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International civil aviation strives to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) is an alternative for such purpose. However, for an alternative fuel to be considered SAF, some conditions must be met, and production must be certified for sustainability. This paper presents an assessment of the necessary conditions for the sustainable production of these biofuels in Brazil. It is based on a geospatial publicly available database (SAFmaps) that was built with the aim of providing information to stakeholders who would be interested in the production of SAF. The geographic scope corresponds to an area that is about half of the country. The case studies reported in this paper are related to four crop-based feedstocks (eucalyptus, soybean, sugarcane, and corn), which could be used for SAF production, according to three certified routes (FT, HEFA, and ATJ) (Fischer–Tropsch, Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids and Alcohol to Jet); in total, six potential production sites were assessed. For each crop, the detailed assessment is based on estimates of suitability for biomass production, yields, and costs. The assumptions made allowed us to explicitly analyse the risk of deforestation (production could only occur with displacement of pastures) and the necessary preservation of sensitive biomes and of legally protected areas, in addition to observing the restrictive conditions imposed by CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation). To reduce GHG emissions, transporting biomass over long distances was assumed to be only by rail or pipeline. In addition, we address alternatives to minimise the risks associated with induced land-use change (iLUC) and to reduce impacts on the landscape. The results show that the production of SAF through the ATJ route, using ethanol produced from sugarcane and corn, requires less land. Economic assessment was outside the scope of this paper.
Arnaldo Walter; Joaquim Seabra; Jansle Rocha; Marjorie Guarenghi; Nathália Vieira; Desirèe Damame; João Santos. Spatially Explicit Assessment of Suitable Conditions for the Sustainable Production of Aviation Fuels in Brazil. Land 2021, 10, 705 .
AMA StyleArnaldo Walter, Joaquim Seabra, Jansle Rocha, Marjorie Guarenghi, Nathália Vieira, Desirèe Damame, João Santos. Spatially Explicit Assessment of Suitable Conditions for the Sustainable Production of Aviation Fuels in Brazil. Land. 2021; 10 (7):705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnaldo Walter; Joaquim Seabra; Jansle Rocha; Marjorie Guarenghi; Nathália Vieira; Desirèe Damame; João Santos. 2021. "Spatially Explicit Assessment of Suitable Conditions for the Sustainable Production of Aviation Fuels in Brazil." Land 10, no. 7: 705.
Fossil fuels dominate the current energy and chemicals' supply and this leads to a rapid growth in global greenhouse gas emissions. One mitigation option is using renewable feedstock for materials, chemicals (ethylene, propylene, acrylic acid and butanol) and, mostly, energy carriers (biodiesel, renewable jet fuel, ethanol and bioelectricity). This study demonstrates the effects of an economy based on biomass (bioeconomy) on macroeconomic aspects through a Computable General Equilibrium model. Three scenarios for 2030 were created to compare different levels of production (amount of chemicals and energy production through fossils versus biomass) for Brazil, based on sugarcane, soy and forest crops. Two important methodological aspects of this paper are the financial support provided by the government to enable the bioeconomy, and the limitations in land use established by the needs to reduce emissions. Overall, the results show that a bioeconomy could result in almost irrelevant negative impacts on GDP and in small increases in unemployment rate comparing to the reference scenario. However, these effects could be reversed, even with no deforestation, if the livestock and agriculture sectors increased their efficiency regarding land. Most importantly, if the livestock sector worked as a source of land for other crops in the event of a bioeconomy, the socioeconomic response would be more positive than if deforestation took place.
P.G. Machado; M. Cunha; A. Walter; A. Faaij; J.J.M. Guilhoto. Biobased economy for Brazil: Impacts and strategies for maximizing socioeconomic benefits. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 139, 110573 .
AMA StyleP.G. Machado, M. Cunha, A. Walter, A. Faaij, J.J.M. Guilhoto. Biobased economy for Brazil: Impacts and strategies for maximizing socioeconomic benefits. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 139 ():110573.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP.G. Machado; M. Cunha; A. Walter; A. Faaij; J.J.M. Guilhoto. 2020. "Biobased economy for Brazil: Impacts and strategies for maximizing socioeconomic benefits." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 139, no. : 110573.
As the automotive industry steers towards electromobility and electric vehicle adoption surges, Brazil and other Latin-American countries remain laggards. The Brazilian scenario exhibits unique features, such as a powerful automotive sector with large investments in internal combustion engine technology and a well-established biofuels market based on flex-fuel technology. Although energy security, urban air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, and technological advantage have been common drivers for the adoption of electric vehicles worldwide, the Brazilian immediate motivations are different, and the biofuels business ecosystem is likely to transform the path for electromobility. High tag price and public charging infrastructure absence have deeply discouraged electric vehicles adoption. A lack of regulation and a national consensus about the role of electric vehicles have been notorious. In fact, only in 2018 did the electricity regulatory agency (ANEEL) issue a resolution permitting the sale of electricity for recharging. The objective of this review was to create an outlook of the Brazilian transportation landscape. We identified relevant players, public charging infrastructure initiatives, market and other barriers, and regulation actions by consulting academic literature, media sources, and reports. We do not claim to predict the evolution of electrification. Instead, we aim to consolidate the information which can be used for decision support or strategy definition among entrepreneurs or policymakers. The main findings here are the necessity of a model for electrification able to create a synergy with biofuels and the urgency of having well-defined policies on what Brazil wants from electromobility.
