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Dr. Francisco J Escobedo
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA

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0 Ecosystem Services
0 Landscape Ecology
0 Urban Forestry
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Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Forests
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Few studies analyze people’s preferences for ecosystem services (ES), disservices (ED) and drivers of change in less populated, tropical municipalities. Understanding such preferences and needs by the community and stakeholder groups before actually assessing, modelling, and measuring the supply of ES is key for decision-making and planning in municipalities, as well as for the conservation of nearby neotropical dry forests. We studied these dynamics in a small rural municipality in Colombia with limited data availability using semi-structured interviews and surveys, as well as ES-proxies and geospatial analyses. We then analyzed the supply and importance of two community identified ES and one ED from adjacent neotropical dry forests during 2005–2017. We found that respondents recognized air purification and food production as the most important ES. Increased temperatures and fires were the most important ED, while fires were also identified as an important driver of change. Air purification, via pollutant deposition to forest cover, remained approximately constant (116 ton/year), while food production (49 ton/ha) and fire occurrence, an ED, increased. Findings show how transdisciplinary research and participatory knowledge co-production among local communities, researchers and land management institutions can improve governance, decision making, policy uptake and planning efforts.

ACS Style

Yuli Tovar Tique; Francisco Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. Community-Based Importance and Quantification of Ecosystem Services, Disservices, Drivers, and Neotropical Dry Forests in a Rural Colombian Municipality. Forests 2021, 12, 919 .

AMA Style

Yuli Tovar Tique, Francisco Escobedo, Nicola Clerici. Community-Based Importance and Quantification of Ecosystem Services, Disservices, Drivers, and Neotropical Dry Forests in a Rural Colombian Municipality. Forests. 2021; 12 (7):919.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuli Tovar Tique; Francisco Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. 2021. "Community-Based Importance and Quantification of Ecosystem Services, Disservices, Drivers, and Neotropical Dry Forests in a Rural Colombian Municipality." Forests 12, no. 7: 919.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2021 in Trilogía Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad
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The distribution range of Jaguar (Panthera onca) is being reduced due to multi-scale habitat conversion, intensive hunting, illegal trafficking, habitat fragmentation, and the construction of highways and other infrastructure. Because of the decrease in population, this species’ listing has changed from vulnerable to a threatened category. Due to the ecological importance of this species, organizations like Red Colombiana de Seguimiento de Fauna Atropellada have proposed the establishment of wildlife corridors. But little is known as to recognize the driving forces in these habitat changes and where these corridors should be established. To address this lack of information, we determined the spatial extent to which the current distribution and access to P. onca habitat is being driven by deforestation, armed conflict, agriculture expansion, urbanization and the construction of highways in the Bajo Magdalena area of Colombia. We then identified potential areas for proposing conservation corridors. To do this, we used available geospatial information on P. onca distribution in the Corporación Autónoma Regional areas in the municipalities of Puerto Salgar, Caparrapí and Guaduas, as well as transportation network, administrative unit, and deforestation data from 2010 to 2018. We also calculated habitat distances to population centers and the distribution of P. onca relative to roads. Our findings suggest that urban population and highways affect 83 % of the total area of its distribution; deforestation increased by 47.9 km2 in the 105.24 km2 study area with 5.6 km2 alone left as P. onca habitat. We concluded that conservation initiatives must be implemented inside P. onca’s distributional range and buffer zones. Urbanization and the construction of highways were highly influential variables associated with the loss of P. onca habitat. Further, we propose that precautions along the principal road that connects Puerto Salgar and Guaduas should be taken into consideration to maintain the genetic flow and movement of the P. onca population as it affects 87 km of this proposed corridor.

ACS Style

Giselle Helena Toro-Garay; Maria Paula Otero; Carlos Valderrama-Ardila; Francisco Javier Escobedo. Panthera Onca Corridors: A Spatially Explicit Analysis of Habitat Change Drivers and Potential Conservation Areas in the Bajo Magdalena, Colombia. Trilogía Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad 2021, 13, 1 -1641.

