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Dr. R.A. Ilyas
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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0 Packaging Engineering
0 Waste Management
0 biopolymer
0 hydrolysis
0 Nanocellulose

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Short Biography

R.A. Ilyas is a senior lecturer at the School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. R.A. Ilyas was the recipient of the MVP Doctor of Philosophy Gold Medal Award UPM 2019, for Best PhD Thesis and Top Student Award, INTROP, UPM. In 2018, he was awarded with Outstanding reviewer by Carbohydrate Polymers, Elsevier United Kingdom, Best Paper Award (11th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Energy Engineering), Best Paper Award (Seminar Enau Kebangsaan 2019, Persatuan Pembangunan dan Industri Enau Malaysia), and National Book Award 2018. R.A. Ilyas also was listed among the World’s Top 2% Scientist (Subject-Wise) Citation Impact during the Single Calendar Year 2019. His main research interests are: (1) Polymer Engineering (Biodegradable Polymers, Biopolymers, Polymer composites, Polymer-gels) and (2) Material Engineering (Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites, Biocomposites, Cellulose materials, Nano-composites). To date he has authored or co-authored more than 221 publications (68 papers published/accepted/submitted in national and international journals, 1 authored books, 10 edited books, 68 chapters in books, 2 research bulletins, 5 Journal Special Issues as Guest Editor and 6 editor/co-editor for conference/seminar proceedings and 61 conference proceedings/seminar papers/presentations.

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Review
Published: 28 August 2021 in Polymers
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Electrically-conducting polymers (CPs) were first developed as a revolutionary class of organic compounds that possess optical and electrical properties comparable to that of metals as well as inorganic semiconductors and display the commendable properties correlated with traditional polymers, like the ease of manufacture along with resilience in processing. Polymer nanocomposites are designed and manufactured to ensure excellent promising properties for anti-static (electrically conducting), anti-corrosion, actuators, sensors, shape memory alloys, biomedical, flexible electronics, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs, and adhesive applications with desired-appealing and cost-effective, functional surface coatings. The distinctive properties of nanocomposite materials involve significantly improved mechanical characteristics, barrier-properties, weight-reduction, and increased, long-lasting performance in terms of heat, wear, and scratch-resistant. Constraint in availability of power due to continuous depletion in the reservoirs of fossil fuels has affected the performance and functioning of electronic and energy storage appliances. For such reasons, efforts to modify the performance of such appliances are under way through blending design engineering with organic electronics. Unlike conventional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronic materials are developed from conducting polymers (CPs), dyes and charge transfer complexes. However, the conductive polymers are perhaps more bio-compatible rather than conventional metals or semi-conductive materials. Such characteristics make it more fascinating for bio-engineering investigators to conduct research on polymers possessing antistatic properties for various applications. An extensive overview of different techniques of synthesis and the applications of polymer bio-nanocomposites in various fields of sensors, actuators, shape memory polymers, flexible electronics, optical limiting, electrical properties (batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs), corrosion-protection and biomedical application are well-summarized from the findings all across the world in more than 150 references, exclusively from the past four years. This paper also presents recent advancements in composites of rare-earth oxides based on conducting polymer composites. Across a variety of biological and medical applications, the fact that numerous tissues were receptive to electric fields and stimuli made CPs more enticing.

ACS Style

Shubham Sharma; P. Sudhakara; Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran; Jujhar Singh; R. A. Ilyas. Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 2898 .

AMA Style

Shubham Sharma, P. Sudhakara, Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Jujhar Singh, R. A. Ilyas. Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (17):2898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shubham Sharma; P. Sudhakara; Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran; Jujhar Singh; R. A. Ilyas. 2021. "Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17: 2898.

Review
Published: 26 August 2021 in Nanomaterials
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Developments in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of carbon nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in the polymer material industry over the last few decades, resulting in a series of fascinating multifunctional composites used in fields ranging from portable electronic devices, entertainment and sports to the military, aerospace, and automotive sectors. CNTs offer good thermal and electrical properties, as well as a low density and a high Young’s modulus, making them suitable nanofillers for polymer composites. As mechanical reinforcements for structural applications CNTs are unique due to their nano-dimensions and size, as well as their incredible strength. Although a large number of studies have been conducted on these novel materials, there have only been a few reviews published on their mechanical performance in polymer composites. As a result, in this review we have covered some of the key application factors as well as the mechanical properties of CNTs-reinforced polymer composites. Finally, the potential uses of CNTs hybridised with polymer composites reinforced with natural fibres such as kenaf fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre, bamboo fibre, and sugar palm fibre have been highlighted.

