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Kyriaki-Maria Fameli
Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 152 36, Athens, Greece

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Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Due to its complex topography (many islands) and extended coastline, Greece has numerous ports (about 200) which serve both commercial and touristic purposes. Almost 85 of them were in use in 2017. According to the FEI-GREGAA emissions inventory, navigation accounted for the 12% to the annual NOx emissions and by 3% to the PM10 emissions in 2017. Consequently, it is an important source of emissions especially for areas which are close to major ports, such as the Athens basin; because it affects the local air quality (almost 32% of total NOx emissions in Athens for the year 2017 came from shipping).

In this study a comprehensive emissions inventory for the navigation sector was developed covering the period 2006 – 2017 and used as input to a photochemical model study.  The shipping emissions were calculated for each Greek port and ship type based on the ship arrivals. The relevant data for each ship type were provided by Eurostat in seasonal basis. The methodology followed was the Tier 2 approach suggested by the EMEP/EAA emissions inventory guidebook. Harbour (hotelling and manoeuvring) and cruise emissions of both the main and auxiliary engine were calculated for the main pollutants (such as NOx, NMVOCs, CO, etc), particulates (PM10, PM2.5), heavy metals (e.g. Pb, As, Cr, Zn), PCB and HCB.

In Greece the movement of passenger ships is very frequent. Consequently the spatial disaggregation of emissions was carried out with two different methodologies. Emissions from passenger ships were distributed on the ferry lines, as these have been recorded by OpenStreetMap, in which the necessary completion was made in order to cover the itineraries of the ships in all the Greek islands. The emissions from the other ship categories were distributed in the coastal zones around the respective ports, considering the probability of being in the specific zones significant. Finally, a part of the total emissions (10%) was placed in the ports.

Results revealed that in 2017 NOx emissions (27.5 ktonnes) prevailed among other pollutants contributing by 69% to the total maritime emissions, while SOx emissions followed (16%). This is due to the use of diesel fuel. Concerning the annual variation of pollutants for the period 2006 – 2017, it was found that in 2011 there was a significant reduction of emissions compared to 2010 (9,921 ktonnes for NOx and 3,913 ktonnes for sulfur oxides - SOx) while the decrease was lower for the rest pollutants. From 2012 onwards, the results showed a stabilization trend. The majority of pollutant emissions are attributed to the port of Piraeus (3704.7 ktonnes NOx emissions from passenger ships), which is the busiest passenger and commercial port in Greece (20228 passenger ships and 3168 container ships arrived in 2017).

ACS Style

Kyriaki - Maria Fameli; Evangelos Papadopoulos; Vasiliki Assimakopoulos. Navigation in Greece: Developing a methodology for the spatial allocation of emissions. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Kyriaki - Maria Fameli, Evangelos Papadopoulos, Vasiliki Assimakopoulos. Navigation in Greece: Developing a methodology for the spatial allocation of emissions. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyriaki - Maria Fameli; Evangelos Papadopoulos; Vasiliki Assimakopoulos. 2021. "Navigation in Greece: Developing a methodology for the spatial allocation of emissions." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2020 in Atmosphere
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Despite the various reduction policies that have been implemented across Europe in the past few years, Particulate Matter (PM) exceedances continue to be recorded. Therefore, with the principal aim to clarify the complex association between emissions and fine particles levels, this work evaluates the impact of the anthropogenic contribution to the fine PM chemical profile. The fieldwork was conducted during March in 2008 and 2013 and covers the periods before and during the economic recession. The experimental data were analyzed in parallel with the emissions from the Flexible Emission Inventory for Greece and the Greater Athens Area (FEI-GREGAA). The differentiation of the mass closure results’ and the aerosols’ character is also discussed in combination with the calculated PM2.5-Air Quality Indexes. The peak in the PM load and the Particulate Organic Matter (POM) component was recorded in 2013, corresponding to the enhancement of the anthropogenic input. Although the monitoring location is traffic-impacted, the sector of heating, from both wood burning and fossil fuel, proved to be the driving force for the configuration of the obtained PM picture. Especially in 2013, its contribution was two times that of traffic. Finally, the low wind speed values led to the deterioration of the air quality, especially for the sensitive groups.