AMA Style

Giselle Helena Toro-Garay, Maria Paula Otero, Carlos Valderrama-Ardila, Francisco Javier Escobedo. Panthera Onca Corridors: A Spatially Explicit Analysis of Habitat Change Drivers and Potential Conservation Areas in the Bajo Magdalena, Colombia. Trilogía Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad. 2021; 13 (24):1-1641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giselle Helena Toro-Garay; Maria Paula Otero; Carlos Valderrama-Ardila; Francisco Javier Escobedo. 2021. "Panthera Onca Corridors: A Spatially Explicit Analysis of Habitat Change Drivers and Potential Conservation Areas in the Bajo Magdalena, Colombia." Trilogía Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad 13, no. 24: 1-1641.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2020 in Land
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There is little information concerning how people in the Global South perceive the benefits and costs associated with urban green areas. There is even less information on how governance influences the way people value these highly complex socio-ecological systems. We used semi-structured surveys, statistical analyses, and econometrics to explore the perceptions of users regarding governance and the benefits and costs, or Ecosystem Services (ES) and Ecosystem Disservices (ED), provided by Neotropical green areas and their willingness to invest, or not, for their conservation. The study area was the El Salitre sub-watershed in Bogota, Colombia, and 10 different sites representative of its wetlands, parks, green areas, and socioeconomic contexts. Using a context-specific approach and methods, we identified the most important benefits and costs of green areas and the influence of governance on how people valued these. Our modelling shows that air quality and biodiversity were highly important benefits, while water regulation was the least important; despite the sub-watershed’s acute problems with stormwater runoff. In terms of costs, the feeling of insecurity due to crime was related to poor levels of maintenance and infrastructure in the studied green areas. Perceived transparency, corruption, and performance of government institutions influenced people’s Unwillingness to Invest (UTI) in green space conservation. Results show that socioeconomic backgrounds, government performance, and environmental education will play a role in the value or importance people place on the benefits, costs, and UTI in conservation efforts in urban green areas. Similarly, care is warranted when directly applying frameworks and typologies developed in high income countries (i.e., ES) to the unique realities of cities in the Global South. Accordingly, alternative frameworks such as Nature’s Contributions to People is promising.

ACS Style

Alexandra Pineda-Guerrero; Francisco J. Escobedo; Fernando Carriazo. Governance, Nature’s Contributions to People, and Investing in Conservation Influence the Valuation of Urban Green Areas. Land 2020, 10, 14 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Pineda-Guerrero, Francisco J. Escobedo, Fernando Carriazo. Governance, Nature’s Contributions to People, and Investing in Conservation Influence the Valuation of Urban Green Areas. Land. 2020; 10 (1):14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Pineda-Guerrero; Francisco J. Escobedo; Fernando Carriazo. 2020. "Governance, Nature’s Contributions to People, and Investing in Conservation Influence the Valuation of Urban Green Areas." Land 10, no. 1: 14.

Research article
Published: 24 November 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Anthropogenic change has been associated with population growth, land use change, and changing economies. However, internal migration patterns and armed conflicts are also key drivers of anthropogenic and demographic processes. To better understand the processes associated with this change, we explore the spatial relationship between forced migration due to armed conflict and changing socioeconomic factors in Colombia, a country which has a recent history of 7 million internal migrants. In addition, we use remote sensing, Google Earth Engine, as well as spatial statistical analyses of demographic data in order to measure anthropogenic change between 1984 and 2013—a socio-politically important period in Colombia’s armed conflict. We also analyze spatiotemporal relationships between socioeconomic and anthropogenic changes, which are caused by forced migration. We found that forced migration is significantly and positively related to an increasing rural-urban type of migration which results from armed conflict. Results also show that it is negatively related to interregional displacement. Indeed, anthropogenic change pertaining to different regions have had different correlations with forced migration, and across different time periods. Findings are used to discuss how socioeconomic and political phenomena such as armed conflict can have complex effects on the dynamics of anthropogenic and ecological change as well as movement of humans in countries like Colombia.

ACS Style

Guibor Camargo; Andrés Miguel Sampayo; Andrés Peña Galindo; Francisco J. Escobedo; Fernando Carriazo; Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira. Exploring the dynamics of migration, armed conflict, urbanization, and anthropogenic change in Colombia. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0242266 .