Jorge Enrique Velandia Vargas; Joaquim E. A. Seabra; Carla K. N. Cavaliero; Arnaldo C. S. Walter; Simone P. Souza; Daniela G. Falco. The New Neighbor across the Street: An Outlook for Battery Electric Vehicles Adoption in Brazil. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2020, 11, 60 .
AMA StyleJorge Enrique Velandia Vargas, Joaquim E. A. Seabra, Carla K. N. Cavaliero, Arnaldo C. S. Walter, Simone P. Souza, Daniela G. Falco. The New Neighbor across the Street: An Outlook for Battery Electric Vehicles Adoption in Brazil. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2020; 11 (3):60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Enrique Velandia Vargas; Joaquim E. A. Seabra; Carla K. N. Cavaliero; Arnaldo C. S. Walter; Simone P. Souza; Daniela G. Falco. 2020. "The New Neighbor across the Street: An Outlook for Battery Electric Vehicles Adoption in Brazil." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 3: 60.
Brazil is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world with most of its emissions coming from the land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector. New commitments have been set by the Paris Agreement and are reflected in the country's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The Brazilian NDC has three main pillars to reduce emissions: increasing the share of biomass in the total primary energy supply to 18%, reducing deforestation, and achieving 45% of renewable energy in the energy mix. It is important to enlarge the share of biomass in the Brazilian economy, but it is also important to assess the potential impacts on deforestation in order to set the right strategy eventually. This study is thus an effort to investigate the contributions of a biobased economy to reduce Brazilian emissions, considering the broader concept of the bioeconomy, using biomass for energy, chemicals, and materials. To satisfy the objectives of the project, especially those related to its interest in economy‐wide changes in feedstock (from fossil to biobased), computable general equilibrium modeling (CGE) was chosen as the basic methodology integrated with an economic input–output life cycle analysis (EIO‐LCA). Results show that the impacts of the bioeconomy scenarios are positive but not sufficiently high to reduce the estimated emissions drastically. Emissions by the energy sector produce the highest reductions (7.5%) but the 12% increase in the LULUCF sector offsets those reduction. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Pedro G. Machado; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha; Arnaldo Walter; André Faaij; Joaquim J. M. Guilhoto. The potential of a bioeconomy to reduce Brazilian GHG emissions towards 2030: a CGE‐based life cycle analysis. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2019, 14, 265 -285.
AMA StylePedro G. Machado, Marcelo Pereira da Cunha, Arnaldo Walter, André Faaij, Joaquim J. M. Guilhoto. The potential of a bioeconomy to reduce Brazilian GHG emissions towards 2030: a CGE‐based life cycle analysis. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2019; 14 (2):265-285.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro G. Machado; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha; Arnaldo Walter; André Faaij; Joaquim J. M. Guilhoto. 2019. "The potential of a bioeconomy to reduce Brazilian GHG emissions towards 2030: a CGE‐based life cycle analysis." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 14, no. 2: 265-285.
Cooling towers are widely used to remove heat in buildings with chilled water air conditioning systems. Moreira et al. [1] performed an experimental comparison between a cooling tower (CT) and a geothermal heat exchanger (GHE) in Guayaquil-Ecuador (hot/humid climate) and the results show an advantage of 39% of GHE systems regarding energy efficiency. This study compares the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), considering the results of the research mentioned above and comparing both systems. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to estimate the GHG emissions, assuming three scenarios for the electricity supply: the electricity generation mix in 2016, the planned electricity generation mix in 2025, and the profile for marginal electricity generation (peak demand). The estimated reduction of GHG emissions due to the use of GHE systems could be up to 50%. GHEs for building air conditioning applications is a technological option with potential to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. However, additional work is necessary to evaluate the complete environmental profile and its cost-effectiveness.
Frank Porras; Angel D. Ramirez; Arnaldo Walter; Guillermo Soriano. Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Comparison Between a Cooling Tower and a Geothermal Heat Exchanger for Air Conditioning Applications in Ecuador. ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleFrank Porras, Angel D. Ramirez, Arnaldo Walter, Guillermo Soriano. Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Comparison Between a Cooling Tower and a Geothermal Heat Exchanger for Air Conditioning Applications in Ecuador. ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Porras; Angel D. Ramirez; Arnaldo Walter; Guillermo Soriano. 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Comparison Between a Cooling Tower and a Geothermal Heat Exchanger for Air Conditioning Applications in Ecuador." ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability , no. : 1.