ACS Style

N. M. Nurazzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; M. M. Harussani; S. H. Kamarudin; M. Rayung; M. R. M. Asyraf; H. A. Aisyah; M. N. F. Norrrahim; R. A. Ilyas; N. Abdullah; E. S. Zainudin; S. M. Sapuan; A. Khalina. Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites—A Review. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2186 .

AMA Style

N. M. Nurazzi, F. A. Sabaruddin, M. M. Harussani, S. H. Kamarudin, M. Rayung, M. R. M. Asyraf, H. A. Aisyah, M. N. F. Norrrahim, R. A. Ilyas, N. Abdullah, E. S. Zainudin, S. M. Sapuan, A. Khalina. Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites—A Review. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (9):2186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. M. Nurazzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; M. M. Harussani; S. H. Kamarudin; M. Rayung; M. R. M. Asyraf; H. A. Aisyah; M. N. F. Norrrahim; R. A. Ilyas; N. Abdullah; E. S. Zainudin; S. M. Sapuan; A. Khalina. 2021. "Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites—A Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9: 2186.

Review
Published: 26 August 2021 in Polymers
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Polymer nanocomposites with enhanced performances are becoming a trend in the current research field, overcoming the limitations of bulk polymer and meeting the demands of market and society in tribological applications. Polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(ether ether ketone) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene are the most popular polymers in recent research on tribology. Current work comprehensively reviews recent advancements of polymer nanocomposites in tribology. The influence of different types of nanofiller, such as carbon-based nanofiller, silicon-based nanofiller, metal oxide nanofiller and hybrid nanofiller, on the tribological performance of thermoplastic and thermoset nanocomposites is discussed. Since the tribological properties of polymer nanocomposites are not intrinsic but are dependent on sliding conditions, direct comparison between different types of nanofiller or the same nanofiller of different morphologies and structures is not feasible. Friction and wear rate are normalized to indicate relative improvement by different fillers. Emphasis is given to the effect of nanofiller content and surface modification of nanofillers on friction, wear resistance, wear mechanism and transfer film formation of its nanocomposites. Limitations from the previous works are addressed and future research on tribology of polymer nanocomposites is proposed.

ACS Style

Jia Xin Chan; Joon Fatt Wong; Michal Petrů; Azman Hassan; Umar Nirmal; Norhayani Othman; Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas. Effect of Nanofillers on Tribological Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review on Recent Development. Polymers 2021, 13, 2867 .

AMA Style

Jia Xin Chan, Joon Fatt Wong, Michal Petrů, Azman Hassan, Umar Nirmal, Norhayani Othman, Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas. Effect of Nanofillers on Tribological Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review on Recent Development. Polymers. 2021; 13 (17):2867.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jia Xin Chan; Joon Fatt Wong; Michal Petrů; Azman Hassan; Umar Nirmal; Norhayani Othman; Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas. 2021. "Effect of Nanofillers on Tribological Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review on Recent Development." Polymers 13, no. 17: 2867.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Foods
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The present investigation studied the physicochemical, mechanical, structural, thermal, and morphological attributes of a novel edible film formed from fenugreek protein concentrate. Films were produced at different pH—9, 10, 11, and 12—and the effect of the pH on the films was studied. As the pH increased, tensile strength increased while water vapor absorption decreased, which is interrelated to the surface morphological properties; as the pH increased, the surface became smoother and compact without any cavities. The films produced were darker in color. Fenugreek protein films exhibited good thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of strong bonding for the films made at alkaline pH. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) indicated the major structure of the film was amorphous. The study demonstrated that the fenugreek protein concentrate film has influential characteristics and can be used as an edible packaging film.

ACS Style

Neha Kumari; Sneh Punia Bangar; Michal Petrů; R.A. Ilyas; Ajay Singh; Pradyuman Kumar. Development and Characterization of Fenugreek Protein-Based Edible Film. Foods 2021, 10, 1976 .

AMA Style

Neha Kumari, Sneh Punia Bangar, Michal Petrů, R.A. Ilyas, Ajay Singh, Pradyuman Kumar. Development and Characterization of Fenugreek Protein-Based Edible Film. Foods. 2021; 10 (9):1976.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neha Kumari; Sneh Punia Bangar; Michal Petrů; R.A. Ilyas; Ajay Singh; Pradyuman Kumar. 2021. "Development and Characterization of Fenugreek Protein-Based Edible Film." Foods 10, no. 9: 1976.

Review
Published: 13 August 2021 in Polymers
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Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.

ACS Style

N. M. Nurazzi; M. R. M. Asyraf; M. Rayung; M. N. F. Norrrahim; S. S. Shazleen; M. S. A. Rani; A. R. Shafi; H. A. Aisyah; M. H. M. Radzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; R. A. Ilyas; E. S. Zainudin; K. Abdan. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers 2021, 13, 2710 .