ACS Style

Styliani Pateraki; Kyriaki-Maria Fameli; Vasiliki Assimakopoulos; Kyriaki Bairachtari; Alexandros Zagkos; Theodora Stavraka; Aikaterini Bougiatioti; Thomas Maggos; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos. Differentiation of the Athens Fine PM Profile during Economic Recession (March of 2008 versus March of 2013): Impact of Changes in Anthropogenic Emissions and the Associated Health Effect. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1121 .

AMA Style

Styliani Pateraki, Kyriaki-Maria Fameli, Vasiliki Assimakopoulos, Kyriaki Bairachtari, Alexandros Zagkos, Theodora Stavraka, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Thomas Maggos, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos. Differentiation of the Athens Fine PM Profile during Economic Recession (March of 2008 versus March of 2013): Impact of Changes in Anthropogenic Emissions and the Associated Health Effect. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (10):1121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Styliani Pateraki; Kyriaki-Maria Fameli; Vasiliki Assimakopoulos; Kyriaki Bairachtari; Alexandros Zagkos; Theodora Stavraka; Aikaterini Bougiatioti; Thomas Maggos; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos. 2020. "Differentiation of the Athens Fine PM Profile during Economic Recession (March of 2008 versus March of 2013): Impact of Changes in Anthropogenic Emissions and the Associated Health Effect." Atmosphere 11, no. 10: 1121.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Atmosphere
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Recent advances in particle sensor technologies have led to an increased development and utilization of low-cost, compact, particulate matter (PM) monitors. These devices can be deployed in dense monitoring networks, enabling an improved characterization of the spatiotemporal variability in ambient levels and exposure. However, the reliability of their measurements is an important prerequisite, necessitating rigorous performance evaluation and calibration in comparison to reference-grade instrumentation. In this study, field evaluation of Purple Air PA-II devices (low-cost PM sensors) is performed in two urban environments and across three seasons in Greece, in comparison to different types of reference instruments. Measurements were conducted in Athens (the largest city in Greece with nearly four-million inhabitants) for five months spanning over the summer of 2019 and winter/spring of 2020 and in Ioannina, a medium-sized city in northwestern Greece (100,000 inhabitants) during winter/spring 2019–2020. The PM2.5 sensor output correlates strongly with reference measurements (R2 = 0.87 against a beta attenuation monitor and R2 = 0.98 against an optical reference-grade monitor). Deviations in the sensor-reference agreement are identified as mainly related to elevated coarse particle concentrations and high ambient relative humidity. Simple and multiple regression models are tested to compensate for these biases, drastically improving the sensor’s response. Large decreases in sensor error are observed after implementation of models, leading to mean absolute percentage errors of 0.18 and 0.12 for the Athens and Ioannina datasets, respectively. Overall, a quality-controlled and robustly evaluated low-cost network can be an integral component for air quality monitoring in a smart city. Case studies are presented along this line, where a network of PA-II devices is used to monitor the air quality deterioration during a peri-urban forest fire event affecting the area of Athens and during extreme wintertime smog events in Ioannina, related to wood burning for residential heating.

ACS Style

Iasonas Stavroulas; Georgios Grivas; Panagiotis Michalopoulos; Eleni Liakakou; Aikaterini Bougiatioti; Panayiotis Kalkavouras; Kyriaki Fameli; Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos; Evangelos Gerasopoulos. Field Evaluation of Low-Cost PM Sensors (Purple Air PA-II) Under Variable Urban Air Quality Conditions, in Greece. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 926 .

AMA Style

Iasonas Stavroulas, Georgios Grivas, Panagiotis Michalopoulos, Eleni Liakakou, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Panayiotis Kalkavouras, Kyriaki Fameli, Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Evangelos Gerasopoulos. Field Evaluation of Low-Cost PM Sensors (Purple Air PA-II) Under Variable Urban Air Quality Conditions, in Greece. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (9):926.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iasonas Stavroulas; Georgios Grivas; Panagiotis Michalopoulos; Eleni Liakakou; Aikaterini Bougiatioti; Panayiotis Kalkavouras; Kyriaki Fameli; Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos; Evangelos Gerasopoulos. 2020. "Field Evaluation of Low-Cost PM Sensors (Purple Air PA-II) Under Variable Urban Air Quality Conditions, in Greece." Atmosphere 11, no. 9: 926.