AMA Style

Guibor Camargo, Andrés Miguel Sampayo, Andrés Peña Galindo, Francisco J. Escobedo, Fernando Carriazo, Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira. Exploring the dynamics of migration, armed conflict, urbanization, and anthropogenic change in Colombia. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (11):e0242266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guibor Camargo; Andrés Miguel Sampayo; Andrés Peña Galindo; Francisco J. Escobedo; Fernando Carriazo; Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira. 2020. "Exploring the dynamics of migration, armed conflict, urbanization, and anthropogenic change in Colombia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11: e0242266.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Ecological Modelling
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Framing environmental issues in a sustainability context requires that we highlight the interdependencies between ecological, social and economic factors. Accordingly, the socio-ecological system (SES), which emphasizes the interplay between environmental and social dynamics, seems to be the appropriate framework for analysis. We applied this view to explore issues concerning the conservation of the remnant forests of the peri‑urban area of Bogota (Colombia). Specifically, we characterized this territory as a SES through a parsimonious set of fundamental, across-domain variables. Using elicitation-based information we reconstructed interactions between these variables so that their interactive network could be visualized as alternative signed digraphs. We analyzed these models by Loop Analysis to show that exploiting the structure of the interactions may help disentangling causative mechanisms for the response of remnant forests and other components of this SES to natural events (loss of soil fertility), policies (subsidizing industrial production) and social events (internal migration, social activism) that we assumed as potential drivers of change. Our results highlight that integrating ecological and social variables in a unique interactive network can reveal important causal linkages that make remnant forests unexpectedly vulnerable to certain drivers but also that unexpected beneficial effects may occur, clarifying why same drivers of change can be responsible for both deforestation and forest regrowth. Overall, the analysis reveals that trade-offs between desirable ecological and social outcomes are the rule and that potential win-win outcomes across the triple-bottom line of the sustainable development paradigm are difficult to achieve.

ACS Style

Maykol Rodriguez; Antonio Bodini; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. Analyzing socio-ecological interactions through qualitative modeling: Forest conservation and implications for sustainability in the peri‑urban bogota (Colombia). Ecological Modelling 2020, 439, 109344 .

AMA Style

Maykol Rodriguez, Antonio Bodini, Francisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici. Analyzing socio-ecological interactions through qualitative modeling: Forest conservation and implications for sustainability in the peri‑urban bogota (Colombia). Ecological Modelling. 2020; 439 ():109344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maykol Rodriguez; Antonio Bodini; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici. 2020. "Analyzing socio-ecological interactions through qualitative modeling: Forest conservation and implications for sustainability in the peri‑urban bogota (Colombia)." Ecological Modelling 439, no. : 109344.

Preprint
Published: 29 October 2020
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Colombia has one of the largest numbers of internally displaced populations in the world and recently entered a period of post-conflict. These socio-political processes and trends have increased the migration of people towards cities and accordingly are affecting the distribution and occurrence of tropical diseases in its urban and peri-urban areas. Studies have suggested that many human phenomena such as urbanization scale according to the size of human populations regardless of cultural context. But other studies show that health epidemics such as malarial and human immunodeficiency virus infections, follow a scale-free distribution in terms of population size and density. We explore these relationships and dynamics in a tropical context using statistical analyses and available geospatial data to identify the scale dynamics between urbanization processes and disease transmission in Colombia. We found that rural populations and certain disease dynamics were described by power-laws that are frequently mentioned in urbanization studies. However, we found that malaria presented higher intensity of infection in human settlements of less than 50,000 individuals, particularly for ethnic indigenous populations. Results indicate that epidemics and urbanization dynamics do indeed follow scales in Colombia; findings that differ from previous epidemiological studies such as those for malarial infection. Additionally, we identified trends showing that malarial infections become endemic in peri-urban areas. Targeting such peri-urban locations and certain demographic groups are key for managing public health issues in the urbanizing tropics.

ACS Style

Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira; Federico Andrade; Felipe González-Casabianca; Francisco Escobedo. Scaling Dynamics of Human Diseases and Urbanization in Colombia. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira, Federico Andrade, Felipe González-Casabianca, Francisco Escobedo. Scaling Dynamics of Human Diseases and Urbanization in Colombia. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Feged-Rivadeneira; Federico Andrade; Felipe González-Casabianca; Francisco Escobedo. 2020. "Scaling Dynamics of Human Diseases and Urbanization in Colombia." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2020 in Forests
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Invasive forest pests can cause environmental and economic damage amounting to billions of dollars (US) in lost revenues, restoration and response costs, and the loss of ecosystem services nationwide. Unfortunately, these forest pests do not stay confined to wildland forest areas and can spread into suburban and urban areas, imposing significant costs on local governments, homeowners, and management agencies. In this study, a contingent valuation experiment is used to estimate Florida residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) a monthly utility fee that would protect urban forests from invasive pests by implementing a monitoring and prevention program for their early detection and eradication. On average, the respondents are WTP US $5.44 per month to implement the surveillance program, revealing an aggregate WTP in the order of US $540 million per year. The results also reveal that respondents are sensitive to the scope of the program, with higher rates of participation and higher WTP for a program that is more effective at preventing forest pest invasions.

ACS Style

Damian C. Adams; José R. Soto; John Lai; Francisco J. Escobedo; Sergio Alvarez; Abu S.M.G. Kibria. Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Invasive Forest Pest Prevention Programs in Urban Areas. Forests 2020, 11, 1056 .

