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Natalia Mikosch
Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany

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Water use in lca
Published: 31 March 2021 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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Purpose The water footprint (WF) method is widely applied to quantify water use along the life cycle of products and organizations and to evaluate the resulting impacts on human health. This study analyzes the cause-effect chains for the human health damage related to the water use on a local scale in the Province Punjab of Pakistan, evaluates their consistency with existing WF models, and provides recommendations for future model development. Method Locally occurring cause-effect chains are analyzed based on site observations in Punjab and a literature review. Then, existing WF models are compared to the findings in the study area including their comprehensiveness (covered cause-effect chains), relevance (contribution of the modeled cause-effect chain to the total health damage), and representativeness (correspondence with the local cause-effect chain). Finally, recommendations for the development of new characterization models describing the local cause-effect chains are provided. Results and discussion The cause-effect chains for the agricultural water deprivation include malnutrition due to reduced food availability and income loss as well as diseases resulting from the use of wastewater for irrigation, out of which only the first one is addressed by existing WF models. The cause-effect chain for the infectious diseases due to domestic water deprivation is associated primarily with the absence of water supply systems, while the linkage to the water consumption of a product system was not identified. The cause-effect chains related to the water pollution include the exposure via agricultural products, fish, and drinking water, all of which are reflected in existing impact assessment models. Including the groundwater compartment may increase the relevance of the model for the study area. Conclusions Most cause-effect chains identified on the local scale are consistent with existing WF models. Modeling currently missing cause-effect chains for the impacts related to the income loss and wastewater usage for irrigation can enhance the assessment of the human health damage in water footprinting.

ACS Style

Natalia Mikosch; Markus Berger; Elena Huber; Matthias Finkbeiner. Assessing local impacts of water use on human health: evaluation of water footprint models in the Province Punjab, Pakistan. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2021, 26, 1027 -1044.

AMA Style

Natalia Mikosch, Markus Berger, Elena Huber, Matthias Finkbeiner. Assessing local impacts of water use on human health: evaluation of water footprint models in the Province Punjab, Pakistan. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2021; 26 (5):1027-1044.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Mikosch; Markus Berger; Elena Huber; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2021. "Assessing local impacts of water use on human health: evaluation of water footprint models in the Province Punjab, Pakistan." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 5: 1027-1044.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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The water footprint has developed into a widely-used concept to examine water use and resulting local impacts caused during agricultural and industrial production. Building on recent advancements in the water footprint concept, it can be an effective steering instrument to support, inter alia, achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) - SDG 6 in particular. Within the research program “Water as a Global Resource” (GRoW), an initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research, a number of research projects currently apply and enhance the water footprint concept in order to identify areas where water is being used inefficiently and implement practical optimization measures. We aim to raise awareness on the potential of the water footprint concept to inform decision-making in the public and private sectors towards improved water management and achieving the SDGs. In particular, we show how modern water footprint methods and tools developed in GRoW can inform policy planning towards more sustainable use of water resources at various levels. They can also support producers in determining their indirect water use and associated impacts in supply chains, in addition to their (often comparably low) direct water use at production sites. Finally, we show how the water footprint can raise awareness and inform consumers about the hidden water use and resulting impacts of daily products and services.

ACS Style

Elsa Semmling; Markus Berger; Jazmin Campos; Mauro Carolli; Iana Dantas; Ervin Kosatica; Annika Kramer; Natalia Mikosch; Hamideh Nouri; Anna Schlattmann; Falk Schmidt; Anna Schomberg. Advancing the Water Footprint into an instrument to support achieving the SDGs. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Elsa Semmling, Markus Berger, Jazmin Campos, Mauro Carolli, Iana Dantas, Ervin Kosatica, Annika Kramer, Natalia Mikosch, Hamideh Nouri, Anna Schlattmann, Falk Schmidt, Anna Schomberg. Advancing the Water Footprint into an instrument to support achieving the SDGs. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elsa Semmling; Markus Berger; Jazmin Campos; Mauro Carolli; Iana Dantas; Ervin Kosatica; Annika Kramer; Natalia Mikosch; Hamideh Nouri; Anna Schlattmann; Falk Schmidt; Anna Schomberg. 2021. "Advancing the Water Footprint into an instrument to support achieving the SDGs." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Environmental impacts of textile production increased over the last decades. This also led to an increasing demand for sustainable textiles and ecolabels, which intend to provide information on environmental aspects of textiles for the consumer. The goal of the paper is to assess selected labels with regard to their strengths and weaknesses, as well as their coverage of relevant environmental aspects over the life cycle of textiles. We applied a characterization scheme to analyse seven selected labels (Blue Angel Textiles, bluesign®, Cotton made in Africa (CMiA), Cradle to Cradle CertifiedTM, Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), Global Recycled Standard (GRS), VAUDE Green Shape), and compared their focus to the environmental hotpots identified in the product environmental footprint case study of t-shirts. Most labels focus on the environmental aspects toxicity, water use, and air emissions predominantly in the upstream life cycle phases of textiles (mainly garment production), whereas some relevant impacts and life cycle phases like water in textile use phase remain neglected. We found significant differences between the ecolabels, and none of them cover all relevant aspects and impacts over the life cycle. Consumers need to be aware of these limitations when making purchase decisions.

