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Dr. Raquel Recio
Associate Professor in the Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health. Faculty of Social and Labor Sciences, University of Zaragoza.

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0 Gender Analysis
0 Health
0 Public Health
0 Inequities
0 Inequalities in health care

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Short Biography

Associate lecturer at the University of Zaragoza. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Researcher Research Group on Health Services in Aragon (GRISSA). Line of research on social and gender inequalities in health and in the use of health services. Occupational and labour health and gender violence.

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Original article
Published: 26 July 2021 in Health & Social Care in the Community
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In Spain, regional health systems (universal access) depend on each Autonomous Communities (ACs). The management of the 2008 economic crisis has been different in the ACs, which may have led to an increase in inequities in the use of health services. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of individual and regional characteristics on public hospitalisation inequities in Spain for the period 2003–2017. We developed a repeated cross-sectional study through Spanish National Health Surveys (2003, 2006, 2011 and 2017) and the Spanish European Health Survey (2014; n = 118,499 subjects). Multilevel and Oaxaca decomposition analyses were conducted to analyse the effect of individual and regional factors in hospitalisation inequities. The results showed that the prevalence of hospitalisation was higher for women (2003: 11.2%; 2017: 9.0%) than for men (2003: 10.7%; 2017: 8.8%) and it decreased with time. Multilevel analyses showed that, after adjustment for variables related to healthcare demand, there were inequities in the probability of hospitalisation, mainly in women. The decomposition analyses showed a higher effect of the number of hospital beds available on hospitalisation in men than in women. There is a direct relationship between the number of hospital beds and the probability of hospitalisation in both sexes. In conclusion, a progressive decrease in hospitalisation use was observed in Spain in the context of the economic recession. Individual-level and regional-level factors were associated with hospitalisation inequities. It is necessary to guarantee equitable access to health services according to the need even in recession times.

ACS Style

Raquel Sánchez‐Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso; Ana Gil‐Lacruz; Isabel Aguilar‐Palacio. Inequities in hospitalisation in a South European country: Lessons learned from the last European recession. Health & Social Care in the Community 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Raquel Sánchez‐Recio, Juan Pablo Alonso, Ana Gil‐Lacruz, Isabel Aguilar‐Palacio. Inequities in hospitalisation in a South European country: Lessons learned from the last European recession. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Sánchez‐Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso; Ana Gil‐Lacruz; Isabel Aguilar‐Palacio. 2021. "Inequities in hospitalisation in a South European country: Lessons learned from the last European recession." Health & Social Care in the Community , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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It is essential to understand the impact of social inequalities on the risk of COVID-19 infection in order to mitigate the social consequences of the pandemic. With this aim, the objective of our study was to analyze the effect of socioeconomic inequalities, both at the individual and area of residence levels, on the probability of COVID-19 confirmed infection, and its variations across three pandemic waves. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and included data from all individuals tested for COVID-19 during the three waves of the pandemic, from March to December 2020 (357,989 individuals) in Aragón (Spain). We studied the effect of inequalities on the risk of having a COVID-19 confirmed diagnosis after being tested using multilevel analyses with two levels of aggregation: individuals and basic healthcare area of residence (deprivation level and type of zone). Inequalities in the risk of COVID-19 confirmed infection were observed at both the individual and area level. There was a predominance of low-paid employees living in deprived areas. Workers with low salaries, unemployed and people on minimum integration income or who no longer receive the unemployment allowance, had a higher probability of COVID-19 infection than workers with salaries ≥ €18,000 per year. Inequalities were greater in women and in the second wave. The deprivation level of areas of residence influenced the risk of COVID-19 infection, especially in the second wave. It is necessary to develop individual and area coordinated measures by areas in the control, diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic, in order to avoid an increase in the already existing inequalities.

ACS Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio; Lina Maldonado; Sara Malo; Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Iván Marcos-Campos; Rosa Magallón-Botaya; Mª Rabanaque. COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6607 .