AMA Style

Damian C. Adams, José R. Soto, John Lai, Francisco J. Escobedo, Sergio Alvarez, Abu S.M.G. Kibria. Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Invasive Forest Pest Prevention Programs in Urban Areas. Forests. 2020; 11 (10):1056.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Damian C. Adams; José R. Soto; John Lai; Francisco J. Escobedo; Sergio Alvarez; Abu S.M.G. Kibria. 2020. "Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Invasive Forest Pest Prevention Programs in Urban Areas." Forests 11, no. 10: 1056.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2020 in Environmental Conservation
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SummaryA conventional conservation strategy is establishing protected areas to help combat anthropogenic and climate change impacts on tropical ecosystems, but the effectiveness of these measures is often hampered in upland areas by resource conflicts among armed groups, citizens and government institutions. Improved governance and community participation are key to effectively conserving these areas, yet little is known regarding citizen perceptions in such places. Here, a representative protected area in Colombia is used in order to analyse rural and urban citizen perceptions regarding conservation, conflicts with guerrilla groups and nature’s contributions to people (NCPs) around Chingaza National Natural Park. We used on-site, semi-structured in-person surveys, geospatial data and statistics to understand these perceptions and the roles of armed conflict and deforestation. Perceptions on ecosystem degradation were correlated with deforestation and past guerrilla attacks. Age and place of residence were influential pro-conservation factors, while younger respondents were most willing to invest time in conservation activities. Air purification and water supply and quality were the most identified NCPs and citizens differentiated conservation-related recreation activities from natural resource extraction. We suggest that the legacy of past armed conflict still affects conservation strategies and communities living near tropical highland protected areas.

ACS Style

Sara Pedraza; Adriana Sanchez; Nicola Clerici; Libertad Ospina; Alexandra Quintero; Francisco J Escobedo. Perception of conservation strategies and nature’s contributions to people around Chingaza National Natural Park, Colombia. Environmental Conservation 2020, 47, 158 -165.

AMA Style

Sara Pedraza, Adriana Sanchez, Nicola Clerici, Libertad Ospina, Alexandra Quintero, Francisco J Escobedo. Perception of conservation strategies and nature’s contributions to people around Chingaza National Natural Park, Colombia. Environmental Conservation. 2020; 47 (3):158-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Pedraza; Adriana Sanchez; Nicola Clerici; Libertad Ospina; Alexandra Quintero; Francisco J Escobedo. 2020. "Perception of conservation strategies and nature’s contributions to people around Chingaza National Natural Park, Colombia." Environmental Conservation 47, no. 3: 158-165.

Article
Published: 23 March 2020 in Urban Ecosystems
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There are several spatial valuation and ecosystem service mapping studies using participatory methods in North America, Australia, Europe and Japan. But, there is much less information from urban areas in the Global South using these approaches, particularly regarding the influence of spatial literacy on such methods. Accordingly, we tested how two-dimensional (2D) maps and three-dimensional models (3DCM) influence the identification of urban and peri-urban ecosystem services by different stakeholders near forested landscapes adjacent to Bogotá, Colombia. We used on-site interviews, quantitative machine-learning statistics, and qualitative methods to identify predictors and assess the ability of different stakeholders to identify: peri-urban forest ecosystem services, threats to forest ecosystems, and in locating points of interest. We found that age, residential proximity to the study sites, and education were the best predictors for estimating the number of ecosystem services. Older and non-local interviewees less than 20 years old recognized a greater number of ecosystem services. Using 2D maps to locate predesignated sites resulted in better results than when using a 3DCM; particularly with younger respondents. However, respondents were able to locate more predesignated sites with the 3DCM when they had a higher level of education. As opposed to other studies, our stakeholders more frequently identified regulating as opposed to cultural ecosystem services. Our study identified socio-demographic predictors that could be used to assess different stakeholder’s abilities in recognizing different processes from landscapes as well as their difficulty in accurately locating areas of interest. Such low cost and participatory approaches can be used to design more context-relevant survey instruments for ecosystem service valuation research and assessments.

ACS Style

Francisco J. Escobedo; Marius Bottin; Daniela Cala; Diego León Sandoval Montoya. Spatial literacy influences stakeholder’s recognition and mapping of peri-urban and urban ecosystem services. Urban Ecosystems 2020, 23, 1039 -1049.