ACS Style

Felice Diekel; Natalia Mikosch; Vanessa Bach; Matthias Finkbeiner. Life Cycle Based Comparison of Textile Ecolabels. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1751 .

AMA Style

Felice Diekel, Natalia Mikosch, Vanessa Bach, Matthias Finkbeiner. Life Cycle Based Comparison of Textile Ecolabels. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1751.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felice Diekel; Natalia Mikosch; Vanessa Bach; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2021. "Life Cycle Based Comparison of Textile Ecolabels." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1751.

Water use in lca
Published: 16 November 2020 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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Purpose In contrast to water consumption, water pollution has gained less attention in water footprinting so far. Unlike water scarcity impact assessment, on which a consensus has recently been achieved, there is no agreement on how to address water quality deterioration in water footprinting. This paper provides an overview of existing water footprint methods to calculate impacts associated with water pollution and discusses their strengths and limitations using an illustrative example. Methods The methods are described and applied to a case study for the wastewater generated in textile processing. The results for two scenarios with different water quality parameters are evaluated against each other and the water scarcity footprint (WSF). Finally, methodological aspects, strengths and limitations of each method are analysed and discussed and recommendations for the methods application are provided. Results and discussion Two general impact assessment approaches exist to address water quality in water footprinting: the Water Degradation Footprint (WDF) calculates the impacts associated with the propagation of released pollutants in the environment and their uptake by the population and ecosystem, while the Water Availability Footprint (WAF) quantifies the impacts related to the water deprivation, when polluted water cannot be used. Overall, seven methods to consider water quality in water footprinting were identified, which rely upon one or a combination of WDF, WAF and WSF. Methodological scopes significantly vary regarding the inventory requirements and provided results (a single-score or several impact categories). The case study demonstrated that the methods provide conflicting results concerning which scenario is less harmful with regard to the water pollution. Conclusions This paper provides a review of the water pollution assessment methods in water footprinting and analyses their modelling choices and resulting effects on the WF. With regard to the identified inconsistencies, we reveal the urgent need for a guidance for the methods application to provide robust results and allow a consistent evaluation of the water quality in water footprinting.

ACS Style

Natalia Mikosch; Markus Berger; Matthias Finkbeiner. Addressing water quality in water footprinting: current status, methods and limitations. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2020, 26, 157 -174.

AMA Style

Natalia Mikosch, Markus Berger, Matthias Finkbeiner. Addressing water quality in water footprinting: current status, methods and limitations. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2020; 26 (1):157-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Mikosch; Markus Berger; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2020. "Addressing water quality in water footprinting: current status, methods and limitations." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 1: 157-174.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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The Water Scarcity Footprint (WSF) serves as a method to estimate the local impacts associated with water consumption in a certain region by considering the volume of water consumed and local water scarcity. Despite the broad application of the WSF on a country and river basin level, the need for further regionalization was recently emphasized by several authors. In this study, water scarcity factors are calculated on high spatio-temporal resolution for 17 irrigation subdivisions located in Punjab, Pakistan on a monthly level based on the WAVE + method using data provided by the hydrological model SWAT and hydraulic model Feflow. The calculated “water deprivation indices” (WDIs) are applied to quantify the WSF of cotton and wheat produced in the study area and compared to the WSFs obtained by using existing WDIs with lower spatial and temporal resolution. The calculated WDIs show a high variability in water scarcity throughout the year from 0.1 to 1.0 m3deprived/m3consumed. The production weighted average WSF of cotton calculated with the regionalized WDIs amounts to 2333 m3deprived per ton, whilst the cotton produced in the south of the study area has a twice as high WSF as the cotton from the northern irrigation subdivisions. The result calculated based on the high resolution WDIs is more than 60% higher than the WSF calculated with the WDIs on the basin level. The regionalized WSF of wheat amounts to 1821 m3deprived per ton, which aligns with the WSF calculated with the basin specific WDIs. The study underlines the need for water scarcity factors on high spatial (e.g. irrigation subdivision) and temporal (monthly) resolution to provide robust WSF results.