AMA Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio, Lina Maldonado, Sara Malo, Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Iván Marcos-Campos, Rosa Magallón-Botaya, Mª Rabanaque. COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6607.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio; Lina Maldonado; Sara Malo; Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Iván Marcos-Campos; Rosa Magallón-Botaya; Mª Rabanaque. 2021. "COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6607.

Preprint
Published: 20 May 2021
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Background: The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of socioeconomic inequalities, both at the individual and area of residence levels, on the probability of COVID-19 confirmed infection, and its variations across three pandemic waves. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. We included data from all individuals tested by COVID-19 during the three waves of the pandemic, from March to December 2020 (357,989 individuals). We studied the effect of inequalities on the risk of having a COVID-19 confirmed diagnosis after being tested using multilevel analyses with two levels of aggregation: individuals and basic healthcare area (BHA) of residence (deprivation level and type of zone). Results: Patient profile changed through the pandemic, with a predominance of low-paid employees living in deprived BHA. Workers with low salaries, unemployed and people on minimum integration income or who no longer receive the unemployment allowance, had a higher probability of COVID-19 infection than workers with salaries ≥€18,000 per year. Inequalities were higher in women and in the second wave. The deprivation level of BHA of residence influenced the risk of COVID-19 infection, especially in the second wave. Conclusions: There are inequalities in the risk of COVID-19 confirmed infection, both at individual and area level. It is necessary to develop individual and area coordinated measures in the control, diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic, in order to avoid an increase in the already existing inequalities.

ACS Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio; Lina Maldonado; Sara Malo; Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Iván Marcos-Campos; Rosa Magallón-Botaya; MªJosé Rabanaque. Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Confirmed Infection Across Three Waves. A Multilevel Approach in a Southern European Region. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio, Lina Maldonado, Sara Malo, Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Iván Marcos-Campos, Rosa Magallón-Botaya, MªJosé Rabanaque. Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Confirmed Infection Across Three Waves. A Multilevel Approach in a Southern European Region. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio; Lina Maldonado; Sara Malo; Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Iván Marcos-Campos; Rosa Magallón-Botaya; MªJosé Rabanaque. 2021. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Confirmed Infection Across Three Waves. A Multilevel Approach in a Southern European Region." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2021 in Administrative Sciences
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The existence of gender inequalities in health, in the use of health services, and in the development of informal care has been demonstrated throughout scientific literature. In Spain, a law was passed in 2007 to promote effective equality between men and women. Despite this, different studies have shown that the previous gender inequalities are still present in Spanish society. For all these reasons, the objective of this paper is to study the differences by sex in informal care and in the use of emergency care, and to identify the existence of gender inequalities in Spain 10 years after the adoption of the aforementioned equality law. In this case, we development a cross-sectional study based on the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey of the Spanish population aged 16 and over. To analyze the influence of gender determinants on informal care and emergency care utilization, logistic regressions were performed, model 1 was adjusted for age, and model 2 was further adjusted too by the variables of the Andersen care demand model. The results showed that informal care and the use of the emergency care continues to be higher in women than in men. Informal care in women was related to a higher level of education. In emergency care, the older the age, the lower the probability of utilization, and living in a rural municipality was related to a higher probability of utilization for both sexes. Finally, we concluded that there is still a need for studies that analyze gender inequalities in different contexts, such as the informal care and the use of health services. This is especially relevant in Spain, where economic changes have led to a change in roles, mainly for women, and new management strategies are needed to achieve equity in care and effective equality between men and women.

ACS Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Cristina García-Ael; Gabriela Topa. Influence of Gender Determinants on Informal Care and Health Service Utilization in Spain: Ten Years after the Approval of the Equality Law. Administrative Sciences 2021, 11, 42 .

AMA Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Cristina García-Ael, Gabriela Topa. Influence of Gender Determinants on Informal Care and Health Service Utilization in Spain: Ten Years after the Approval of the Equality Law. Administrative Sciences. 2021; 11 (2):42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Cristina García-Ael; Gabriela Topa. 2021. "Influence of Gender Determinants on Informal Care and Health Service Utilization in Spain: Ten Years after the Approval of the Equality Law." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 2: 42.