AMA Style

Francisco J. Escobedo, Marius Bottin, Daniela Cala, Diego León Sandoval Montoya. Spatial literacy influences stakeholder’s recognition and mapping of peri-urban and urban ecosystem services. Urban Ecosystems. 2020; 23 (5):1039-1049.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco J. Escobedo; Marius Bottin; Daniela Cala; Diego León Sandoval Montoya. 2020. "Spatial literacy influences stakeholder’s recognition and mapping of peri-urban and urban ecosystem services." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 5: 1039-1049.

Preprint content
Published: 08 April 2019
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ACS Style

Francisco J Escobedo. Comments to authors and editor. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Francisco J Escobedo. Comments to authors and editor. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco J Escobedo. 2019. "Comments to authors and editor." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 08 October 2018 in Ecosphere
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Multi‐scale forest inventory and monitoring data are increasingly being used in studies assessing forest diversity, structure, disturbance, and carbon dynamics. Also, local‐level urban forest inventories are providing plot data and protocols to study tree diversity and ecosystem services in urban forests worldwide. But, differences in the sampling methods underlying these disparate protocols and data sources is a non‐trivial concern in formulating comparative analyses. We assess commonly used methods for comparing tree diversity in peri‐urban and urban forests when available data have different sample sizes, plot sizes, and sampling intensities. We present methods for appropriately evaluating species richness, as well as methods for comparing species distributions via community data matrices. Using permanent plot data from the southeastern United States, we present a case study comparing urban and peri‐urban forests along a north–south gradient, and assessing species richness and the ecological homogenization hypothesis. Our findings indicate that comparisons of tree species richness among communities, or forest types, are often inconclusive since commonly used sample sizes do not provide precise estimates of the number of species present. While the ecological homogenization hypotheses can be tested under conditions of unequal sampling effort, we suggest robust methods such as PERMANOVA and the Raup‐Crick dissimilarity index. A framework for selecting appropriate methods is also discussed. As forests are increasingly being altered by anthropogenic drivers, future studies using disparate data sources must account for differences in measurements and sampling protocols in order to produce results that are both statistically defensible and useful for science‐based management.

ACS Style

Christina L. Staudhammer; Francisco J. Escobedo; Amy Blood. Assessing methods for comparing species diversity from disparate data sources: the case of urban and peri‐urban forests. Ecosphere 2018, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Christina L. Staudhammer, Francisco J. Escobedo, Amy Blood. Assessing methods for comparing species diversity from disparate data sources: the case of urban and peri‐urban forests. Ecosphere. 2018; 9 (10):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina L. Staudhammer; Francisco J. Escobedo; Amy Blood. 2018. "Assessing methods for comparing species diversity from disparate data sources: the case of urban and peri‐urban forests." Ecosphere 9, no. 10: 1.

Article
Published: 02 October 2018 in Urban Ecosystems
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Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most urbanized and biologically diverse regions in the world but is often characterized by weak environmental governance and socioeconomic inequalities. Given large expanses of intact biomes, a long history of pre-Colombian civilizations, and recent urbanization trends, the urban ecosystem services (UES) concept has the potential to address issues of well-being for its citizens. We review relevant regional and global literature and use expert-based knowledge to identify the state of the art of the UES concept as applicable to green spaces in LAC and elucidate three overarching guidelines for management and future research needs: 1. LAC cities can be socio-ecologically unique; 2. Drivers of UES in LAC can be different than in other regions; and 3. Context and demand need to be accounted for when valuing UES. Overall, we show that research on UES is mostly from the global north and rarely accounts for the diverse and complex socio-political and ecological drivers of LAC’s urbanization processes. We find that, as in other regions, the biophysical context and land use policies play a major role on UES provision. However, socioeconomic inequalities and weak governance are key drivers in UES supply and demand in LAC. Context-specific information on how to promote, educate, and apply UES is particularly important, not only in LAC, but in other regions where inequities, rapid urbanization, and climate change effects are stressing socio-political and ecological systems and their adaptive capacities. Standardized approaches from developed countries should be used to complement - not substitute – LAC context specific approaches for studying and applying UES. We suggest that improved research funding and local governance can also provide critical strategies, information and the means for more effective management, planning, and equitable provision of UES.

ACS Style

Cynnamon Dobbs; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Francisco De La Barrera; Ana Alice Eleuterio; Ian MacGregor-Fors; Sonia Reyes-Paecke; Alexis Vásquez; Jorge Danilo Zea Camaño; H. Jaime Hernández. Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities? Urban Ecosystems 2018, 22, 173 -187.