ACS Style

Natalia Mikosch; Rike Becker; Lennart Schelter; Markus Berger; Muhammad Usman; Matthias Finkbeiner. High resolution water scarcity analysis for cotton cultivation areas in Punjab, Pakistan. Ecological Indicators 2019, 109, 105852 .

AMA Style

Natalia Mikosch, Rike Becker, Lennart Schelter, Markus Berger, Muhammad Usman, Matthias Finkbeiner. High resolution water scarcity analysis for cotton cultivation areas in Punjab, Pakistan. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 109 ():105852.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Mikosch; Rike Becker; Lennart Schelter; Markus Berger; Muhammad Usman; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2019. "High resolution water scarcity analysis for cotton cultivation areas in Punjab, Pakistan." Ecological Indicators 109, no. : 105852.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2019 in Resources
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This study investigates the Water Footprint (WF) resulting from the agricultural imports of the European Union (EU-28). Import trade statistics were compiled and linked with crop- and country-specific water consumption data and water scarcity factors. Within the study, the virtual water imports of 104 agricultural commodities for the baseline year 2015 were assessed and product and country hotspots were evaluated. It was shown that (a) Europe imported 100 million tons of agricultural goods and 11 km3 of associated virtual irrigation water; (b) the highest impacts of water consumption do not necessarily result from high import amounts, but from water-intensive goods produced in water scarce countries; (c) the largest external EU-28 water footprint occurred due to the product categories cotton, nuts and rice; and (d) the highest share of the EU external water footprint took place in the United States (US), Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt and India.

ACS Style

Iulia Dolganova; Natalia Mikosch; Markus Berger; Montserrat Núñez; Andrea Müller-Frank; Matthias Finkbeiner. The Water Footprint of European Agricultural Imports: Hotspots in the Context of Water Scarcity. Resources 2019, 8, 141 .

AMA Style

Iulia Dolganova, Natalia Mikosch, Markus Berger, Montserrat Núñez, Andrea Müller-Frank, Matthias Finkbeiner. The Water Footprint of European Agricultural Imports: Hotspots in the Context of Water Scarcity. Resources. 2019; 8 (3):141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iulia Dolganova; Natalia Mikosch; Markus Berger; Montserrat Núñez; Andrea Müller-Frank; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2019. "The Water Footprint of European Agricultural Imports: Hotspots in the Context of Water Scarcity." Resources 8, no. 3: 141.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2019 in Resources
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In the last decade, several methods were developed to determine potential supply risks due to short term socio-economic aspects. One of them is the ESSENZ method (comprehensive method to measure and assess resource efficiency of products in the context of sustainable development) developed by the authors. Due to newly available data (e.g., production statistics) the characterization factors (CFs) of the ESSENZ method were updated (based on data from the years 2011 to 2015, with focus on 2014 and 2015) and compared with the original CFs (based on data from the years 2009 to 2013, with focus on 2012 and 2013) for six of the overall eleven categories. The goal of the paper is to analyze if changes in the underlying data are adequately reflected in the CFs of ESSENZ for the considered categories. Further, the updated CFs are provided. The six categories are analyzed by comparing original and updated CFs and clustering them into four groups: declining, emerging, persistent, and non-occurring potential supply risks. Significant differences in the CFs are evaluated by analyzing changes in the underlying data as well as the steps to determine the CFs. It could be shown, that for most of the considered categories and resources changes in the underlying data are reflected adequately in the CFs. However, some methodological challenges of ESSENZ, which limit the reflection of potential supply risks changes, could also be identified.

ACS Style

Vanessa Bach; Markus Berger; Natalia Finogenova; Matthias Finkbeiner. Analyzing Changes in Supply Risks for Abiotic Resources over Time with the ESSENZ Method—A Data Update and Critical Reflection. Resources 2019, 8, 83 .