AMA Style

N. M. Nurazzi, M. R. M. Asyraf, M. Rayung, M. N. F. Norrrahim, S. S. Shazleen, M. S. A. Rani, A. R. Shafi, H. A. Aisyah, M. H. M. Radzi, F. A. Sabaruddin, R. A. Ilyas, E. S. Zainudin, K. Abdan. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers. 2021; 13 (16):2710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. M. Nurazzi; M. R. M. Asyraf; M. Rayung; M. N. F. Norrrahim; S. S. Shazleen; M. S. A. Rani; A. R. Shafi; H. A. Aisyah; M. H. M. Radzi; F. A. Sabaruddin; R. A. Ilyas; E. S. Zainudin; K. Abdan. 2021. "Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments." Polymers 13, no. 16: 2710.

Review
Published: 06 August 2021 in Polymers
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In the determination of the bioavailability of drugs administered orally, the drugs’ solubility and permeability play a crucial role. For absorption of drug molecules and production of a pharmacological response, solubility is an important parameter that defines the concentration of the drug in systemic circulation. It is a challenging task to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs that have poor water solubility. Most drug molecules are either poorly soluble or insoluble in aqueous environments. Polymer nanocomposites are combinations of two or more different materials that possess unique characteristics and are fused together with sufficient energy in such a manner that the resultant material will have the best properties of both materials. These polymeric materials (biodegradable and other naturally bioactive polymers) are comprised of nanosized particles in a composition of other materials. A systematic search was carried out on Web of Science and SCOPUS using different keywords, and 485 records were found. After the screening and eligibility process, 88 journal articles were found to be eligible, and hence selected to be reviewed and analyzed. Biocompatible and biodegradable materials have emerged in the manufacture of therapeutic and pharmacologic devices, such as impermanent implantation and 3D scaffolds for tissue regeneration and biomedical applications. Substantial effort has been made in the usage of bio-based polymers for potential pharmacologic and biomedical purposes, including targeted deliveries and drug carriers for regulated drug release. These implementations necessitate unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic, microbiological, metabolic, and degradation characteristics of the materials in order to provide prolific therapeutic treatments. As a result, a broadly diverse spectrum of natural or artificially synthesized polymers capable of enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrolyzing, or enzyme decomposition are being explored for biomedical purposes. This summary examines the contemporary status of biodegradable naturally and synthetically derived polymers for biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, bioengineering, targeted drug discovery and delivery, implantation, and wound repair and healing. This review presents an insight into a number of the commonly used tissue engineering applications, including drug delivery carrier systems, demonstrated in the recent findings. Due to the inherent remarkable properties of biodegradable and bioactive polymers, such as their antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, certain materials have gained significant interest in recent years. These systems are also actively being researched to improve therapeutic activity and mitigate adverse consequences. In this article, we also present the main drug delivery systems reported in the literature and the main methods available to impregnate the polymeric scaffolds with drugs, their properties, and their respective benefits for tissue engineering.

ACS Style

Shubham Sharma; P. Sudhakara; Jujhar Singh; R. Ilyas; M. Asyraf; M. Razman. Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 2623 .

AMA Style

Shubham Sharma, P. Sudhakara, Jujhar Singh, R. Ilyas, M. Asyraf, M. Razman. Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (16):2623.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shubham Sharma; P. Sudhakara; Jujhar Singh; R. Ilyas; M. Asyraf; M. Razman. 2021. "Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications." Polymers 13, no. 16: 2623.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value derived by the local community from cultural heritage and natural heritage in Jugra, Kuala Langat, as it has the potential to be a recognized heritage tourism site. The quantitative approach was used by conducting a survey study. A total of 392 respondents among the local community were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The collected data were processed with SPSS software and analyzed using cross tabulation analysis. Then, several hypotheses were tested using AMOS software. The result showed that Jugra’s unique heritage elements positively influenced the respondent’s willingness to accept and fund its tourism development. Socioeconomic factors also influenced the respondents’ disposition to preserve heritage. The findings revealed that there was priceless value when respondents agreed with the development, although they had never visited the heritage sites. Their physical, economic, and social valuation made them proud of the heritage, as it is a reflection of their identity. This study also aims to emphasize the role of local community as one of the stakeholders, as they should also be able to benefit from tourism development. All these would help boost the tourism industry, particularly through the archaeo-tourism and eco-tourism perspectives.

ACS Style

Zainab Roslan; Zuliskandar Ramli; Muhammad Razman; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; N. Nurazzi. Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8705 .