AMA Style

Cynnamon Dobbs, Francisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici, Francisco De La Barrera, Ana Alice Eleuterio, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Sonia Reyes-Paecke, Alexis Vásquez, Jorge Danilo Zea Camaño, H. Jaime Hernández. Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities? Urban Ecosystems. 2018; 22 (1):173-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cynnamon Dobbs; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Francisco De La Barrera; Ana Alice Eleuterio; Ian MacGregor-Fors; Sonia Reyes-Paecke; Alexis Vásquez; Jorge Danilo Zea Camaño; H. Jaime Hernández. 2018. "Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities?" Urban Ecosystems 22, no. 1: 173-187.

Research article
Published: 31 May 2018 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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1. Urban forest ecosystems confer multiple ecosystem services. There is therefore a need to quantify ecological characteristics in terms of community structure and composition so that benefits can be better understood in ecosystem service models. Efficient sampling and monitoring methods are crucial in this process. 2 Full tree inventories are scarce due to time and financial constraints, thus a variety of sampling methods exist. Modern vegetation surveys increasingly use stratified‐random plot‐based sampling to reduce the bias associated with convenience sampling, even though the latter can save time and increase species richness scores. The urban landscape, with a high degree of conspecific clustering and high species diversity, provides a unique biogeographical case for comparing these two methodological approaches. 3 We use two spatially extensive convenience samples of the urban forest of Meran (Italy) and compare the community structure, tree characteristics and ecosystem service provision with 200 random circular plots. 4 The convenience sampling resulted in a higher species diversity, incorporating more rare species. This is a result of covering more area‐per‐unit sampling time. Pseudorandom sub‐plots were compared to the random plots revealing similar Shannon diversity and sampling comparability indices. Measured tree variables (diameter at breast height, height, tree‐crown width, height to crown base) were similar between the two methods, as were ecosystem service model outputs. 5 Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that convenience sampling may be a time and money saving alternative to random sampling as long as stratification by land‐use type is incorporated into the design. The higher species richness can potentially improve the accuracy of urban ecological models, which rely on species‐specific functional traits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Andrew Speak; Francisco J. Escobedo; Alessio Russo; Stefan Zerbe. Comparing convenience and probability sampling for urban ecology applications. Journal of Applied Ecology 2018, 55, 2332 -2342.

AMA Style

Andrew Speak, Francisco J. Escobedo, Alessio Russo, Stefan Zerbe. Comparing convenience and probability sampling for urban ecology applications. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2018; 55 (5):2332-2342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Speak; Francisco J. Escobedo; Alessio Russo; Stefan Zerbe. 2018. "Comparing convenience and probability sampling for urban ecology applications." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 5: 2332-2342.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Ecosystem Services
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ACS Style

José Soto; Francisco J. Escobedo; Hayk Khachatryan; Damian C. Adams. Consumer demand for urban forest ecosystem services and disservices: Examining trade-offs using choice experiments and best-worst scaling. Ecosystem Services 2018, 29, 31 -39.

AMA Style

José Soto, Francisco J. Escobedo, Hayk Khachatryan, Damian C. Adams. Consumer demand for urban forest ecosystem services and disservices: Examining trade-offs using choice experiments and best-worst scaling. Ecosystem Services. 2018; 29 ():31-39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Soto; Francisco J. Escobedo; Hayk Khachatryan; Damian C. Adams. 2018. "Consumer demand for urban forest ecosystem services and disservices: Examining trade-offs using choice experiments and best-worst scaling." Ecosystem Services 29, no. : 31-39.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Bosque (Valdivia)
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Second-growth forests of Nothofagus obliqua (roble), N. alpina (raulí) and N. dombeyi (coihue), known locally as RO-RA-CO forest type, are among the most important natural mixed forest types of Chile. Several studies have identified a wide range of factors that could influence both stand and tree variability found in these forests. To better characterize potential tree- and stand-level factors that are associated with RO-RA-CO variability, and that are available in typical forest inventories, several unsupervised multivariate statistical methods were evaluated: 1) non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS); 2) principal coordinates analysis (PCoA); and 3) principal component analysis (PCA). The data used in this study originated from a sample of 158 plots consisting of two plot networks that covered the full geographic area of the RO-RA-CO forest type in Chile. We found that site productivity and growth zones did not explain the differences within the sampled population. However, stand development stages, tree-to-tree competition, and tree-size attributes were critical variables with a high percentage of variance explained using PCA, ranging from 61 % to 67 %. In addition, for the PCoA analysis, the variable stand density is important, with ~78 % variance explained.

ACS Style

Paulo Moreno; Salvador A Gezan; Sebastian Palmas; Francisco J Escobedo; Wendell P Cropper Jr.. Exploring stand and tree variability in mixed Nothofagus second-growth forests through multivariate analyses. Bosque (Valdivia) 2018, 39, 397 -410.

