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The TCC concept has been studied and developed over the past decades. The variety of solutions shows the meaningfulness and functionality of this system, as well as the continuous work of scientists over time. To benefit from these advantages, the composite needs to provide sufficient stiffness to meet the serviceability criteria and load capacity to resist loading at every stage of the building life. An example of connector types and load slip curves according to EN 1995 is given. This paper discusses possible limitations related to residential areas, and additionally, the possible solutions that EN 1995 does not discuss in the case of resonant response (f1< 8 Hz). The theoretical studies were accompanied by numerical analyses considering certain simplifications suitable for practical use.
Nikola Perković; Vlatka Rajčić; Jure Barbalić. Analytical and Numerical Verification of Vibration Design in Timber Concrete Composite Floors. Forests 2021, 12, 707 .
AMA StyleNikola Perković, Vlatka Rajčić, Jure Barbalić. Analytical and Numerical Verification of Vibration Design in Timber Concrete Composite Floors. Forests. 2021; 12 (6):707.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikola Perković; Vlatka Rajčić; Jure Barbalić. 2021. "Analytical and Numerical Verification of Vibration Design in Timber Concrete Composite Floors." Forests 12, no. 6: 707.
Bonded-in rods (BiR) represent a structural connection type that is largely used for new timber structures and rehabilitation (repair or reinforcement) of existing structural members. The technology is based on steel / Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) / Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rods bonded into predrilled holes in timber elements. The mechanical advantages of BiRs include high local force capacity, improved strength, a relatively high stiffness and the possibility of ductile behaviour. They also offer aesthetic benefits, given that rods are hidden in the cross sections of wooden members. As such, BiR connections are regarded as a solution with great potential, but still uncertain design formulations. Several research projects have dealt with BiRs, but a final definition of their mechanics and a universal design procedure is still missing. This research study explores the typical fracture mechanics modes for BiR connections. A special focus is given to the evaluation of the impact of adhesive bonds under various operational conditions (i.e., moisture content of timber). A total of 84 specimens are tested in pull-out setup, and investigated with the support of digital image correlation (DIC). The reliability of empirical equations and a newly developed analytical model in support of design, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), is also assessed.
Jure Barbalić; Vlatka Rajčić; Chiara Bedon; Michal Budzik. Short-Term Analysis of Adhesive Types and Bonding Mistakes on Bonded-in-Rod (BiR) Connections for Timber Structures. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 2665 .
AMA StyleJure Barbalić, Vlatka Rajčić, Chiara Bedon, Michal Budzik. Short-Term Analysis of Adhesive Types and Bonding Mistakes on Bonded-in-Rod (BiR) Connections for Timber Structures. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (6):2665.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJure Barbalić; Vlatka Rajčić; Chiara Bedon; Michal Budzik. 2021. "Short-Term Analysis of Adhesive Types and Bonding Mistakes on Bonded-in-Rod (BiR) Connections for Timber Structures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6: 2665.
Façade elements are a building component that satisfies multiple performance parameters. Among other things, “advanced façades” take advantage of hybrid solutions, such as assembling laminated materials. In addition to the enhanced mechanical properties that are typical of optimally composed hybrid structural components, these systems are energy-efficient, durable, and offer lighting comfort and optimal thermal performance, an example of which is the structural solution developed in collaboration with the University of Zagreb and the University of Ljubljana within the Croatian Science Foundation VETROLIGNUM project. The design concept involves the mechanical interaction of timber and glass load-bearing members without sealing or bonding the glass-to-timber surfaces. Following earlier research efforts devoted to the structural analysis and optimization of thus-assembled hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)-glass façade elements, in this paper, special focus is given to a thermal and energy performance investigation under ordinary operational conditions. A simplified numerical model representative of a full-size building is first presented by taking advantage of continuous ambient records from a Live-Lab mock-up facility in Zagreb. Afterwards, a more detailed Finite Element (FE) numerical analysis is carried out at the component level to further explore the potential of CLT–glass façade elements. The collected numerical results show that CLT–glass composite panels can offer stable and promising thermal performance for façades similar to national and European standard requirements.
Vlatka Rajčić; Nikola Perković; Chiara Bedon; Jure Barbalić; Roko Žarnić. Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3071 .
AMA StyleVlatka Rajčić, Nikola Perković, Chiara Bedon, Jure Barbalić, Roko Žarnić. Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (9):3071.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVlatka Rajčić; Nikola Perković; Chiara Bedon; Jure Barbalić; Roko Žarnić. 2020. "Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9: 3071.