Environmental impacts of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles have been broadly studied and compared. However, there is scarce evidence of studies analyzing the potential effect of evolution key factors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate what would be the environmental impact of manufacturing BEVs and battery electric buses (BEBs) in Brazilian southeast, whereas vehicle mass reduction, material switching, energy consumption, battery improving, geographic adaptation of life cycle inventories, and electricity mix evolution effects are considered. The methodology was based on adapting a representative number of global Ecoinvent V.3.2 datasets to better represent local conditions and subsequently to include evolution parameters for a 2030 scenario. Thus, we were able to establish a comparison for BEVs and BEBs in 2015 and 2030 for Brazilian and global conditions. This study compared BEV and BEB production (one vehicle as comparison unit) and also well-to-wheel (WTW) stage (1 km as functional unit). The research envisioned mass reduction configurations for cars and buses in 2030. BEV analysis in 2030 includes two material switching scenarios: plastic and aluminum prototypes. For one BEV as comparison unit, ozone depletion, human toxicity, metal depletion, and ecotoxicities displayed larger impacts for Brazilian cars, mostly due to material switching in the new prototypes, in spite of total mass reduction. In fact, neither the BEBs nor BEVs made in Brazil displayed a consistent environmental advantage over the global reference; and in fact, low production plants might cause larger impacts. Life expectancy increase is suggested to be more effective in reducing impacts than mass or energy consumption reduction. For the 2030 BEV, an unexpected burden shifting result appears. Ozone depletion increases for the Brazilian aluminum prototype since emissions arising from scrap treatment do have a significant impact, even though mass reduction was considered. Bus results portrayed a tendency for Brazilian bus to perform better than its global counterpart except for metal depletion, ecotoxicities, and ozone depletion. A large environmental contribution from treatment of mining residues is common for human toxicity and freshwater eutrophication, the most concerning categories. Large contributions from mining residues led us to conclude that in order to manufacture environmentally competitive BEBs and BEVs, either reduction of impacts on metal extraction, e.g., copper, magnesium, etc., or metal use decrease must be prioritized. Negative consequences of vehicle evolution are especially concerning for human health and bodies of water, and impact decrease will be unlikely, at least until 2030.
Jorge Enrique Velandia Vargas; Daniela Godoy Falco; Arnaldo Walter; Carla Kazue Nakao Cavaliero; Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra. Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles and buses in Brazil: effects of local manufacturing, mass reduction, and energy consumption evolution. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2019, 24, 1878 -1897.
AMA StyleJorge Enrique Velandia Vargas, Daniela Godoy Falco, Arnaldo Walter, Carla Kazue Nakao Cavaliero, Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra. Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles and buses in Brazil: effects of local manufacturing, mass reduction, and energy consumption evolution. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2019; 24 (10):1878-1897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Enrique Velandia Vargas; Daniela Godoy Falco; Arnaldo Walter; Carla Kazue Nakao Cavaliero; Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra. 2019. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles and buses in Brazil: effects of local manufacturing, mass reduction, and energy consumption evolution." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 24, no. 10: 1878-1897.
For significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, those from electricity generation should be negative by the end of the century. In this sense, bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) technology in sugarcane mills could be crucial. This paper presents a technical and economic assessment of BECCS systems in a typical Brazilian sugarcane mill, considering the adoption of advanced—although commercial—steam cogeneration systems. The technical results are based on computational simulations, considering CO2 capture both from fermentation (released during ethanol production) and due to biomass combustion. The post combustion capture technology based on amine was considered integrated to the mill and to the cogeneration system. A range of energy requirements and costs were taken from the literature, and different milling capacities and capturing rates were considered. Results show that CO2 capture from both flows is technically feasible. Capturing CO2 from fermentation is the alternative that should be prioritized as energy requirements for capturing from combustion are meaningful, with high impacts on surplus electricity. In the reference case, the cost of avoided CO2 emissions was estimated at 62 €/t CO2, and this can be reduced to 59 €/t CO2 in case of more efficient technologies, or even to 48 €/t CO2 in case of larger plants.
Sara Restrepo-Valencia; Arnaldo Walter. Techno-Economic Assessment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage Systems in a Typical Sugarcane Mill in Brazil. Energies 2019, 12, 1129 .
AMA StyleSara Restrepo-Valencia, Arnaldo Walter. Techno-Economic Assessment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage Systems in a Typical Sugarcane Mill in Brazil. Energies. 2019; 12 (6):1129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Restrepo-Valencia; Arnaldo Walter. 2019. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage Systems in a Typical Sugarcane Mill in Brazil." Energies 12, no. 6: 1129.
Camila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira Cervone; Arnaldo Walter; Marjorie Mendes Guarenghi; Camila Favero. Resident perceptions of the impacts of large-scale sugarcane production on ecosystem services in two regions of Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy 2018, 114, 63 -72.