AMA Style

Paulo Moreno, Salvador A Gezan, Sebastian Palmas, Francisco J Escobedo, Wendell P Cropper Jr.. Exploring stand and tree variability in mixed Nothofagus second-growth forests through multivariate analyses. Bosque (Valdivia). 2018; 39 (3):397-410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulo Moreno; Salvador A Gezan; Sebastian Palmas; Francisco J Escobedo; Wendell P Cropper Jr.. 2018. "Exploring stand and tree variability in mixed Nothofagus second-growth forests through multivariate analyses." Bosque (Valdivia) 39, no. 3: 397-410.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2017 in Forests
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Second growth forests of Nothofagus obliqua (roble), N. alpina (raulí), and N. dombeyi (coihue), known locally as RORACO, are among the most important native mixed forests in Chile. To improve the sustainable management of these forests, managers need adequate information and models regarding not only existing forest conditions, but their future states with varying alternative silvicultural activities. In this study, an individual-tree diameter growth model was developed for the full geographical distribution of the RORACO forest type. This was achieved by fitting a complete model by comparing two variable selection procedures: cross-validation (CV), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. A small set of predictors successfully explained a large portion of the annual increment in diameter at breast height (DBH) growth, particularly variables associated with competition at both the tree- and stand-level. Goodness-of-fit statistics for this final model showed an empirical coefficient of correlation (R2emp) of 0.56, relative root mean square error of 44.49% and relative bias of −1.96% for annual DBH growth predictions, and R2emp of 0.98 and 0.97 for DBH projection at 6 and 12 years, respectively. This model constitutes a simple and useful tool to support management plans for these forest ecosystems.

ACS Style

Paulo C. Moreno; Sebastian Palmas; Francisco J. Escobedo; Wendell P. Cropper; Salvador A. Gezan. Individual-Tree Diameter Growth Models for Mixed Nothofagus Second Growth Forests in Southern Chile. Forests 2017, 8, 506 .

AMA Style

Paulo C. Moreno, Sebastian Palmas, Francisco J. Escobedo, Wendell P. Cropper, Salvador A. Gezan. Individual-Tree Diameter Growth Models for Mixed Nothofagus Second Growth Forests in Southern Chile. Forests. 2017; 8 (12):506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulo C. Moreno; Sebastian Palmas; Francisco J. Escobedo; Wendell P. Cropper; Salvador A. Gezan. 2017. "Individual-Tree Diameter Growth Models for Mixed Nothofagus Second Growth Forests in Southern Chile." Forests 8, no. 12: 506.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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Fredy Mesa; J. Torres; O. Sierra; Francisco J. Escobedo. Enhanced production of compost from Andean wetland biomass using a bioreactor and photovoltaic system. Biomass and Bioenergy 2017, 106, 21 -28.

AMA Style

Fredy Mesa, J. Torres, O. Sierra, Francisco J. Escobedo. Enhanced production of compost from Andean wetland biomass using a bioreactor and photovoltaic system. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2017; 106 ():21-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fredy Mesa; J. Torres; O. Sierra; Francisco J. Escobedo. 2017. "Enhanced production of compost from Andean wetland biomass using a bioreactor and photovoltaic system." Biomass and Bioenergy 106, no. : 21-28.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Understanding ecosystem processes and the influence of regional scale drivers can provide useful information for managing forest ecosystems. Examining more local scale drivers of forest biomass and water yield can also provide insights for identifying and better understanding the effects of climate change and management on forests. We used diverse multi-scale datasets, functional models and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to model ecosystem processes at the watershed scale and to interpret the influence of ecological drivers across the Southeastern United States (SE US). Aboveground forest biomass (AGB) was determined from available geospatial datasets and water yield was estimated using the Water Supply and Stress Index (WaSSI) model at the watershed level. Our geostatistical model examined the spatial variation in these relationships between ecosystem processes, climate, biophysical, and forest management variables at the watershed level across the SE US. Ecological and management drivers at the watershed level were analyzed locally to identify whether drivers contribute positively or negatively to aboveground forest biomass and water yield ecosystem processes and thus identifying potential synergies and tradeoffs across the SE US region. Although AGB and water yield drivers varied geographically across the study area, they were generally significantly influenced by climate (rainfall and temperature), land-cover factor1 (Water and barren), land-cover factor2 (wetland and forest), organic matter content high, rock depth, available water content, stand age, elevation, and LAI drivers. These drivers were positively or negatively associated with biomass or water yield which significantly contributes to ecosystem interactions or tradeoff/synergies. Our study introduced a spatially-explicit modelling framework to analyze the effect of ecosystem drivers on forest ecosystem structure, function and provision of services. This integrated model approach facilitates multi-scale analyses of drivers and interactions at the local to regional scale.