Façade elements are a building component that satisfies multiple performance parameters. Among other things, “advanced façades” take advantage of hybrid solutions, such as assembling laminated materials. In addition to the enhanced mechanical properties that are typical of optimally composed hybrid structural components, these systems are energy-efficient, durable, and offer lighting comfort and optimal thermal performance, an example of which is the structural solution developed in collaboration with the University of Zagreb and the University of Ljubljana within the Croatian Science Foundation VETROLIGNUM project. The design concept involves the mechanical interaction of timber and glass load-bearing members without sealing or bonding the glass-to-timber surfaces. Following earlier research efforts devoted to the structural analysis and optimization of thus-assembled hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)-glass façade elements, in this paper, special focus is given to a thermal and energy performance investigation under ordinary operational conditions. A simplified numerical model representative of a full-size building is first presented by taking advantage of continuous ambient records from a Live-Lab mock-up facility in Zagreb. Afterwards, a more detailed Finite Element (FE) numerical analysis is carried out at the component level to further explore the potential of CLT–glass façade elements. The collected numerical results show that CLT–glass composite panels can offer stable and promising thermal performance for façades similar to national and European standard requirements.
Vlatka Rajčić. Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleVlatka Rajčić. Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVlatka Rajčić. 2020. "Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements." , no. : 1.
Use of timber as a construction material has entered a period of renaissance since the development of high-performance engineered wood products, enabling larger and taller buildings to be built. In addition, due to substantial contribution of the building sector to global energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and waste production, sustainable solutions are needed, for which timber has shown a great potential as a sustainable, resilient and renewable building alternative, not only for single family homes but also for mid-rise and high-rise buildings. Both recent technological developments in timber engineering and exponentially increased use of engineered wood products and wood composites reflect in deficiency of current timber codes and standards. This paper presents an overview of some of the current challenges and emerging trends in the field of seismic design of timber buildings. Currently existing building codes and the development of new generation of European building codes are presented. Ongoing studies on a variety topics within seismic timber engineering are presented, including tall timber and hybrid buildings, composites with timber and seismic retrofitting with timber. Crucial challenges, key research needs and opportunities are addressed and critically discussed.
Mislav Stepinac; Iztok Šušteršič; Igor Gavrić; Vlatka Rajčić. Seismic Design of Timber Buildings: Highlighted Challenges and Future Trends. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1380 .
AMA StyleMislav Stepinac, Iztok Šušteršič, Igor Gavrić, Vlatka Rajčić. Seismic Design of Timber Buildings: Highlighted Challenges and Future Trends. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (4):1380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMislav Stepinac; Iztok Šušteršič; Igor Gavrić; Vlatka Rajčić. 2020. "Seismic Design of Timber Buildings: Highlighted Challenges and Future Trends." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4: 1380.
Innovative hybrid structural components composed of cross-laminated timber frame and laminated glass infill were tested to examine their response on the reverse-cyclic loading. Ductile timber-frame joints with glued-in steel rods and especially designed glass-to-timber contacts with no adhesive proved to provide high ductility and energy dissipation of structural components. In total, 20 tests of full-scale specimens were carried out; three bare frames, six frames with single glazing and eleven frames with double glazing. Deformation capacity, lateral strength, stiffness and strength deterioration and energy dissipation capacity were analysed in order to provide data for the future development of computational models and design guidance for the new codes.
Roko Žarnić; Vlatka Rajčić; Meta Kržan. Response of laminated glass-CLT structural components to reverse-cyclic lateral loading. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 235, 117509 .
AMA StyleRoko Žarnić, Vlatka Rajčić, Meta Kržan. Response of laminated glass-CLT structural components to reverse-cyclic lateral loading. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 235 ():117509.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoko Žarnić; Vlatka Rajčić; Meta Kržan. 2019. "Response of laminated glass-CLT structural components to reverse-cyclic lateral loading." Construction and Building Materials 235, no. : 117509.
The use of textiles in architecture can cover a wide set of solutions and functions, spanning from buildings, towards geotechnical, aeronautic or automotive fields, etc. Special applications involve textiles in the health care or dressing scenarios. A multitude of other functions can then be found relatively for the use of textiles in building engineering and facades. As far as traditional facades or roofs composed of glass are taken into account, textiles offer a relevant number of potential uses that are specifically focused on energy, acoustic, insulation and even structural goals, in addition to pure architectural objectives. It is known that glass is relatively versatile, but has intrinsic needs and thermo-physical and mechanical features that require dedicated design methods, towards safe design purposes. Glass itself, in the form of constructional material, cannot be directly compared to other consolidated solutions for buildings. The same concept applies to textiles, and to their use to enhance other building components. Besides the key advantages deriving from the use of textiles in glass facades and envelopes—in the form of light, thermal or acoustic insulation, or energy efficiency—special care must be spent for specific structural requirements and performances. In some cases, textiles can in fact offer enhanced resistance to ordinary glass structures. In other conditions, textiles in combination with glass can ensure also enhanced acoustic and thermal performances. A multidisciplinary design approach able to properly fit several objectives should be considered. This paper aims at exploring the actual knowledge on glass textiles, with a focus on available tools and research trends, with careful consideration for structural glass facade applications.
