and supported by cluster calculations.
Matthew Knight; J. Robinson; D.P. Woodruff. Density functional theory analysis of the Ni(110)c(2×2)-CN surface phase. Surface Science 2005, 580, 145 -152.
AMA StyleMatthew Knight, J. Robinson, D.P. Woodruff. Density functional theory analysis of the Ni(110)c(2×2)-CN surface phase. Surface Science. 2005; 580 (1-3):145-152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Knight; J. Robinson; D.P. Woodruff. 2005. "Density functional theory analysis of the Ni(110)c(2×2)-CN surface phase." Surface Science 580, no. 1-3: 145-152.