AMA StyleCamila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira Cervone, Arnaldo Walter, Marjorie Mendes Guarenghi, Camila Favero. Resident perceptions of the impacts of large-scale sugarcane production on ecosystem services in two regions of Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2018; 114 ():63-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira Cervone; Arnaldo Walter; Marjorie Mendes Guarenghi; Camila Favero. 2018. "Resident perceptions of the impacts of large-scale sugarcane production on ecosystem services in two regions of Brazil." Biomass and Bioenergy 114, no. : 63-72.
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol worldwide (28 billion litres in 2013) and its production is expected to increase substantially in the coming years. As the sugarcane ethanol sector contributes significantly to the national economy, an expansion of production impacts GDP, employment and trade; these impacts are not equally distributed throughout the country, nor between income classes. These differences between regions and income classes are not well understood since previous studies on socio-economic impacts used high aggregation levels. The objective of this study is to compare the distribution of socioeconomic impacts of sugarcane ethanol production expansion in Brazil, including the interregional effects, across three microregions in the Centre South and different income classes. The spatial distribution of sugarcane for the supply of 54 billion litres of ethanol in 2030 was used as input for an interregional input-output model. Three scenarios for the quantity and location of sugarcane production are studied, based on measures to limit land use (i.e. second generation ethanol, higher agricultural yields). The results show that expansion of sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil in 2030 could increase the national GDP by 2.6 billion USD and employment by 53,000 fte. In general the microregional benefits of sugarcane expansion outweigh the downsides from displaced production of other crops and livestock. The microregions also benefit to varying extents from sugarcane ethanol expansion outside their borders. Additional employment is primarily generated in lower income classes. There are considerable differences in the impacts across the regions, these are related to the structure of the local economy and the scenario and not only dependent on the local potential for sugarcane expansion. Socio-economic impacts of biofuel production should thus be studied on lower aggregation levels to include these differences in benefits across regions and income classes.
Marnix L.J. Brinkman; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha; Sanne Heijnen; Birka Wicke; Joaquim J.M. Guilhoto; Arnaldo Walter; André P.C. Faaij; Floor van der Hilst. Interregional assessment of socio-economic effects of sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 88, 347 -362.
AMA StyleMarnix L.J. Brinkman, Marcelo Pereira da Cunha, Sanne Heijnen, Birka Wicke, Joaquim J.M. Guilhoto, Arnaldo Walter, André P.C. Faaij, Floor van der Hilst. Interregional assessment of socio-economic effects of sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 88 ():347-362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarnix L.J. Brinkman; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha; Sanne Heijnen; Birka Wicke; Joaquim J.M. Guilhoto; Arnaldo Walter; André P.C. Faaij; Floor van der Hilst. 2018. "Interregional assessment of socio-economic effects of sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 88, no. : 347-362.
The bio-based economy is considered one of the options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is pursued by many countries seeking not only emissions reductions but also greater independency and security. In this context, biofuels production has expanded in the first decade of this century, and the same increase can occur with biomaterials in the years to come. However, despite the large appeal of biofuel, various concerns regarding its sustainability have been raised, constraining production and imposing the necessity to attest compliance with some principles and criteria. As a result of interest group advocacy, a diversity of sustainability initiatives has emerged in recent years in the bioenergy context, which may soon be extended to chemicals and biomaterials as well. This chapter presents the main technical regulations and standards for bioenergy currently in place and discusses the social, economic, and environmental issues these address. Guided by the set principles and criteria, there is evidence supporting that, if implemented correctly, the bio-based economy can indeed offer significant contributions toward sustainable development.
Arnaldo Walter; Joaquim E. A. Seabra; Pedro Gerber Machado; Bruna De Barros Correia; Camila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira. Sustainability of Biomass. Biomass and Green Chemistry 2017, 191 -219.
AMA StyleArnaldo Walter, Joaquim E. A. Seabra, Pedro Gerber Machado, Bruna De Barros Correia, Camila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira. Sustainability of Biomass. Biomass and Green Chemistry. 2017; ():191-219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnaldo Walter; Joaquim E. A. Seabra; Pedro Gerber Machado; Bruna De Barros Correia; Camila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira. 2017. "Sustainability of Biomass." Biomass and Green Chemistry , no. : 191-219.