Chiara Bedon; Vlatka Rajčić. Textiles and Fabrics for Enhanced Structural Glass Facades: Potentials and Challenges. Buildings 2019, 9, 156 .
AMA StyleChiara Bedon, Vlatka Rajčić. Textiles and Fabrics for Enhanced Structural Glass Facades: Potentials and Challenges. Buildings. 2019; 9 (7):156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiara Bedon; Vlatka Rajčić. 2019. "Textiles and Fabrics for Enhanced Structural Glass Facades: Potentials and Challenges." Buildings 9, no. 7: 156.
Assessment and structural health monitoring of existing timber structures has experienced huge interest in last decades. The main reasons are clear messages that sustainable development is a long term goal of the global policy which results in modifications or substitutions or extensions of existing buildings and engineering works (Kyoto protocol 1997, all further World Climate Summits) beside protection and conservation of the heritage buildings built in timber and assessment and collection of crucial data for the design and long-term behavior of new structures in timber. At the moment, European norms (Eurocodes) cover engineering principles that could be used to form the basis of assessment of structures or structural elements but basically they are concepted for the design of new structures. In this paper assessment methods for timber structures are summarized and the most common ones are briefly explained. The main focus of the paper is to present non-destructive and semi-destructive test methods for timber structures and use of unmanned vehicle for gathering the data which were inputs for numerical model and structural analysis of the structure. The whole protocol is shown on actual case study of the H2020 Project INCEPTION, Technical Museum Nikola Tesla in Zagreb, Croatia.
Vlatka Rajčić; Mislav Stepinac; Jure Barbalić. In Situ Advanced Diagnostics and Inspection by Non-destructive Techniques and UAV as Input to Numerical Model and Structural Analysis - Case Study. Communications in Computer and Information Science 2019, 359 -371.
AMA StyleVlatka Rajčić, Mislav Stepinac, Jure Barbalić. In Situ Advanced Diagnostics and Inspection by Non-destructive Techniques and UAV as Input to Numerical Model and Structural Analysis - Case Study. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 2019; ():359-371.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVlatka Rajčić; Mislav Stepinac; Jure Barbalić. 2019. "In Situ Advanced Diagnostics and Inspection by Non-destructive Techniques and UAV as Input to Numerical Model and Structural Analysis - Case Study." Communications in Computer and Information Science , no. : 359-371.
Cross laminated timber (CLT) at in-plane beam loading conditions presents a complex stress state wherefore several failure modes and geometry parameters need to be considered in design. The work presented here includes experimental investigations of CLT beams for comparison and validation of an analytical model and design proposals previously suggested by the authors. All relevant failure modes are considered; bending failure and shear failure modes I, II and III. The main focus is, however, on shear failure mode III relating to shear failure in the crossing areas between orthogonally bonded longitudinal and transversal lamination. The analytical model presented is an improvement of the analytical model which has been suggested to be used as the basis for design equations for the next version of Eurocode 5. The two design proposals presented are based on that improved analytical model. Experimental results show good agreement with the improved model and both design proposals. In order to study the influence of different lamination placements and varying lamination widths, comparisons between the improved analytical model and FE-analyses regarding magnitude and distribution of internal forces are presented and good agreement is obtained. Experimental and analytical results indicate only a small influence of reduced lamination widths close to the beam edges. This is a finding which is of practical interest since CLT beams in general are cut from larger elements, with no consideration of the location of the individual laminations with respect to the edges of the beam.
Mario Jeleč; Henrik Danielsson; Vlatka Rajčić; Erik Serrano. Experimental and numerical investigations of cross-laminated timber elements at in-plane beam loading conditions. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 206, 329 -346.
AMA StyleMario Jeleč, Henrik Danielsson, Vlatka Rajčić, Erik Serrano. Experimental and numerical investigations of cross-laminated timber elements at in-plane beam loading conditions. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 206 ():329-346.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Jeleč; Henrik Danielsson; Vlatka Rajčić; Erik Serrano. 2019. "Experimental and numerical investigations of cross-laminated timber elements at in-plane beam loading conditions." Construction and Building Materials 206, no. : 329-346.