ACS Style

Mukhtar Ahmed Ajaz Ahmed; Amr Abd-Elrahman; Francisco J Escobedo; Wendell P. Cropper; Timothy A. Martin; Nilesh Timilsina. Spatially-explicit modeling of multi-scale drivers of aboveground forest biomass and water yield in watersheds of the Southeastern United States. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 199, 158 -171.

AMA Style

Mukhtar Ahmed Ajaz Ahmed, Amr Abd-Elrahman, Francisco J Escobedo, Wendell P. Cropper, Timothy A. Martin, Nilesh Timilsina. Spatially-explicit modeling of multi-scale drivers of aboveground forest biomass and water yield in watersheds of the Southeastern United States. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017; 199 ():158-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mukhtar Ahmed Ajaz Ahmed; Amr Abd-Elrahman; Francisco J Escobedo; Wendell P. Cropper; Timothy A. Martin; Nilesh Timilsina. 2017. "Spatially-explicit modeling of multi-scale drivers of aboveground forest biomass and water yield in watersheds of the Southeastern United States." Journal of Environmental Management 199, no. : 158-171.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2017 in EDIS
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Nonindustrial private forestlands in Florida provide many environmental benefits, or ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are benefits from nature that are directly enjoyed, consumed, or used by humans, such as water quality improvement or protection, recreation, biodiversity, and even timber. Another benefit from forests that is gaining interest is their ability to store carbon through the photosynthetic capture of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in tree, plant, and soil biomass. The carbon dioxide that is stored over the life of a forest, called carbon stocks, is not only important for mitigating greenhouse gas contributions to climate change, but it can also be valued in several markets and incorporated into environmental policy instruments. This 5-page fact sheet was written by Nilesh Timilsina, Francisco J. Escobedo, Alison E. Adams, and Damian C. Adams and published by the UF Department of School of Forest Resources and Conservation April 2017.­ Original publication date October 2013; revised March2017. Archived 9/18/2020.

ACS Style

Nilesh Timilsina; Francisco J. Escobedo; Alison E. Adams; Damian C. Adams. Carbon Stocks on Forest Stewardship Program and Adjacent Lands. EDIS 2017, 2017, 7 -7.

AMA Style

Nilesh Timilsina, Francisco J. Escobedo, Alison E. Adams, Damian C. Adams. Carbon Stocks on Forest Stewardship Program and Adjacent Lands. EDIS. 2017; 2017 (3):7-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nilesh Timilsina; Francisco J. Escobedo; Alison E. Adams; Damian C. Adams. 2017. "Carbon Stocks on Forest Stewardship Program and Adjacent Lands." EDIS 2017, no. 3: 7-7.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2017 in Sustainability
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Cities throughout the world are advocating highly promoted tree plantings as a climate change mitigation measure. Assessing the carbon offsets associated with urban trees relative to other climate change policies is vital for sustainable development, planning, and solving environmental and socio-economic problems, but is difficult in developing countries. We estimated and assessed carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, sequestration, and emission offsets by public trees in the Medellin Metropolitan Area, Colombia, as a viable Nature-Based Solution for the Neotropics. While previous studies have discussed nature-based solutions and explored urban tree carbon dynamics in high income countries, few have been conducted in tropical cities in low-middle income countries, particularly within South America. We used a public tree inventory for the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley and an available urban forest functional model, i-Tree Streets, calibrated for Colombia’s context. We found that CO2 offsets from public trees were not as effective as cable cars or landfills. However, if available planting spaces are considered, carbon offsets become more competitive with cable cars and other air quality and socio-economic co-benefits are also provided. The use of carbon estimation models and the development of relevant carbon accounting protocols in Neotropical cities are also discussed. Our nature-based solution approach can be used to better guide management of urban forests to mitigate climate change and carbon offset accounting in tropical cities lacking available information.

ACS Style

Carley C. Reynolds; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Jorge Zea-Camaño. Does “Greening” of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia. Sustainability 2017, 9, 785 .

AMA Style

Carley C. Reynolds, Francisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici, Jorge Zea-Camaño. Does “Greening” of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (5):785.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carley C. Reynolds; Francisco J. Escobedo; Nicola Clerici; Jorge Zea-Camaño. 2017. "Does “Greening” of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia." Sustainability 9, no. 5: 785.