AMA Style

Vanessa Bach, Markus Berger, Natalia Finogenova, Matthias Finkbeiner. Analyzing Changes in Supply Risks for Abiotic Resources over Time with the ESSENZ Method—A Data Update and Critical Reflection. Resources. 2019; 8 (2):83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vanessa Bach; Markus Berger; Natalia Finogenova; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2019. "Analyzing Changes in Supply Risks for Abiotic Resources over Time with the ESSENZ Method—A Data Update and Critical Reflection." Resources 8, no. 2: 83.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2019 in Indonesian Journal of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability
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Water footprint evaluates impacts associated with the water use along a product’s life cycle. In order to quantify impacts resulting from water pollution in a comprehensive manner, impact categories, such as human toxicity, were developed in the context of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Nevertheless, methods addressing human health impacts often have a low spatial resolution and, thus, are not able to model impacts on a local scale. To address this issue, we develop a region-specific model for the human toxicity impacts for the cotton-textile industry in Punjab, Pakistan. We analysed local cause-effect chains and created a region “Punjab” in the USEtox model using local climate, landscape, and population data. Finally, we calculated human health impacts for the emissions of pesticides from the cotton cultivation and heavy metals from the textile production. The results were compared to that obtained for the region India+ (where Pakistan belongs) provided by USEtox. The overall result obtained for Punjab is higher than that for India+. In Punjab, the dominant pathway is ingestion via drinking water, which contributes to two-thirds of the total impacts. Nevertheless, the USEtox model does not reflect the local cause-effect chains completely due to absence of the groundwater compartment. Since groundwater is the main source for drinking in Punjab, a more detailed analysis of the fate of and exposure to the pollutants is needed. This study demonstrates that a region-specific assessment of the water quality aspects is essential to provide a more robust evaluation of the human health impacts within water footprinting.

ACS Style

Natalia Finogenova; Markus Berger; Lennart Schelter; Rike Becker; Tim Aus der Beek; Muhammad Usman; Frank-Andreas Weber; Matthias Finkbeiner. Towards a Region-Specific Impact Assessment of Water Degradation In Water Footprinting. Indonesian Journal of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Natalia Finogenova, Markus Berger, Lennart Schelter, Rike Becker, Tim Aus der Beek, Muhammad Usman, Frank-Andreas Weber, Matthias Finkbeiner. Towards a Region-Specific Impact Assessment of Water Degradation In Water Footprinting. Indonesian Journal of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Finogenova; Markus Berger; Lennart Schelter; Rike Becker; Tim Aus der Beek; Muhammad Usman; Frank-Andreas Weber; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2019. "Towards a Region-Specific Impact Assessment of Water Degradation In Water Footprinting." Indonesian Journal of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study investigates the water scarcity footprint (WSF) trend of German agricultural imports over recent years, following the principles of the ISO 14046 standard on water footprinting. For this purpose, the import statistics of agricultural goods for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 was compiled and linked with the irrigation water consumption during their production as well as with the AWARE water scarcity factors of the country of production. Agricultural imports increased by 62% from 22 to 35 million tons during the analysed period. At the same time, the blue water consumption for agricultural production (i.e., irrigation water) decreased by 13% and the WSF declined by 20%, from 119 to 91 km3world-equivalents (world-eq.). The decrease in WSF is caused by drop in the cotton imports, while the WSF associated with the imports of other crops increased by 45%. Product-wise, cotton, nuts, and rice contribute to more than half of the total WSF in all analysed years. Despite their high WSF, these products account for only 3% of the imports by mass confirming the relevance of impact based water footprint assessments. Country-wise, main contributors change along the analysed years. In the year 2000, one-quarter of the WSF occurs in Uzbekistan due to cotton imports. Afterwards, the highest WSF arises in Iran and Spain, while the imports from the US dominate the WSF in 2015. The changing trend follows the pattern of production of the hotspots identified on the product level, e.g. nuts, soybeans, and cotton. This study provides information on the water scarcity impacts that the German consumption creates in other countries and may be useful for decision-making processes aiming at optimising water scarcity footprints.

ACS Style

Natalia Finogenova; Iulia Dolganova; Markus Berger; Montserrat Nunez; Daria Blizniukova; Andrea Müller-Frank; Matthias Finkbeiner. Water footprint of German agricultural imports: Local impacts due to global trade flows in a fifteen-year perspective. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 662, 521 -529.

AMA Style

Natalia Finogenova, Iulia Dolganova, Markus Berger, Montserrat Nunez, Daria Blizniukova, Andrea Müller-Frank, Matthias Finkbeiner. Water footprint of German agricultural imports: Local impacts due to global trade flows in a fifteen-year perspective. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 662 ():521-529.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Finogenova; Iulia Dolganova; Markus Berger; Montserrat Nunez; Daria Blizniukova; Andrea Müller-Frank; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2019. "Water footprint of German agricultural imports: Local impacts due to global trade flows in a fifteen-year perspective." Science of The Total Environment 662, no. : 521-529.