Cultural heritage assets, the bearers of historic evidence, are under continuous pressure from change, deterioration, and destruction. Therefore, there is a need to identify and monitor the related risks and to develop appropriate measures for increasing the resilience of cultural heritage. The activities for establishing a European system for data collection and its application in the field of preventive conservation are an ongoing process, where the issue of risks and resilience is well addressed. Recently, there has been an interest in developing a model of built heritage resilience related to mitigation and reaction on sudden environmental impacts, following the resilience models of contemporary buildings. However, these models cannot be simply extended to heritage buildings because of their specific character. In this chapter, a contribution to an acceptable resilience model of heritage buildings is presented.
Roko Zarnic; Vlatka Rajcic; Barbara Vodopivec. Data Collection for Estimation of Resilience of Cultural Heritage Assets. Mixed Reality and Gamification for Cultural Heritage 2017, 30, 291 -312.
AMA StyleRoko Zarnic, Vlatka Rajcic, Barbara Vodopivec. Data Collection for Estimation of Resilience of Cultural Heritage Assets. Mixed Reality and Gamification for Cultural Heritage. 2017; 30 ():291-312.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoko Zarnic; Vlatka Rajcic; Barbara Vodopivec. 2017. "Data Collection for Estimation of Resilience of Cultural Heritage Assets." Mixed Reality and Gamification for Cultural Heritage 30, no. : 291-312.
The idea of the present study is to determine the performance of timber-glass hybrid shear wall exposed to monotone and cyclic horizontal in-plane load at the level of story height which is simulation of situation during earthquake or wind load. Fourteen quasi-static in-plane racking tests of shear wall specimens have been conducted where the specimens are composed of laminated timber frame and heat strengthened laminated glass panels, which are adhesive less, connected to wooden frame with friction only. For the evaluation of the experimental results the software (HYSPA+) was developed which is giving the information on normalised stiffness degradation and equivalent viscous damping coefficient based on the in-plane hysteresis response. The results are showing that described structural components are ductile with relatively high potential for dissipating of induced energy due to friction connection of glass panel and wooden frame. Observed damages were concentrated in timber frame joints, while glass panels remained entirely undamaged. In continuation of development of glass infilled wooden frames the configuration of frame joints will be modified to achieve its higher load bearing capacity and lower deformability.
David Antolinc; Vlatka Rajčić; Roko Zarnic. ANALYSIS OF HYSTERETIC RESPONSE OF GLASS INFILLED WOODEN FRAMES. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2014, 20, 600 -608.
AMA StyleDavid Antolinc, Vlatka Rajčić, Roko Zarnic. ANALYSIS OF HYSTERETIC RESPONSE OF GLASS INFILLED WOODEN FRAMES. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT. 2014; 20 (4):600-608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Antolinc; Vlatka Rajčić; Roko Zarnic. 2014. "ANALYSIS OF HYSTERETIC RESPONSE OF GLASS INFILLED WOODEN FRAMES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 4: 600-608.
Within the bilateral scientific project between the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology - UKIM-IZIIS, St. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia and the Civil Engineering Faculty, University of Zagreb, Croatia, experimental testing of full scale composite timber-glass innovative panels was carried out on the seismic shaking table at IZIIS for the purpose of defining their behaviour and stability under real earthquake conditions. The seismic excitations selected for the shake-table testing of the model were four representative accelerograms recorded during the following earthquakes: El Centro, Petrovac, Kobe and Friuli. The idea was to investigate the seismic behavior of the model under several types of earthquakes, considering their different frequency content, peak acceleration and time duration. The performed tests showed clearly the behaviour of the composite panels and the failure mechanism under strong earthquake motion.
Lidija Krstevska; Ljubomir Tashkov; Vlatka Rajčić; Roko Zarnic. Seismic Behaviour of Composite Panel Composed of Laminated Wood and Bearing Glass - Experimental Investigation. Advanced Materials Research 2013, 778, 698 -705.
AMA StyleLidija Krstevska, Ljubomir Tashkov, Vlatka Rajčić, Roko Zarnic. Seismic Behaviour of Composite Panel Composed of Laminated Wood and Bearing Glass - Experimental Investigation. Advanced Materials Research. 2013; 778 ():698-705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLidija Krstevska; Ljubomir Tashkov; Vlatka Rajčić; Roko Zarnic. 2013. "Seismic Behaviour of Composite Panel Composed of Laminated Wood and Bearing Glass - Experimental Investigation." Advanced Materials Research 778, no. : 698-705.