AMA Style

Zainab Roslan, Zuliskandar Ramli, Muhammad Razman, M. Asyraf, M. Ishak, R. Ilyas, N. Nurazzi. Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8705.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zainab Roslan; Zuliskandar Ramli; Muhammad Razman; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; N. Nurazzi. 2021. "Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8705.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Antioxidants
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Six different solvents were used as extraction medium (water, methanol, ethanol, acidified methanol, benzene and acetone) to check their phenolics extraction efficacy from flour of two rye cultivars. Rye extracts with different solvents were further analyzed for the estimation of phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. Different tests (TPC, TAC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, RPA and CTC) were performed to check the antioxidant properties and tannin contents in extracts. A bioactive profile of a rye cultivar indicated the presence of total phenolic compounds (0.08–2.62 mg GAE/g), total antioxidant capacity (0.9–6.8 mg AAE/g) and condensed tannin content (4.24–9.28 mg CE/100 g). HPLC was done to check phenolics in rye extract with the best solvent (water), which indicated the presence of Catechol (91.1–120.4 mg/100 g), resorcinol (52–70.3 mg/100 g), vanillin (1.3–5.5 mg/100 g), ferulic acid (1.4–1.5 mg/100 g), quercetin (4.6–4.67 mg/100 g) and benzoic acid (5.3 mg/100 g) in rye extracts. The presence of DNA damage protection potential in rye extracts indicates its medicinal importance. Rye flour could be utilized in the preparation of antioxidant-rich health-benefiting food products.

ACS Style

Pinderpal Kaur; Kawaljit Sandhu; Sneh Bangar; Sukhvinder Purewal; Maninder Kaur; Rushdan Ilyas; Muhammad Asyraf; Muhammad Razman. Unraveling the Bioactive Profile, Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protection Potential of Rye (Secale cereale) Flour. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1214 .

AMA Style

Pinderpal Kaur, Kawaljit Sandhu, Sneh Bangar, Sukhvinder Purewal, Maninder Kaur, Rushdan Ilyas, Muhammad Asyraf, Muhammad Razman. Unraveling the Bioactive Profile, Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protection Potential of Rye (Secale cereale) Flour. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (8):1214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pinderpal Kaur; Kawaljit Sandhu; Sneh Bangar; Sukhvinder Purewal; Maninder Kaur; Rushdan Ilyas; Muhammad Asyraf; Muhammad Razman. 2021. "Unraveling the Bioactive Profile, Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protection Potential of Rye (Secale cereale) Flour." Antioxidants 10, no. 8: 1214.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2021 in Foods
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Pearl millet is an underutilized and drought-resistant crop that is mainly used for animal feed and fodder. Starch (70%) is the main constituent of the pearl millet grain; this starch may be a good substitute for major sources of starch such as corn, rice, potatoes, etc. Starch was isolated from pearl millet grains and modified with different physical treatments (heat-moisture (HMT), microwave (MT), and sonication treatment (ST)). The amylose content and swelling capacity of the starches decreased after HMT and MT, while the reverse was observed for ST. Transition temperatures (onset (To), peak of gelatinization (Tp), and conclusion (Tc)) of the starches ranged from 62.92–76.16 °C, 67.95–81.05 °C, and 73.78–84.50 °C, respectively. After modification (HMT, MT, and ST), an increase in the transition temperatures was observed. Peak-viscosity of the native starch was observed to be 995 mPa.s., which was higher than the starch modified with HMT and MT. Rheological characteristics (storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G′′)) of the native and modified starches differed from 1039 to 1730 Pa and 83 to 94 Pa; the largest value was found for starch treated with ST and HMT. SEM showed cracks and holes on granule surfaces after HMT as well as MT starch granules. Films were prepared using both native and modified starches. The modification of the starches with different treatments had a significant impact on the moisture, transmittance, and solubility of films. The findings of this study will provide a better understanding of the functional properties of pearl millet starch for its possible utilization in film formation.

ACS Style

Sneh Punia Bangar; Manju Nehra; Anil Siroha; Michal Petrů; Rushdan Ilyas; Urmila Devi; Priyanka Devi. Development and Characterization of Physical Modified Pearl Millet Starch-Based Films. Foods 2021, 10, 1609 .

AMA Style

Sneh Punia Bangar, Manju Nehra, Anil Siroha, Michal Petrů, Rushdan Ilyas, Urmila Devi, Priyanka Devi. Development and Characterization of Physical Modified Pearl Millet Starch-Based Films. Foods. 2021; 10 (7):1609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sneh Punia Bangar; Manju Nehra; Anil Siroha; Michal Petrů; Rushdan Ilyas; Urmila Devi; Priyanka Devi. 2021. "Development and Characterization of Physical Modified Pearl Millet Starch-Based Films." Foods 10, no. 7: 1609.