Research article
Published: 09 November 2019 in Environmental Pollution
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Air pollution is one of the most important branches of environmental science as it affects human health, climate and ecosystems. Emissions of air pollutants from transport (vehicles and ships) in port cities strongly affect air quality at local scales, warranting for a combination of theoretical and experimental studies to identify pollution hotspots. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology for developing a hybrid emission inventory from transport sector for two port cities located respectively on the Northern Aegean islands of Chios and Lesvos. Emission inventories were constructed for the year 2014 based on top-down and bottom-up approaches. Official data from local authorities and survey results were used for the calculation of emissions. Traffic emissions were spatially allocated to the road network based on population data and hourly traffic counts, and distributed over time (on an hourly basis) with the use of local temporal coefficients. Regarding carbon monoxide road emissions, the highest quantities are mainly emitted by Passenger Cars (43%,32% in Chios and Lesvos respectively) while for PM10 emissions, trucks have the largest share (66% in Chios and 86% in Lesvos). The pollutants that are emitted in greater quantities from the ships at the ports of Mytilene and Chios are NOx, followed by SO2 and CO. Most of the ship emissions in the ports occur by the ships at berth, as they remain berthed for hours whereas maneuvering lasts 15–20 min. As for the daily contribution of the two transport sources to the pollution profile of Mytilene, road emissions are higher for almost all pollutants. However, the contribution of ship emissions is not negligible, especially during the touristic period when marine traffic increases and emissions close to the port area become more important than those from road transport.

ACS Style

K.M. Fameli; A.M. Kotrikla; C. Psanis; G. Biskos; A. Polydoropoulou. Estimation of the emissions by transport in two port cities of the northeastern Mediterranean, Greece. Environmental Pollution 2019, 257, 113598 .

AMA Style

K.M. Fameli, A.M. Kotrikla, C. Psanis, G. Biskos, A. Polydoropoulou. Estimation of the emissions by transport in two port cities of the northeastern Mediterranean, Greece. Environmental Pollution. 2019; 257 ():113598.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K.M. Fameli; A.M. Kotrikla; C. Psanis; G. Biskos; A. Polydoropoulou. 2019. "Estimation of the emissions by transport in two port cities of the northeastern Mediterranean, Greece." Environmental Pollution 257, no. : 113598.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Atmosphere
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Fine particulate matter (PM) has significant impacts on public health. Among its various chemical components, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of particular importance since they contribute to a large extent or even enhance its toxic potency. Despite the verified importance of the fine PM pollution for the Greater Athens Area (GAA), information on its composition with respect to the hydrocarbons is extremely scarce. This study aims to uncover the occurrence of the PM2.5 and PM1-bound PAHs across the GAA investigating the impact of the sources and meteorology on the configuration of their profile and potential health risk. The fieldwork took place at three different locations during two different mesoscale wind regimes. Using the Diagnostic PAHs’ Ratio method, the sources were identified while for the quantification of the emissions from the traffic and central heating sectors, the FEI-GREGAA emission inventory was taken into consideration. The potential health risk was estimated calculating the toxic/mutagenic equivalency factors. The peaks for both the PM mass and the PAHs were attributed to the intensity of the emissions. On the other hand, the carcinogenic/mutagenic risk was mainly influenced by the varying characteristics of traffic and especially for the background atmosphere, from the arriving air masses from longer scale distances.

ACS Style

Styliani Pateraki; Kyriaki-Maria Fameli; Vasiliki Assimakopoulos; Aikaterini Bougiatioti; Thomas Maggos; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos. Levels, Sources and Health Risk of PM2.5 and PM1-Bound PAHs across the Greater Athens Area: The Role of the Type of Environment and the Meteorology. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 622 .