The ongoing debate about costs and benefits of wood‐pellet based bioenergy production in the southeastern United States (SE USA) requires an understanding of the science and context influencing market decisions associated with its sustainability. Production of pellets has garnered much attention as US exports have grown from negligible amounts in the early 2000s to 4.6 million metric tonnes in 2015. Currently, 98% of these pellet exports are shipped to Europe to displace coal in power plants. We ask, ‘How is the production of wood pellets in the SE USA affecting forest systems and the ecosystem services they provide?’ To address this question, we review current forest conditions and the status of the wood products industry, how pellet production affects ecosystem services and biodiversity, and what methods are in place to monitor changes and protect vulnerable systems. Scientific studies provide evidence that wood pellets in the SE USA are a fraction of total forestry operations and can be produced while maintaining or improving forest ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are protected by the requirement to utilize loggers trained to apply scientifically based best management practices in planning and implementing harvest for the export market. Bioenergy markets supplement incomes to private rural landholders and provide an incentive for forest management practices that simultaneously benefit water quality and wildlife and reduce risk of fire and insect outbreaks. Bioenergy also increases the value of forest land to landowners, thereby decreasing likelihood of conversion to nonforest uses. Monitoring and evaluation are essential to verify that regulations and good practices are achieving goals and to enable timely responses if problems arise. Conducting rigorous research to understand how conditions change in response to management choices requires baseline data, monitoring, and appropriate reference scenarios. Long‐term monitoring data on forest conditions should be publicly accessible and utilized to inform adaptive management.
Virginia H. Dale; Keith L. Kline; Esther S. Parish; Annette Cowie; Robert Emory; Robert W. Malmsheimer; Raphael Slade; Charles Tattersall (Tat) Smith; Thomas Bently (Ben) Wigley; Niclas Scott Bentsen; Göran Berndes; Pierre Bernier; Miguel Brandão; Helena L. Chum; Rocio Diaz‐Chavez; Gustaf Egnell; Leif Gustavsson; Jörg Schweinle; Inge Stupak; Paul Trianosky; Arnaldo Walter; Carly Whittaker; Mark Brown; George Chescheir; Ioannis Dimitriou; Caspar Donnison; Alison Goss Eng; Kevin P. Hoyt; Jennifer C. Jenkins; Kristen Johnson; Charles A. Levesque; Victoria Lockhart; Maria Cristina Negri; Jami E. Nettles; Maria Wellisch. Status and prospects for renewable energy using wood pellets from the southeastern United States. GCB Bioenergy 2017, 9, 1296 -1305.
AMA StyleVirginia H. Dale, Keith L. Kline, Esther S. Parish, Annette Cowie, Robert Emory, Robert W. Malmsheimer, Raphael Slade, Charles Tattersall (Tat) Smith, Thomas Bently (Ben) Wigley, Niclas Scott Bentsen, Göran Berndes, Pierre Bernier, Miguel Brandão, Helena L. Chum, Rocio Diaz‐Chavez, Gustaf Egnell, Leif Gustavsson, Jörg Schweinle, Inge Stupak, Paul Trianosky, Arnaldo Walter, Carly Whittaker, Mark Brown, George Chescheir, Ioannis Dimitriou, Caspar Donnison, Alison Goss Eng, Kevin P. Hoyt, Jennifer C. Jenkins, Kristen Johnson, Charles A. Levesque, Victoria Lockhart, Maria Cristina Negri, Jami E. Nettles, Maria Wellisch. Status and prospects for renewable energy using wood pellets from the southeastern United States. GCB Bioenergy. 2017; 9 (8):1296-1305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVirginia H. Dale; Keith L. Kline; Esther S. Parish; Annette Cowie; Robert Emory; Robert W. Malmsheimer; Raphael Slade; Charles Tattersall (Tat) Smith; Thomas Bently (Ben) Wigley; Niclas Scott Bentsen; Göran Berndes; Pierre Bernier; Miguel Brandão; Helena L. Chum; Rocio Diaz‐Chavez; Gustaf Egnell; Leif Gustavsson; Jörg Schweinle; Inge Stupak; Paul Trianosky; Arnaldo Walter; Carly Whittaker; Mark Brown; George Chescheir; Ioannis Dimitriou; Caspar Donnison; Alison Goss Eng; Kevin P. Hoyt; Jennifer C. Jenkins; Kristen Johnson; Charles A. Levesque; Victoria Lockhart; Maria Cristina Negri; Jami E. Nettles; Maria Wellisch. 2017. "Status and prospects for renewable energy using wood pellets from the southeastern United States." GCB Bioenergy 9, no. 8: 1296-1305.
Currently the oil refining sector is responsible for approximately 5% of the total Brazilian energy related CO2 emissions. Possibilities to reduce CO2 emissions and related costs at the largest Brazilian refinery have been estimated. The abatement costs related to energy saving options are negative, meaning that feasibility exists without specific income due to emission reductions. The assessment shows that short-term mitigation options, i.e., fuel substitution and energy efficiency measures, could reduce CO2 emissions by 6% of the total current refinery emissions. It is further shown that carbon capture and storage offers the greatest potential for more significant emission reductions in the longer term (up to 43%), but costs in the range of 64 to162 US$/t CO2, depending on the CO2 emission source (regenerators of FCC units or hydrogen production units) and the CO2 capture technology considered (oxyfuel combustion or post-combustion). Effects of uncertainties in key parameters on abatement costs are also evaluated via sensitivity analysis.