English abstract
Published: 26 February 2021 in Salud Pública de México
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Objetivo. Identificar la existencia de desigualdades de género en utilización de atención primaria (AP), urgencias y consulta de enfermería. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal, con encuestas nacionales y europeas de salud (2006-2017) de población española de 16 o más años (n=98 929 personas). Se estudió la evolución en el tiempo y la influencia de los determinantes de género mediante regresiones logísticas en la utilización de servicios sanitarios. Resultados. La utilización de los tres servicios asistenciales fue mayor en mujeres. Personas pensionistas, aquellas dedi­cadas a labores del hogar, con estudios bajos y clase social manual, tuvieron mayor riesgo de utilización de AP. Urgencias: a mayor edad menor riesgo de utilización. Enfermería: aque­llas dedicadas a las labores del hogar tenían mayor riesgo de utilización. Conclusiones. Son necesarios estudios que analicen las desigualdades de género en contextos como la utilización de servicios sanitarios, así como nuevas estrategias de gestión para conseguir la equidad asistencial.

ACS Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso Pérez de Ágreda; Ángel Gasch-Gallén; Isabel Aguilar Palacio. Desigualdades de género en la utilización de servicios sanitarios, España 2006-2017. Salud Pública de México 2021, 63, 190 -200.

AMA Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Juan Pablo Alonso Pérez de Ágreda, Ángel Gasch-Gallén, Isabel Aguilar Palacio. Desigualdades de género en la utilización de servicios sanitarios, España 2006-2017. Salud Pública de México. 2021; 63 (2, Mar-Abr):190-200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso Pérez de Ágreda; Ángel Gasch-Gallén; Isabel Aguilar Palacio. 2021. "Desigualdades de género en la utilización de servicios sanitarios, España 2006-2017." Salud Pública de México 63, no. 2, Mar-Abr: 190-200.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2020 in Gaceta Sanitaria
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To analyse the effect of the Great Recession (2008) on primary care (PC) and secondary care (SC) inequalities in Spain. Repeated cross-sectional study using Spanish Health Surveys from 2001 to 2017 (n = 139,566). Prevalence of PC and SC utilization were calculated standardized by age. Chi square tests for trend were conducted to explore the evolution. We performed logistic regression analyses adjusted by the Andersen's model of demand for care to explore inequalities prior to, during and following the recession. All the analyses were stratified by sex. Healthcare use trends changed from a rapid increase in the pre-recession period to a plateau during the recession and a decrease in the post-recession period. Healthcare use was higher in women (PC: 15.8% to 32.5%; SC: 8.2% to 16.2%) than in men (PC: 11.3% to 24.1%; SC: 5.4% to 11.6%) and the gender gap increased. During the recession the likelihood of PC use was higher in disadvantaged groups, while SC had greater usage amongst more advantaged social groups. Inequalities in SC use increased during the recession and could not be attributed to factors of need. Healthcare use trends changed as a result of the recession. There are socioeconomic inequalities in the use of PC and SC in Spain, which increased in secondary care, during the recession and in the post-recession period. It is necessary to take into account socioeconomic determinants in health planning, in order to achieve equity in healthcare services. Analizar el efecto de la Gran Recesión en las desigualdades en el uso de atención primaria (AP) y atención especializada (AE) en España. Análisis transversal repetido (Encuestas Nacionales de Salud 2001-2017; n = 139.566). Se calcularon las prevalencias de utilización estandarizadas por edad y se realizó el cálculo de tendencias para explorar la evolución. Se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión logística ajustados por el Modelo de demanda asistencial de Andersen para estudiar las desigualdades en los periodos anterior, durante y posterior a la crisis. Todos los análisis se estratificaron por sexo. La tendencia en la utilización de los servicios sanitarios pasó de un rápido incremento en el periodo anterior a la crisis a una estabilización durante la crisis y un posterior descenso. La utilización de los servicios sanitarios fue mayor en las mujeres (AP: 15,8% a 32,5%; AE: 8,2% a 16,2%) que en los hombres (AP: 11,3% a 24,1%; AE: 5,4% a 11,6%), aumentando las diferencias. Durante la crisis, la probabilidad de usar la AP fue mayor en los grupos más desfavorecidos, mientras que en la AE se observa la tendencia contraria. Las desigualdades en la AE aumentaron durante la recesión, pero ello no puede atribuirse a factores de necesidad. La tendencia de la utilización de los servicios sanitarios cambió en la Gran Recesión. Existen desigualdades en la utilización de servicios sanitarios en España, que han aumentado en AE durante el periodo de crisis y poscrisis. Es necesario considerar los factores socioeconómicos en planificación sanitaria con el fin de lograr la equidad.