Review
Published: 30 June 2021 in Polymers
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In the field of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites, there has been a recent surge in research and innovation for structural applications. To expand the strengths and applications of this category of materials, significant effort was put into improving their mechanical properties. Hybridization is a designed technique for fiber-reinforced composite materials that involves combining two or more fibers of different groups within a single matrix to manipulate the desired properties. They may be made from a mix of natural and synthetic fibers, synthetic and synthetic fibers, or natural fiber and carbonaceous materials. Owing to their diverse properties, hybrid natural fiber composite materials are manufactured from a variety of materials, including rubber, elastomer, metal, ceramics, glasses, and plants, which come in composite, sandwich laminate, lattice, and segmented shapes. Hybrid composites have a wide range of uses, including in aerospace interiors, naval, civil building, industrial, and sporting goods. This study intends to provide a summary of the factors that contribute to natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites’ mechanical and structural failure as well as overview the details and developments that have been achieved with the composites.

ACS Style

N. Nurazzi; M. Asyraf; S. Fatimah Athiyah; S. Shazleen; S. Rafiqah; M. Harussani; S. Kamarudin; M. Razman; M. Rahmah; E. Zainudin; R. Ilyas; H. Aisyah; M. Norrrahim; N. Abdullah; S. Sapuan; A. Khalina. A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 2170 .

AMA Style

N. Nurazzi, M. Asyraf, S. Fatimah Athiyah, S. Shazleen, S. Rafiqah, M. Harussani, S. Kamarudin, M. Razman, M. Rahmah, E. Zainudin, R. Ilyas, H. Aisyah, M. Norrrahim, N. Abdullah, S. Sapuan, A. Khalina. A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (13):2170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Nurazzi; M. Asyraf; S. Fatimah Athiyah; S. Shazleen; S. Rafiqah; M. Harussani; S. Kamarudin; M. Razman; M. Rahmah; E. Zainudin; R. Ilyas; H. Aisyah; M. Norrrahim; N. Abdullah; S. Sapuan; A. Khalina. 2021. "A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications." Polymers 13, no. 13: 2170.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2021 in Functional Composites and Structures
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The best properties of corn husk fiber (CHF)/polyester composites are still being investigated and developed for the expansion of applications of CHF composites. The focus of this study was to evaluate the physical properties, tensile strength, and flexural properties of CHF/polyester composites after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. The addition of CHF 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50% (volume fraction) was used as fillers and polyester resin as the binder. The composites were made by hot press technique. Density, tensile strength, and bending tests were carried out to evaluate the developed composites, and the fracture morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that after exposure to UV light, the density, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the composite decreased compared to the composite before UV exposure; because UV has caused the interface bond between the resin–CHFs to be less strong. Increasing the number of fibers causes the number of individual fibers to smaller and shrink in the composite due to the evaporation of the water content in the composite.

ACS Style

Nasmi Herlina Sari; Suteja Suteja; İlyas R.A.; Edi Syafri; Indra S.. Characterization of the density and mechanical properties of corn husk fiber reinforced polyester composites after exposure to ultraviolet light. Functional Composites and Structures 2021, 3, 034001 .

AMA Style

Nasmi Herlina Sari, Suteja Suteja, İlyas R.A., Edi Syafri, Indra S.. Characterization of the density and mechanical properties of corn husk fiber reinforced polyester composites after exposure to ultraviolet light. Functional Composites and Structures. 2021; 3 (3):034001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nasmi Herlina Sari; Suteja Suteja; İlyas R.A.; Edi Syafri; Indra S.. 2021. "Characterization of the density and mechanical properties of corn husk fiber reinforced polyester composites after exposure to ultraviolet light." Functional Composites and Structures 3, no. 3: 034001.

Review
Published: 27 May 2021 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Raising environmental awareness had forced researchers to explore the potential and implementation of environmentally friendly materials as alternatives for conventional materials. Environmentally friendly materials are biodegradable, safer, non-toxic, lightweight, cheap, and readily available. Arrowroot starch has a high content of amylose (~35.20%) which makes it suitable for better film production. Starch extracted from arrowroot rhizomes can be blended, plasticized with other polymers, or reinforced with fibres to improve their properties. The melt blended glycidyl methacrylate-grafted polylactide (PLA-g-GMA) and treated arrowroot fiber (TAF) treated with coupling agent developed PLA-g-GMA/TAF composite, which showed better properties than the PLA/AF composite. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive review paper was published on arrowroot fibres, starch biopolymer, and its biocomposites before. The present review focuses on recent works related to the properties of arrowroot fibres and starch, and their fabrication as biocomposites. The review also reveals the vast potential of arrowroot fibres and starch for food industries, medicines, textiles, biofuel, pulp, and paper-making industries, bioenergy, packaging, automotive, and many more.