W. N. Chan; Arnaldo Walter; M. I. Sugiyama; G. C. Borges. ASSESSMENT OF CO2 EMISSION MITIGATION FOR A BRAZILIAN OIL REFINERY. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2016, 33, 835 -850.
AMA StyleW. N. Chan, Arnaldo Walter, M. I. Sugiyama, G. C. Borges. ASSESSMENT OF CO2 EMISSION MITIGATION FOR A BRAZILIAN OIL REFINERY. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2016; 33 (4):835-850.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW. N. Chan; Arnaldo Walter; M. I. Sugiyama; G. C. Borges. 2016. "ASSESSMENT OF CO2 EMISSION MITIGATION FOR A BRAZILIAN OIL REFINERY." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 33, no. 4: 835-850.
Sustainability has been considered essential for the future consumption of biofuels in large scale and, thus, assessing the impacts on water resources is one of the priorities. The aim of this study is to assess the potential impacts of sugarcane expansion both on the quality and on the quantity of water resources, but using a publicly available database and well-established statistic procedures. The case studies were defined in São Paulo state, where the bulk of sugarcane production in Brazil is, and more specifically three regions where significant expansion recently occurred: Palmares Paulista, Pontal, and Ribeirão Preto. Time series of streamflows and precipitations (1974–2011) and water quality parameters (1989–2011) were evaluated using non-parametric tests for detecting trends and abrupt changes. Quality parameters analyzed were concentrations of potassium, total phosphorus, nitrite, nitrate, ammoniacal nitrogen, total solids, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. Sugarcane cropping data were correlated with streamflows and water quality parameters. Water quality parameters were analyzed vis-à-vis sugarcane production and population growth. Significant impacts due to sugarcane cropping were detected only in the case of the smallest basin. In the three studied regions a significant increasing trend of nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand was observed, but these results can be explained either by sugarcane–ethanol production or by the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents without appropriate treatment. Based on data availability it was not possible to rigorously determine the contribution of large-scale production of sugarcane cropping to both the quantity and the quality of water resources. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Marjorie Mendes Guarenghi; Arnaldo Walter. Assessing potential impacts of sugarcane production on water resources: A case study in Brazil. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2016, 10, 699 -709.
AMA StyleMarjorie Mendes Guarenghi, Arnaldo Walter. Assessing potential impacts of sugarcane production on water resources: A case study in Brazil. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2016; 10 (6):699-709.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarjorie Mendes Guarenghi; Arnaldo Walter. 2016. "Assessing potential impacts of sugarcane production on water resources: A case study in Brazil." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 10, no. 6: 699-709.
This paper presents a techno-economic evaluation of potential Greenfield projects of integrated first- and second-generation sugarcane biorefineries, in which ethanol is converted to bio-based propylene through metathesis of ethylene with 2-butene. Two scenarios were tested, considering improvements both in first- and second-generation ethanol production: with and without pentoses fermentation, which increases the amount of ethanol produced. The viability of the proposed propylene production facility was studied through Minimum Bio-Propylene Selling Price (MBSP), and sensitivity and risk analysis were performed. Results show that, compared to the average propylene prices in recent years, the MBSP (based on the average estimates) would be no more than 85-90% higher than the price of the conventional fossil-fuel based product. In addition, three aspects were further assessed: (i) scaling of production plants, (ii) learning effects, and (iii) policies that would result lower capital costs. The results show that the cumulative effect would lead a substantial reduction of the MBSP, leading to a competitive price of 1347 US$/t. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Pedro Gerber Machado; Arnaldo Walter; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha. Bio-based propylene production in a sugarcane biorefinery: A techno-economic evaluation for Brazilian conditions. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2016, 10, 623 -633.
AMA StylePedro Gerber Machado, Arnaldo Walter, Marcelo Pereira da Cunha. Bio-based propylene production in a sugarcane biorefinery: A techno-economic evaluation for Brazilian conditions. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2016; 10 (5):623-633.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Gerber Machado; Arnaldo Walter; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha. 2016. "Bio-based propylene production in a sugarcane biorefinery: A techno-economic evaluation for Brazilian conditions." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 10, no. 5: 623-633.
Agribusiness participation in Brazil generates investments in rural infrastructure and employment, with direct effects on local quality of life. In this sense, government policies to support the production of ethanol from sugarcane and to promote bioelectricity from bagasse production have made Brazil a country of world leadership in this field. This paper reports an assessment of socioeconomic impacts due to sugarcane production in three regions in Brazil (Piracicaba, Presidente Prudente and Southwest Goiás). Local quality of life is defined as five dimensions: income and inequality, education, infrastructure, health and general development, analysed using panel data modelling, with variables that could explain differences in development due to local characteristics, including sugarcane activity. Presidente Prudente has the highest levels of progress in education, poverty, infrastructure and general development indicators. The models indicate that participation of sugarcane has positive impacts on the indicators of the microregion. In case of Piracicaba microregion, in two models (“L-Theil” and “Illiteracy rate”) indicators related with sugarcane sector are significant explanatory variables, contributing for better indicators. Finally, Southwest Goias—where sugarcane activity develops later—is the single microregion in which the adjusted models have no significant explanatory variables related to sugarcane sector.