AMA Style

Styliani Pateraki, Kyriaki-Maria Fameli, Vasiliki Assimakopoulos, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Thomas Maggos, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos. Levels, Sources and Health Risk of PM2.5 and PM1-Bound PAHs across the Greater Athens Area: The Role of the Type of Environment and the Meteorology. Atmosphere. 2019; 10 (10):622.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Styliani Pateraki; Kyriaki-Maria Fameli; Vasiliki Assimakopoulos; Aikaterini Bougiatioti; Thomas Maggos; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos. 2019. "Levels, Sources and Health Risk of PM2.5 and PM1-Bound PAHs across the Greater Athens Area: The Role of the Type of Environment and the Meteorology." Atmosphere 10, no. 10: 622.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2018 in Atmosphere
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Biogenic emissions affect the urban air quality as they are ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors and should be taken into account when applying photochemical pollution models. The present study presents an estimation of the magnitude of non-methane volatile organic compounds (BNMVOCs) emitted by vegetation over Greece. The methodology is based on computation developed with the aid of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and theoretical equations in order to produce an emission inventory on a 6 × 6 km2 spatial resolution, in a temporal resolution of 1 h covering one year (2016). For this purpose, a variety of input data was used: updated satellite land-use data, land-use specific emission potentials, foliar biomass densities, temperature, and solar radiation data. Hourly, daily, and annual isoprene, monoterpenes, and other volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were estimated. In the area under study, the annual biogenic emissions were estimated up to 472 kt, consisting of 46.6% isoprene, 28% monoterpenes, and 25.4% OVOCs. Results delineate an annual cycle with increasing values from March to April, while maximum emissions were observed from May to September, followed by a decrease from October to January.

ACS Style

Ermioni Dimitropoulou; Vasiliki D. Assimakopoulos; Kyriaki M. Fameli; Helena A. Flocas; Panagiotis Kosmopoulos; Stelios Kazadzis; Kostas Lagouvardos; Elizabeth Bossioli. Estimating the Biogenic Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Emissions over Greece. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 14 .

AMA Style

Ermioni Dimitropoulou, Vasiliki D. Assimakopoulos, Kyriaki M. Fameli, Helena A. Flocas, Panagiotis Kosmopoulos, Stelios Kazadzis, Kostas Lagouvardos, Elizabeth Bossioli. Estimating the Biogenic Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Emissions over Greece. Atmosphere. 2018; 9 (1):14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ermioni Dimitropoulou; Vasiliki D. Assimakopoulos; Kyriaki M. Fameli; Helena A. Flocas; Panagiotis Kosmopoulos; Stelios Kazadzis; Kostas Lagouvardos; Elizabeth Bossioli. 2018. "Estimating the Biogenic Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Emissions over Greece." Atmosphere 9, no. 1: 14.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in Atmospheric Environment
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Photochemical and particulate pollution problems persist in Athens as they do in various European cities, despite measures taken. Although, for many cities, organized and updated pollutant emissions databases exist, as well as infrastructure for the support of policy implementation, this is not the case for Greece and Athens. So far abstract efforts to create inventories from temporal and spatial annual low resolution data have not lead to the creation of a useful database. The objective of this study was to construct an emission inventory in order to examine the emission trends in Greece and the Greater Athens Area for the period 2006-2012 on a spatial scale of 6x6 km2 and 2x2 km2, respectively and on a temporal scale of 1 hour. Emissions were calculated from stationary combustion sources, transportation (road, navigation and aviation), agriculture and industry obtained from official national and European sources. Moreover, new emission factors were calculated for road transport and aviation. The final database named F.E.I. - GREGAA (Flexible Emission Inventory for GREece and the GAA) is open-structured so as to receive data updates, new pollutants, various emission scenarios and/or different emission factors and be transformed for any grid spacing. Its main purpose is to be used in applications with photochemical models to contribute to the investigation on the type of sources and activities that lead to the configuration of air quality. Results showed a decreasing trend in CO, NOx and VOCs-NMVOCs emissions and an increasing trend from 2011 onwards in PM10 emissions. Road transport and small combustion contribute most to CO emissions, road trasnsport and navigation to NOx and small combustion and industries to PM10. The onset of the economic crisis can be seen from the reduction of emissions from industry and the increase of biomass burning for heating purposes.

ACS Style

Kyriaki-Maria Fameli; Vasiliki D. Assimakopoulos. The new open Flexible Emission Inventory for Greece and the Greater Athens Area (FEI-GREGAA): Account of pollutant sources and their importance from 2006 to 2012. Atmospheric Environment 2016, 137, 17 -37.

AMA Style

Kyriaki-Maria Fameli, Vasiliki D. Assimakopoulos. The new open Flexible Emission Inventory for Greece and the Greater Athens Area (FEI-GREGAA): Account of pollutant sources and their importance from 2006 to 2012. Atmospheric Environment. 2016; 137 ():17-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyriaki-Maria Fameli; Vasiliki D. Assimakopoulos. 2016. "The new open Flexible Emission Inventory for Greece and the Greater Athens Area (FEI-GREGAA): Account of pollutant sources and their importance from 2006 to 2012." Atmospheric Environment 137, no. : 17-37.