ACS Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso; Isabel Aguilar-Palacio. The use of health care services in the Great Recession: evaluating inequalities in the Spanish context. Gaceta Sanitaria 2020, 34, 245 -252.

AMA Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Juan Pablo Alonso, Isabel Aguilar-Palacio. The use of health care services in the Great Recession: evaluating inequalities in the Spanish context. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2020; 34 (3):245-252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso; Isabel Aguilar-Palacio. 2020. "The use of health care services in the Great Recession: evaluating inequalities in the Spanish context." Gaceta Sanitaria 34, no. 3: 245-252.

Original article
Published: 30 January 2018 in International Journal of Public Health
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To analyse the influence of micro- and macro-factors on self-rated health, and the role of generation on this relationship. Cross-sectional study using data from European Health Interview Surveys from 14 European countries. Individuals were divided into four generations (“silent generation”, “baby boomers”, and “generation X” and “Y”). We conducted multilevel analyses for each generation to study the influence of individual and national explanatory variables on self-rated health. Age showed an exponential effect in older generations. Education and employment presented the strongest association with low self-rated health, especially in “baby boomers” and women (low education: OR 3.5; 95% CI 3.2–3.9). Tobacco showed a negative effect in younger generations. Overweight and low physical activity were negatively associated with self-rated health regardless of generation. Countries from the Eastern welfare system showed the highest risk of low self-rated health and this association was higher in men for “silent generation” (OR 4.7; 95% CI 3.0–7.6). The influence of individual and national factors on self-rated health varies regarding generation. The target generation and the demographic structure of a country should be taken into account to develop more accurate health policies.

ACS Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio; Ana Isabel Gil-Lacruz; Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Mª José Rabanaque. Self-rated health in Europe and its determinants: Does generation matter? International Journal of Public Health 2018, 63, 223 -232.

AMA Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio, Ana Isabel Gil-Lacruz, Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Mª José Rabanaque. Self-rated health in Europe and its determinants: Does generation matter? International Journal of Public Health. 2018; 63 (2):223-232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio; Ana Isabel Gil-Lacruz; Raquel Sánchez-Recio; Mª José Rabanaque. 2018. "Self-rated health in Europe and its determinants: Does generation matter?" International Journal of Public Health 63, no. 2: 223-232.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2016 in Gaceta Sanitaria
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To measure incidence and main risk factors related to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Daroca Prison (Zaragoza, Spain).

ACS Style

Raquel Sánchez Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso Pérez De Ágreda; Javier Santabárbara Serrano. Infecciones de transmisión sexual en hombres internos en prisión: riesgo de desarrollo de nuevas infecciones. Gaceta Sanitaria 2016, 30, 208 -214.

AMA Style

Raquel Sánchez Recio, Juan Pablo Alonso Pérez De Ágreda, Javier Santabárbara Serrano. Infecciones de transmisión sexual en hombres internos en prisión: riesgo de desarrollo de nuevas infecciones. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2016; 30 (3):208-214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Sánchez Recio; Juan Pablo Alonso Pérez De Ágreda; Javier Santabárbara Serrano. 2016. "Infecciones de transmisión sexual en hombres internos en prisión: riesgo de desarrollo de nuevas infecciones." Gaceta Sanitaria 30, no. 3: 208-214.