Pedro Gerber Machado; Arnaldo Walter; Michelle Picoli; Cristina Gerber João. Potential impacts on local quality of life due to sugarcane expansion: a case study based on panel data analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2016, 19, 2069 -2092.
AMA StylePedro Gerber Machado, Arnaldo Walter, Michelle Picoli, Cristina Gerber João. Potential impacts on local quality of life due to sugarcane expansion: a case study based on panel data analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2016; 19 (5):2069-2092.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Gerber Machado; Arnaldo Walter; Michelle Picoli; Cristina Gerber João. 2016. "Potential impacts on local quality of life due to sugarcane expansion: a case study based on panel data analysis." Environment, Development and Sustainability 19, no. 5: 2069-2092.
New green technologies are emerging in response to decades of damaging human activity. Among those are microbial fuel cells (MFCs), electric transducers that transform wet organic matter into electricity via the electroactive respiration of anaerobic microorganisms. Over the past two decades, research into MFCs has drastically improved performance, both in terms of power and treatment efficiency. To demonstrate the suitability of MFCs for incorporation into a wider market, there needs to be examples of practical implementation. This chapter highlights the potential by showing how the technology can be used in meaningful roles. The direct output can be harnessed both as a sensing mechanism and to power applications such as LEDs. Energy harvesting electronics can be employed that enable MFCs to energise more energy-intensive applications such as air fresheners, smoke alarms, transmitters, and charging mobile phones. After the lab-based examples, various field trials are discussed such as the deployment of MFCs in wastewater treatment plants. Finally, details are provided of a successful prototype MFC urinal that could one day be used in developing countries. The examples showcased in this chapter hopefully go some way to demonstrating that the practical implementation of MFCs into everyday life might not be that far away.
Ioannis Ieropoulos; J. Winfield; I. Gajda; Arnaldo Walter; G. Papaharalabos; I.M. Jimenez; Grzegorz Pasternak; J. You; A. Tremouli; A. Stinchcombe; S. Forbes; J. Greenman. The practical implementation of microbial fuel cell technology. Microbial Electrochemical and Fuel Cells 2016, 357 -380.
AMA StyleIoannis Ieropoulos, J. Winfield, I. Gajda, Arnaldo Walter, G. Papaharalabos, I.M. Jimenez, Grzegorz Pasternak, J. You, A. Tremouli, A. Stinchcombe, S. Forbes, J. Greenman. The practical implementation of microbial fuel cell technology. Microbial Electrochemical and Fuel Cells. 2016; ():357-380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIoannis Ieropoulos; J. Winfield; I. Gajda; Arnaldo Walter; G. Papaharalabos; I.M. Jimenez; Grzegorz Pasternak; J. You; A. Tremouli; A. Stinchcombe; S. Forbes; J. Greenman. 2016. "The practical implementation of microbial fuel cell technology." Microbial Electrochemical and Fuel Cells , no. : 357-380.
Ethanol production in Brazil poses many challenges. This is due to the fact that there are new players in the business, the expansion will mostly occur in less traditional areas, improving sustainability is mandatory, and the industry needs to move toward production diversification and the development of second-generation biofuels. This chapter analyzes the developments so far and the challenges for keeping the competitiveness of ethanol industry. It first presents a brief history of ethanol production, and the profile of this industry in Brazil. The main developments of agricultural and industrial subsectors and their challenges are presented subsequently. Then, the chapter focuses on assessing what is already known and the required actions regarding selected sustainability aspects, such as socioeconomic impacts, land use, GHG emissions, impacts on water resources and biodiversity. Finally, the conclusions are presented.
Arnaldo Walter; Marcelo Valadares Galdos; Fabio Vale Scarpare; Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal; Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha; Michelle Cristina Araujo Picoli; Camila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira. Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol: Developments so far and Challenges for the Future. Advances in Bioenergy 2015, 373 -394.
AMA StyleArnaldo Walter, Marcelo Valadares Galdos, Fabio Vale Scarpare, Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal, Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra, Marcelo Pereira da Cunha, Michelle Cristina Araujo Picoli, Camila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira. Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol: Developments so far and Challenges for the Future. Advances in Bioenergy. 2015; ():373-394.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnaldo Walter; Marcelo Valadares Galdos; Fabio Vale Scarpare; Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal; Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra; Marcelo Pereira da Cunha; Michelle Cristina Araujo Picoli; Camila Ortolan Fernandes De Oliveira. 2015. "Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol: Developments so far and Challenges for the Future." Advances in Bioenergy , no. : 373-394.