ACS Style

J. Tarique; S.M. Sapuan; A. Khalina; S.F.K. Sherwani; J. Yusuf; R.A. Ilyas. Recent developments in sustainable arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea Linn) starch biopolymers, fibres, biopolymer composites and their potential industrial applications: A review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 13, 1191 -1219.

AMA Style

J. Tarique, S.M. Sapuan, A. Khalina, S.F.K. Sherwani, J. Yusuf, R.A. Ilyas. Recent developments in sustainable arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea Linn) starch biopolymers, fibres, biopolymer composites and their potential industrial applications: A review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021; 13 ():1191-1219.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Tarique; S.M. Sapuan; A. Khalina; S.F.K. Sherwani; J. Yusuf; R.A. Ilyas. 2021. "Recent developments in sustainable arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea Linn) starch biopolymers, fibres, biopolymer composites and their potential industrial applications: A review." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 13, no. : 1191-1219.

Review
Published: 23 May 2021 in Polymers
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Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.

ACS Style

R. Ilyas; S. Sapuan; M. Asyraf; D. Dayana; J. Amelia; M. Rani; Mohd Norrrahim; N. Nurazzi; H. Aisyah; Shubham Sharma; M. Ishak; M. Rafidah; M. Razman. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers 2021, 13, 1701 .

AMA Style

R. Ilyas, S. Sapuan, M. Asyraf, D. Dayana, J. Amelia, M. Rani, Mohd Norrrahim, N. Nurazzi, H. Aisyah, Shubham Sharma, M. Ishak, M. Rafidah, M. Razman. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Ilyas; S. Sapuan; M. Asyraf; D. Dayana; J. Amelia; M. Rani; Mohd Norrrahim; N. Nurazzi; H. Aisyah; Shubham Sharma; M. Ishak; M. Rafidah; M. Razman. 2021. "Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1701.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2021 in Polymers
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Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has numerous process parameters that influence the mechanical strength of parts. Hence, many optimization studies are performed using conventional tools and algorithms. Although studies have also been performed using advanced algorithms, limited research has been reported in which variants of the naked mole-rat algorithm (NMRA) are implemented for solving the optimization issues of manufacturing processes. This study was performed to scrutinize optimum parameters and their levels to attain maximum impact strength, flexural strength and tensile strength based on five different FFF process parameters. The algorithm yielded better results than other studies and successfully achieved a maximum response, which may be helpful to enhance the mechanical strength of FFF parts. The study opens a plethora of research prospects for implementing NMRA in manufacturing. Moreover, the findings may help identify critical parametric levels for the fabrication of customized products at the commercial level and help to attain the objectives of Industry 4.0.

ACS Style

Jasgurpreet Chohan; Nitin Mittal; Raman Kumar; Sandeep Singh; Shubham Sharma; Shashi Dwivedi; Ambuj Saxena; Somnath Chattopadhyaya; Rushdan Ilyas; Chi Le; Szymon Wojciechowski. Optimization of FFF Process Parameters by Naked Mole-Rat Algorithms with Enhanced Exploration and Exploitation Capabilities. Polymers 2021, 13, 1702 .

AMA Style

Jasgurpreet Chohan, Nitin Mittal, Raman Kumar, Sandeep Singh, Shubham Sharma, Shashi Dwivedi, Ambuj Saxena, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, Rushdan Ilyas, Chi Le, Szymon Wojciechowski. Optimization of FFF Process Parameters by Naked Mole-Rat Algorithms with Enhanced Exploration and Exploitation Capabilities. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1702.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jasgurpreet Chohan; Nitin Mittal; Raman Kumar; Sandeep Singh; Shubham Sharma; Shashi Dwivedi; Ambuj Saxena; Somnath Chattopadhyaya; Rushdan Ilyas; Chi Le; Szymon Wojciechowski. 2021. "Optimization of FFF Process Parameters by Naked Mole-Rat Algorithms with Enhanced Exploration and Exploitation Capabilities." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1702.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Polymers
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The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, automobile, and furniture. Kenaf fiber (KF) is a natural fiber that is in demand owing to its eco-friendly and renewable nature. Nowadays, there are various new applications for kenaf, such as in absorbents and building materials. It also has commercial applications, such as in the automotive industry. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is used as a fire retardant as it is low in cost and has good flame retardancy, while polyester yarn (PET) has high tensile strength. The aim of this study was to determine the horizontal burning rate, tensile strength, and surface morphology of kenaf fiber/PET yarn reinforced epoxy fire retardant composites. The composites were prepared by hybridized epoxy and Mg(OH)2 PET with different amounts of KF content (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) using the cold press method. The specimen with 35% KF (epoxy/PET/KF-35) displayed better flammability properties and had the lowest average burning rate of 14.55 mm/min, while epoxy/PET/KF-50 with 50% KF had the highest tensile strength of all the samples. This was due to fewer defects being detected on the surface morphology of epoxy/PET/KF-35 compared to the other samples, which influenced the mechanical properties of the composites.