Input output and hybrid lca
Published: 05 November 2018 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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Environmental burden caused by an organization occurs both within its boundaries and in its value chain. Organizational life cycle assessment (LCA) was proposed as a method for calculating impacts of an organization throughout its life cycle; nevertheless, companies are still lacking a universal approach to conduct inventory analysis and face challenges in data collection. This paper introduces a hybrid approach for compiling the inventory for the indirect activities on organizational level in an effective manner. Three existing accounting methods (namely product related, process based, and monetary based) are connected within the hybrid approach. The potential to apply each method for an indirect activity is analyzed with regard to the system boundary requirements and availability of activity data and emission factors. The calculation procedures are introduced for selected activities. The advantages and limitations of the hybridization on organizational level are discussed. The developed approach is applied in a case study to the automotive supplier Brose Fahrzeugteile GmbH & Co.KG. The framework for application of the hybrid approach including the required activity data and emission factors for every indirect activity and each accounting method is provided. The product-related and process-based methods are recommended as more robust; nevertheless, hybridization with the monetary-based method might be essential for compiling a comprehensive inventory by limited data availability. Such limitations as double counting, truncation error, and insufficient data resolution may influence the results and should be considered when applying the hybrid approach. The case study demonstrated that the proposed approach allowed establishing an inventory for all relevant indirect activities. However, due to missing emission factors, only the impact category climate change was calculated for all activities; acidification and water use were quantified for six activities. The introduced hybrid approach enables selecting the most suitable accounting method for the indirect activities depending on data availability. This promotes application of the organizational life cycle assessment in particular for small and medium enterprises and companies that do not have access to the commercial LCA datasets. Availability of the emission factors for all impact categories in public databases is essential to provide robust results using the hybrid approach.

ACS Style

Natalia Finogenova; Vanessa Bach; Markus Berger; Matthias Finkbeiner. Hybrid approach for the evaluation of organizational indirect impacts (AVOID): combining product-related, process-based, and monetary-based methods. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2018, 24, 1058 -1074.

AMA Style

Natalia Finogenova, Vanessa Bach, Markus Berger, Matthias Finkbeiner. Hybrid approach for the evaluation of organizational indirect impacts (AVOID): combining product-related, process-based, and monetary-based methods. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2018; 24 (6):1058-1074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Finogenova; Vanessa Bach; Markus Berger; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2018. "Hybrid approach for the evaluation of organizational indirect impacts (AVOID): combining product-related, process-based, and monetary-based methods." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 24, no. 6: 1058-1074.

Chapter
Published: 23 September 2018 in Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management
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Water Footprint (WF) is broadly applied as a method to quantify impacts associated with the water use throughout the value chain of products, nevertheless the need for a more temporally and spatially explicit evaluation has recently been highlighted. In this paper a region specific WF inventory and midpoint impact assessment for the cotton-textile value chain in Pakistan is introduced. The locally relevant parameters are identified and included into the water consumption inventory and water availability database. The results are applied to a numerical model for the cotton cultivation. For the water consumption, the introduced region specific parameters are position on the irrigation channel, water source (distinguishing between surface and groundwater), use of the storage reservoirs and water trade between farmers for the inventory. Parameters groundwater level, and salinity and distinguishing between surface and groundwater are included into the water availability database. The calculated WF demonstrates that the separate assessment of the surface and groundwater in both inventory and impact assessment is essential on a regional level. Evaluating local conditions play the vital role for a robust quantification of the WF. Further development of the region specific impact assessment is needed in particular for the endpoint impact assessment for the areas of protection human health, ecosystems and freshwater resources.

ACS Style

Natalia Finogenova; Markus Berger; Matthias Finkbeiner. Enhancing the Water Footprint Method to a Region Specific Management Tool. Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management 2018, 27 -35.

AMA Style

Natalia Finogenova, Markus Berger, Matthias Finkbeiner. Enhancing the Water Footprint Method to a Region Specific Management Tool. Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. 2018; ():27-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Finogenova; Markus Berger; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2018. "Enhancing the Water Footprint Method to a Region Specific Management Tool." Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management , no. : 27-35.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Environmental Impact Assessment Review
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ACS Style

Lisa Winter; Annekatrin Lehmann; Natalia Finogenova; Matthias Finkbeiner. Including biodiversity in life cycle assessment – State of the art, gaps and research needs. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2017, 67, 88 -100.

AMA Style

Lisa Winter, Annekatrin Lehmann, Natalia Finogenova, Matthias Finkbeiner. Including biodiversity in life cycle assessment – State of the art, gaps and research needs. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2017; 67 ():88-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Winter; Annekatrin Lehmann; Natalia Finogenova; Matthias Finkbeiner. 2017. "Including biodiversity in life cycle assessment – State of the art, gaps and research needs." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 67, no. : 88-100.