Pedro Gerber Machado; Michelle Cristina Araujo Picoli; Laura Jimena Torres; Janaína Garcia Oliveira; Arnaldo Walter. The use of socioeconomic indicators to assess the impacts of sugarcane production in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2015, 52, 1519 -1526.
AMA StylePedro Gerber Machado, Michelle Cristina Araujo Picoli, Laura Jimena Torres, Janaína Garcia Oliveira, Arnaldo Walter. The use of socioeconomic indicators to assess the impacts of sugarcane production in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015; 52 ():1519-1526.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Gerber Machado; Michelle Cristina Araujo Picoli; Laura Jimena Torres; Janaína Garcia Oliveira; Arnaldo Walter. 2015. "The use of socioeconomic indicators to assess the impacts of sugarcane production in Brazil." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52, no. : 1519-1526.
Understanding how large-scale bioenergy production can affect biodiversity and ecosystems is important if society is to meet current and future sustainable development goals. A variety of bioenergy production systems have been established within different contexts throughout the Pan American region, with wide-ranging results in terms of documented and projected effects on biodiversity and ecosystems. The Pan American region is home to the majority of commercial bioenergy production and therefore the region offers a broad set of experiences and insights on both conflicts and opportunities for biodiversity and bioenergy. This paper synthesizes lessons learned focusing on experiences in Canada, the United States, and Brazil regarding the conflicts that can arise between bioenergy production and ecological conservation, and benefits that can be derived when bioenergy policies promote planning and more sustainable land-management systems. We propose a research agenda to address priority information gaps that are relevant to biodiversity concerns and related policy challenges in the Pan American region.
Keith L. Kline; Fernanda Silva Martinelli; Audrey L. Mayer; Rodrigo Medeiros; Camila Ortolan F. Oliveira; Gerd Sparovek; Arnaldo Walter; Lisa A. Venier. Bioenergy and Biodiversity: Key Lessons from the Pan American Region. Environmental Management 2015, 56, 1377 -1396.
AMA StyleKeith L. Kline, Fernanda Silva Martinelli, Audrey L. Mayer, Rodrigo Medeiros, Camila Ortolan F. Oliveira, Gerd Sparovek, Arnaldo Walter, Lisa A. Venier. Bioenergy and Biodiversity: Key Lessons from the Pan American Region. Environmental Management. 2015; 56 (6):1377-1396.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeith L. Kline; Fernanda Silva Martinelli; Audrey L. Mayer; Rodrigo Medeiros; Camila Ortolan F. Oliveira; Gerd Sparovek; Arnaldo Walter; Lisa A. Venier. 2015. "Bioenergy and Biodiversity: Key Lessons from the Pan American Region." Environmental Management 56, no. 6: 1377-1396.
The environmental profile of milk production in Mexico was analysed for three manure management scenarios: fertilization (F), anaerobic digestion (AD) and enhanced anaerobic digestion (EAD). The study used the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique, considering a 'cradle-to-gate' approach. The assessment model was constructed using SimaPro LCA software, and the life cycle impact assessment was performed according to the ReCiPe method. Dairy farms with AD and EAD scenarios were found to exhibit, respectively, 12% and 27% less greenhouse gas emissions, 58% and 31% less terrestrial acidification, and 3% and 18% less freshwater eutrophication than the F scenario. A different trend was observed in the damage to resource availability indicator, as the F scenario presented 6% and 22% less damage than the EAD and AD scenarios, respectively. The magnitude of environmental damage from milk production in the three dairy manure management scenarios, using a general single score indicator, was 0.118, 0.107 and 0.081 Pt/L of milk for the F, AD and EAD scenarios, respectively. These results indicate that manure management systems with anaerobic digestion can improve the environmental profile of each litre of milk produced.
Pasiano Rivas-García; José E. Botello-Álvarez; Joaquim E. Abel Seabra; Arnaldo Walter; Alejandro Estrada-Baltazar. Environmental implications of anaerobic digestion for manure management in dairy farms in Mexico: a life cycle perspective. Environmental Technology 2015, 36, 1 -12.
AMA StylePasiano Rivas-García, José E. Botello-Álvarez, Joaquim E. Abel Seabra, Arnaldo Walter, Alejandro Estrada-Baltazar. Environmental implications of anaerobic digestion for manure management in dairy farms in Mexico: a life cycle perspective. Environmental Technology. 2015; 36 (17):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StylePasiano Rivas-García; José E. Botello-Álvarez; Joaquim E. Abel Seabra; Arnaldo Walter; Alejandro Estrada-Baltazar. 2015. "Environmental implications of anaerobic digestion for manure management in dairy farms in Mexico: a life cycle perspective." Environmental Technology 36, no. 17: 1-12.