ACS Style

M. Suriani; Hasliana Zainudin; R. Ilyas; Michal Petrů; S. Sapuan; C. Ruzaidi; Rohani Mustapha. Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties. Polymers 2021, 13, 1532 .

AMA Style

M. Suriani, Hasliana Zainudin, R. Ilyas, Michal Petrů, S. Sapuan, C. Ruzaidi, Rohani Mustapha. Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties. Polymers. 2021; 13 (9):1532.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Suriani; Hasliana Zainudin; R. Ilyas; Michal Petrů; S. Sapuan; C. Ruzaidi; Rohani Mustapha. 2021. "Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties." Polymers 13, no. 9: 1532.

Research article
Published: 09 May 2021 in Textile Research Journal
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This paper aims to study the surface morphology, flammability and tensile properties of sugar palm fiber (SPF) hybrid with polyester (PET) yarn-reinforced epoxy composite with the addition of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) as a flame retardant. The composites were prepared by hybridized epoxy and Mg(OH)2/PET with different amounts of SPF contents (0%, 20%, 35% and 50%) using the cold press method. Then these composites were tested by horizontal burning analysis, tensile strength testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The specimen with 35% SPF (Epoxy/PET/SPF-35) with the incorporation of Mg(OH)2 as a flame retardant showed the lowest burning rate of 13.25 mm/min. The flame took a longer time to propagate along with the Epoxy/PET/SPF-35 specimen and at the same time producing char. Epoxy/PET/SPF-35 also had the highest tensile strength of 9.69 MPa. Tensile properties of the SPF hybrid with PET yarn (SPF/PET)-reinforced epoxy composite was decreased at 50% SPF content due to the lack of interfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix. Surface morphology analysis through SEM showed uniform distribution of the SPF and matrix with less adhesion, which increased the flammability and reduced the tensile properties of the hybrid polymeric composites. These composites have potential to be utilized in various applications, such as automotive components, building materials and in the aerospace industry.

ACS Style

Mj Suriani; Sm Sapuan; Cm Ruzaidi; Ds Nair; Ra Ilyas. Flammability, morphological and mechanical properties of sugar palm fiber/polyester yarn-reinforced epoxy hybrid biocomposites with magnesium hydroxide flame retardant filler. Textile Research Journal 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mj Suriani, Sm Sapuan, Cm Ruzaidi, Ds Nair, Ra Ilyas. Flammability, morphological and mechanical properties of sugar palm fiber/polyester yarn-reinforced epoxy hybrid biocomposites with magnesium hydroxide flame retardant filler. Textile Research Journal. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mj Suriani; Sm Sapuan; Cm Ruzaidi; Ds Nair; Ra Ilyas. 2021. "Flammability, morphological and mechanical properties of sugar palm fiber/polyester yarn-reinforced epoxy hybrid biocomposites with magnesium hydroxide flame retardant filler." Textile Research Journal , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 30 April 2021 in Bio‐based Packaging
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Bio‐based food packaging material is one of the industrial interests for the development of any food packaging system. The manufacturing of safe packaging and packaging materials is a critical part of ensuring the safety and integrity of the food supply chain. This chapter outlines the packaging materials recognized as biodegradable according to the EU standardization committee. It introduces mainly bio‐derived elastomers that have a higher added value than general‐purpose plastics. Elastomers are industrially important polymers and are positioned as intermediate products between thermoplastic resins and synthetic rubbers. As a new development of bio‐based elastomers, the chapter also introduces efforts to manufacture elastomers using polymers contained in plants. This elastomer is made by biosynthesis, but its reaction pathway is by polycondensation. The chapter describes polyols derived from vegetable oils, fats, and biopolyurethanes.

ACS Style

Min Min Aung; Hiroshi Uyama; Marwah Rayung; Lu Lu Taung Mai; Moe Tin Khaing; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. Manufacturing of Biobased Packaging Materials. Bio‐based Packaging 2021, 295 -318.

AMA Style

Min Min Aung, Hiroshi Uyama, Marwah Rayung, Lu Lu Taung Mai, Moe Tin Khaing, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas. Manufacturing of Biobased Packaging Materials. Bio‐based Packaging. 2021; ():295-318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min Min Aung; Hiroshi Uyama; Marwah Rayung; Lu Lu Taung Mai; Moe Tin Khaing; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. 2021. "Manufacturing of Biobased Packaging Materials." Bio‐based Packaging , no. : 295-318.

Book chapter
Published: 30 April 2021 in Bio‐based Packaging
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This chapter addresses several important findings to reduce limitations of nanocellulose toward polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) composites. It begins with an introduction to plastic packaging and nanocellulose, followed by a comprehensive discussion on the processing methods and factors influencing the properties of PP‐ and PE‐nanocellulose composites. Several research findings have been combined to provide readers with a comprehensive overview. Despite the numerous advantages offered by nanocellulose when it is being incorporated in PP and PE composites, there are also some drawbacks. The chemical compatibility between nanocellulose and polymer plays a major role in effecting the dispersion of particles in the matrix as well as adhesion between these phases. The processing method also has an important impact on the final properties of the PP‐ and PE‐nanocellulose composites. Factors such as chemical composition and dispersion of nanocellulose in the PP and PE matrix will also influence the properties of composites.

ACS Style

Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim‐Anuar; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas; Mohd Idham Hakimi; Syed Umar Faruq Syed Najmuddin; Mohd Azwan Jenol. Nanocellulose Reinforced Polypropylene and Polyethylene Composite for Packaging Application. Bio‐based Packaging 2021, 133 -150.

AMA Style

Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim‐Anuar, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas, Mohd Idham Hakimi, Syed Umar Faruq Syed Najmuddin, Mohd Azwan Jenol. Nanocellulose Reinforced Polypropylene and Polyethylene Composite for Packaging Application. Bio‐based Packaging. 2021; ():133-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim‐Anuar; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas; Mohd Idham Hakimi; Syed Umar Faruq Syed Najmuddin; Mohd Azwan Jenol. 2021. "Nanocellulose Reinforced Polypropylene and Polyethylene Composite for Packaging Application." Bio‐based Packaging , no. : 133-150.

Book chapter
Published: 30 April 2021 in Bio‐based Packaging
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be utilized to evaluate the technical solutions employed in the production process to identify impacts originating not only from the production itself but also from the phases of use and end‐of‐life (EOL) issues. This chapter discusses thoroughly each phase of the LCA outline and reviews recent different LCA studies conducted on packaging products constructed from bio‐based materials. The main elements in the first phase of LCA operation are illustrated. Life cycle inventory (LCI) is the second phase of LCA where usage of resources and materials and the consumption of fuels and energy need to be quantified. Packaging materials go through different life cycles, which then generate certain environmental impacts at different stages of the supply chain and for different environmental indicators. The third phase of the LCA framework is the life cycle impact assessment, which focuses on evaluating and understanding the environmental impacts established by the LCI analysis.

ACS Style

H.N. Salwa; S.M. Sapuan; M.T. Mastura; M.Y.M Zuhri; R.A. Ilyas. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio‐Based Packaging Products. Bio‐based Packaging 2021, 381 -411.

AMA Style

H.N. Salwa, S.M. Sapuan, M.T. Mastura, M.Y.M Zuhri, R.A. Ilyas. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio‐Based Packaging Products. Bio‐based Packaging. 2021; ():381-411.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.N. Salwa; S.M. Sapuan; M.T. Mastura; M.Y.M Zuhri; R.A. Ilyas. 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of Bio‐Based Packaging Products." Bio‐based Packaging , no. : 381-411.

Book chapter
Published: 30 April 2021 in Bio‐based Packaging
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This chapter provides an overall look at the use of nanocellulose‐based film for packaging purposes. There are three types of nanocellulose that can be used for packaging applications, namely nanocrystalline cellulose, nanofibrillated cellulose, and bacterial cellulose. Details of their preparation are further discussed in this chapter. The barrier property of nanocellulose is best described through diffusion of molecules into the nanocellulose substrate or thin film. Early development of nanocellulose‐based material was focused mainly on the mechanical properties in terms of the tensile modulus. The attention has been more on the barrier properties of the nanocomposite films, which can find more applications in many industrial sectors. Film made from nanofibrillated cellulose is reported to reduce the oxygen permeability substantially, which can be competitive and comparable with the commercial synthetic polymer. Such an observation is attributed to the dense network of nanofibrils that have smaller and more uniform dimensions that lead to higher entanglements within the film.

ACS Style

Latifah Jasmani; Sharmiza Adnan; Z.M.A. Ainun; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. Nanocellulose Composite Films for Packaging Applications. Bio‐based Packaging 2021, 193 -204.

AMA Style

Latifah Jasmani, Sharmiza Adnan, Z.M.A. Ainun, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas. Nanocellulose Composite Films for Packaging Applications. Bio‐based Packaging. 2021; ():193-204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Latifah Jasmani; Sharmiza Adnan; Z.M.A. Ainun; S.M. Sapuan; R.A. Ilyas. 2021. "Nanocellulose Composite Films for Packaging Applications." Bio‐based Packaging , no. : 193-204.